Download (a) Kingdom - Roslyn School

Classification
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A. Why Classify?
◦ 1. organization makes it easier to
understand and find information
◦ 2. taxonomy – scientists classify
organisms and assign each organism a
universally accepted name – by using a
scientific name, scientists can make sure
everyone is discussing the same organism
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B. Assigning Scientific Names
◦ 1. Carolus Linnaeus – a Swedish botanist who lived
during the 18th century
 developed a two-word naming system called binomial
nomenclature – this system is still used today – in
binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a twopart scientific name – the scientific name is always
written in italics and the first word is capitalized, and
the second word is lower case
 For example, the grizzly bear is called Ursus arctos
 The first word in the scientific name is the genus and
the second word is the species
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C. Linnaeus’s System of Classification
◦ 1. Linnaeus’s classification system consists of
levels which is called hierarchial – it includes seven
levels
 From largest to smallest: (each level is called a taxon)
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
◦ 2. Each taxon:
 (a) Kingdom – the largest and most inclusive of the
categories – Linnaeus named two kingdoms – Animalia
and Plantae
 (b) Phylum – include many different organisms that
share important characteristics – for example,
Chordata
 (c) Class – for example, Mammalia, Amphibia, Reptilia
 (d) Order – for example, Carnivora
 (e) Family – share many characteristics – for example,
Canidae (dogs) and Felidae (cats
 (f) Genus – a group of closely related species – for
example, Ursus
 (g) species – unique to each species – smallest group –
for example, arctos or maritimus
 Ursus arctos - Grizzly bear
 Ursus maritimus – Polar bear
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A. Although physical characteristics are
useful for classification, problems arise. It
is better to use other similarities.
B. evolutionary classification – called
phylogeny – Biologists now group organisms
into categories that represent lines of
evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just
physical similarities.
C. Similarities in DNA and RNA – can be
used to help determine classification and
evolutionary relationships
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D. Kingdoms
◦ 1. Five-kingdom system - Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, and Animalia
◦ 2. Six-kingdom system – recently, the kingdom
Monera has been split because there are two
distinct groups – Eubacteria, Archaebacteria,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
◦ 3.Some classification systems have added a domain
above the kingdom – these three are bacteria,
arachaebacteria, and eukaryotes
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A. Humans
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Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata
(subphylum – vertebrata)
Class – Mammalia
Order – Primates
Family – Hominidae
Genus – Homo
Species - sapiens
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A. prokaryotic
B. single celled
C. lack true nuclei
D. lack a cytoskeleton
E. contain double-stranded circular
chromosomal DNA that is not enclosed by a
nuclear membrane
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F. nourish themselves
 a. heterotrophically by feeding on dead materials
(saprophytically)
 b. heterotrophically by attaching and feeding on living
things (parasitically)
 c. autotrophs where they make their own food.
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G. Structure
 Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan - a type of
carbohydrate and peptide – use gram staining to identify
the strength of the cell wall – gram positive cells have a
thick wall that stains strongly while gram negative cells
have a thin cell wall and an outer membrane that stains
poorly. classified by their appearance
 a. cocci – round
 b. bacilli – rods
 c. spirilla – spiral
 May come in duplexes (diplococci), clusters
(staphylococci), or chains (streptococci)
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Archaebacteria – have no organelles and have a
simple circular DNA
◦ 1. Relatively unknown until recently
◦ 2. Tend to inhabit harsh environments like hot springs
that might resemble the early earth
◦ 3. Different from eubacteria in their membranes
lipids
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Kingdom Protista– simplest of the eukaryotic
organisms – probably represents the evolution
between prokaryotes and the rest of the
eukaryotic kingdoms
◦ 1. most are unicellular
◦ 2. examples: amoeba, paramecium, euglena, algae,
slime molds
◦ 3. some are mobile through cilia, flagella, and ameboid
movements
◦ 4. some use sexual reproduction while others use
asexual reproduction
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Examples of kingdom protista
◦ 1. amoebas – large single-celled organisms that do not
have a specific body shape
 Change shape through the movement through the
