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Tyler Salathe
5/27/2010
Renaissance Review Notes
Chp. 12
The American David
1350- 1550
Renaissance meaning- Rebirth
Jacob Burckhardt- portrayed as birthplace of modern world.
Medici Banking in Florence- Greatest bank, was expelled in 1494
Social Changes
3 estates: Clergy, Nobility, Peasants/ Inhabitants
Question: What does this portray about the social structure in
Italy at the time?
Nobility
-Income ↑ , expenses ↓
-Couldn’t hire many peasants
-Book of Courtier
(Castiglione)
Peasants
-Serfdom ↓, was becoming
Free
-Peasants were 85-95% of pop.
Arrange marriages with Dowry continued
-Led to more babies and better population
Brothels became regulated along with prostitution
Slavery
-Workers ↓ , Slaves ↑
-Came from Black sea and
Africa.
-15th Cent. Slaver was ↓
Major Italian City-States
Milan
-Visconti/ Francesco
Sforza
-Large taxes for
Oligarchy
Florence
-1434 Cosimo
overthrew
-Medici ruled Gov.
-Became center of
Renaissance
Venice
Papal States
Naples
-Commerce→ Pwr
-Tried to expand
North
-Milan and Florence
Curbed
-Central Italy
-Popes wanted to regain control lost
authority
-Fought over French
areas.
-Remained most
backward
-Many peasants
meant no glory
Isabelle d’ Este married Francisco of Mantua
-Best known female ruler, attracted many intellectuals.
Fight over Italy
-Charles VIII of France occupied Naples
-Ferdinand of Aragon Intervened
1524- Sack of Rome by Spanish Charles I, brought end.
-Spanish dominated
Machiavelli was secretary to Council of 10/ forced out by Spanish
-Wrote “The Prince”- attribute towards power must be based off human nature.
Important Humanists
Petrarch- Leader of humanism in Italy
Cicero- Civic humanism. “The New”: people should be intellectuals to the state.
Lorenzo Valla- Papal secretary. “Elegance of the Latin Language”
Marsilio Ficino- Neo-Platonism: Hierarchy of substances and spiritual love.
Hermetics- Humans are born divine but chose the material world
Mirandola- “Oration of Dignity of Man”- we have unlimited potential.
Guicciordini- thought that history taught complex lesions.
Education/Art/ Printing
Liberal education with Rhetorical skills was stressed by humanists.
-Feltre funded education
-Women didn’t learn Rhetoric
-Education for participating Citizens
Printing spread through Europe in 14602’s. Venice became its home.
-Johannes Gutenberg- was first to print with printing press. Increased public reading.
Sandro Botticelli- Mythology in “Primavera”. Non-human qualities.
Donatello- “David” Simplicity and humanity. Bronze/Black. First Free
standing statue.
Brunelleschi- made church of St. Lorenzo.
DaVinci- goes beyond realism. “Last Supper”. In Milan. A persons inner
life.
Rafael- “Frescos” + “School of Athens” in Rome. Balance of Harmony and
order.
Michelangelo- Fall of man. Beauty Divine Beauty. “David” Glory.
Baramente- “Saint Peter’s Martyrdom”
-Ideal of High Renaissance
Artists of the Renaissance were thought to be geniuses
Northern Artists
Jan Van Eyck – “Giovanni + Bride”
Huge attention paid to detail.
Albrecht Dürer- Studies in Italy
-Prospective learned. “Adoration of the Magi”
Second Half of Renaissance: New Monarchies
France
England
-Charles VIII  Taille (taxes)
-Louis XI kept Taille and dealt
w/ Nobility. Got land
-Defeated Charles of
Burgundy
-100 years of war + War of
Roses
-Henry Tudor VII Court of
Star Chamber
-Was successful w/ incomes
and avoided wars w/
diplomacy
Spain
-Isabelle of Lastille +
Ferdinand of Aragon reinvented military
-Introduced Inquisition
-Expelled Jews and Muslims
Hansburgs did not fight, but married to conquer
-International power, was unrivaled
-Charles V  Phillip – Spain + Ferdinand of Austria
Eastern Europe
Poland
-Aristocrats ↑
-Kings cant reestablish Control
Bohemia
-Associated w/ Slavic
-Civil wars 
nobles ↑ / churches ↓
Hungary
-Bishops  Political
Figures
-Corvinas created
Beaurocracy
-made court brilliant
Russia
-Mongol rule
weakening
-Ivan III created
Moscow
-Overthrew in 1480
Ideas:
John Wycliffe- Disgusted with Clergy, pope should be stripped of authority
Jon Hus- called for attack on papacy. Accepted in public, but killed in 1415.
Sancrosancta- council got authority from God.
Questions on Chapter
“Big Picture” – How did Renaissance art and the humanist movement reflect the economic,
social, and political views of that time period?
What was the difference between the Renaissance and the middle ages?
What’s the definition of Humanism and how was it reflected within the ideas of education,
politics, and philosophy?
What were the differences between Italian art and Northern art during the renaissance?
What was the status of Europe during the second half of the Renaissance?
**Ap Test Hint**- The AP test focuses mainly on the art aspect of the Renaissance, so do most
of your studying in that section of this chapter. But do not totally neglect the political side either.