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Tyler Salathe 5/27/2010 Renaissance Review Notes Chp. 12 The American David 1350- 1550 Renaissance meaning- Rebirth Jacob Burckhardt- portrayed as birthplace of modern world. Medici Banking in Florence- Greatest bank, was expelled in 1494 Social Changes 3 estates: Clergy, Nobility, Peasants/ Inhabitants Question: What does this portray about the social structure in Italy at the time? Nobility -Income ↑ , expenses ↓ -Couldn’t hire many peasants -Book of Courtier (Castiglione) Peasants -Serfdom ↓, was becoming Free -Peasants were 85-95% of pop. Arrange marriages with Dowry continued -Led to more babies and better population Brothels became regulated along with prostitution Slavery -Workers ↓ , Slaves ↑ -Came from Black sea and Africa. -15th Cent. Slaver was ↓ Major Italian City-States Milan -Visconti/ Francesco Sforza -Large taxes for Oligarchy Florence -1434 Cosimo overthrew -Medici ruled Gov. -Became center of Renaissance Venice Papal States Naples -Commerce→ Pwr -Tried to expand North -Milan and Florence Curbed -Central Italy -Popes wanted to regain control lost authority -Fought over French areas. -Remained most backward -Many peasants meant no glory Isabelle d’ Este married Francisco of Mantua -Best known female ruler, attracted many intellectuals. Fight over Italy -Charles VIII of France occupied Naples -Ferdinand of Aragon Intervened 1524- Sack of Rome by Spanish Charles I, brought end. -Spanish dominated Machiavelli was secretary to Council of 10/ forced out by Spanish -Wrote “The Prince”- attribute towards power must be based off human nature. Important Humanists Petrarch- Leader of humanism in Italy Cicero- Civic humanism. “The New”: people should be intellectuals to the state. Lorenzo Valla- Papal secretary. “Elegance of the Latin Language” Marsilio Ficino- Neo-Platonism: Hierarchy of substances and spiritual love. Hermetics- Humans are born divine but chose the material world Mirandola- “Oration of Dignity of Man”- we have unlimited potential. Guicciordini- thought that history taught complex lesions. Education/Art/ Printing Liberal education with Rhetorical skills was stressed by humanists. -Feltre funded education -Women didn’t learn Rhetoric -Education for participating Citizens Printing spread through Europe in 14602’s. Venice became its home. -Johannes Gutenberg- was first to print with printing press. Increased public reading. Sandro Botticelli- Mythology in “Primavera”. Non-human qualities. Donatello- “David” Simplicity and humanity. Bronze/Black. First Free standing statue. Brunelleschi- made church of St. Lorenzo. DaVinci- goes beyond realism. “Last Supper”. In Milan. A persons inner life. Rafael- “Frescos” + “School of Athens” in Rome. Balance of Harmony and order. Michelangelo- Fall of man. Beauty Divine Beauty. “David” Glory. Baramente- “Saint Peter’s Martyrdom” -Ideal of High Renaissance Artists of the Renaissance were thought to be geniuses Northern Artists Jan Van Eyck – “Giovanni + Bride” Huge attention paid to detail. Albrecht Dürer- Studies in Italy -Prospective learned. “Adoration of the Magi” Second Half of Renaissance: New Monarchies France England -Charles VIII Taille (taxes) -Louis XI kept Taille and dealt w/ Nobility. Got land -Defeated Charles of Burgundy -100 years of war + War of Roses -Henry Tudor VII Court of Star Chamber -Was successful w/ incomes and avoided wars w/ diplomacy Spain -Isabelle of Lastille + Ferdinand of Aragon reinvented military -Introduced Inquisition -Expelled Jews and Muslims Hansburgs did not fight, but married to conquer -International power, was unrivaled -Charles V Phillip – Spain + Ferdinand of Austria Eastern Europe Poland -Aristocrats ↑ -Kings cant reestablish Control Bohemia -Associated w/ Slavic -Civil wars nobles ↑ / churches ↓ Hungary -Bishops Political Figures -Corvinas created Beaurocracy -made court brilliant Russia -Mongol rule weakening -Ivan III created Moscow -Overthrew in 1480 Ideas: John Wycliffe- Disgusted with Clergy, pope should be stripped of authority Jon Hus- called for attack on papacy. Accepted in public, but killed in 1415. Sancrosancta- council got authority from God. Questions on Chapter “Big Picture” – How did Renaissance art and the humanist movement reflect the economic, social, and political views of that time period? What was the difference between the Renaissance and the middle ages? What’s the definition of Humanism and how was it reflected within the ideas of education, politics, and philosophy? What were the differences between Italian art and Northern art during the renaissance? What was the status of Europe during the second half of the Renaissance? **Ap Test Hint**- The AP test focuses mainly on the art aspect of the Renaissance, so do most of your studying in that section of this chapter. But do not totally neglect the political side either.