movement or streaming of their cytoplasm (called
cyclosis) – the extensions of the amoeba are called
pseudopods
 Heterotrophs that feed by engulfing food through a
process called phagocytosis (active transport) – creates a
food vacuole
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Examples of Kingdom Protists
◦ 2. ciliates – complex, single-celled organisms such as
the paramecium
 Surface is covered with cilia that move the cell through
water like the oars of a boat
 Have a defined shape
 Have contractile vacuoles to remove excess water
 Food enters through an oral groove where it forms food
vacuoles
 Reproduce asexually through mitosis
 Can also exchange genetic material through conjugation
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Examples of Kingdom Protista
◦ 3. slime molds – in some cases, slime molds are
grouped with fungi
 Heterotrophs
 Some slime molds spend time as independent cells while
others gather together to form multicellular forms that
produce spores
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Examples of Kingdom Protista
◦ 4. algae – photosynthetic protists
 Mostly unicellular
 Include diatoms – single celled organisms with intricate
silica cells
 Include dinoflagellates with flagella
 Include brown and red algae
 Algae can reproduce sexually and asexually
 Includes giant kelp that is multicellular (may be grouped as a
plant also)
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Kingdom Fungi – heterotrophs that absorb nutrients
from the environment
◦ Often saprophytic – feed off dead materials
◦ Important because they help recycle nutrients
◦ Enzymes are secreted onto the dead material to
digest the food then the nutrients are reabsorbed
into the fungus
◦ Cell wall is made of chitin (unlike the cellulose in
plants)
◦ Often form long slender filaments called hyphae
◦ Most reproduce both sexually and asexually
◦ Examples are mushrooms, molds, and yeasts
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Kingdom Plantae
◦ Multicellular eukaryotes that produce energy through
photosynthesis
◦ Cell wall made of cellulose
◦ Plants are nonmotile
◦ Adapted for maximum exposure to light, air, and soil
◦ Increase in the ability to resist gravity and tolerate
drier conditions
◦ First plants probably evolved from green algae in or
near shallow water
◦ Nontracheophytes – plants without water transport
systems – also lack woody stems – their lack of
transport systems restricts their size and restricts
their habitat to moist environments
◦ Evolution of vascular systems (transport systems) was
a major adaptation in plants – the first vascular plants
were called tracheophytes – did not produce seeds for example, ferns and horsetails – released spores
◦ Evolution of the seed was the next major step in plant
evolution – increases the plants ability to deal with
the variable conditions on land – plants are formed as
the result of fertilization of male and female gametes
◦ Evolution of the flower was next – allows for extra
nutrition for the developing embryo
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Kingdom Animalia – multicellular heterotroph
◦ Over time animals have become more complex with
great specialization of tissue – nervous systems have
become more complex also
◦ Different body shapes
 1. radial symmetry – organized with their body in a
circular shape radiating outward such as sea stars and
jellies
 2. bilateral symmetry – the body has a left side that is a
mirror image of the right side
◦ Some animals are sessile (don’t really move) like the
hydra – most of these animals are filter feeders or
use their tentacles to capture food - requires very
little energy – at the mercy of the environment
◦ Animals that do move have complex nervous systems
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Phylums in the Animal kingdom
1. Phylum porifera (sponges)
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First evolutionary step between protists and animals
Resemble organisms that live in a colony
Only a small amount of specialized cells
No organs
Only have a few types of cells
No nervous system
Can regenerate
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Phylums in the Animal Kingdom
2. phylum Cnidaria (hydra, sea anemone, jellies)
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Cnidarians are called coelenterates
Have radial symmetry
Aquatic animals
Only two cell layers – do not need circulatory or respiratory
systems
Have a simple nervous system
Have stinging cells called nematocyst
Start out as a polyp that lives attached and then become a
medusa that is free floating
May reproduce sexually or asexually
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Phylums in the Animal Kingdom
3. phylum Platylhelminthes (flatworms)
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Ribbonlike with bilateral symmetry
Posses three layers of cells
Lack a circulatory system
Nervous system – simple light detection organs, an
anterior brain ganglion, and a pair of longitudinal
nerve cords
Digestive system – a cavity with a single opening
Not swift moving – use cilia to move
Some are able to regenerate – example: planaria
Many are parasitic – flukes, tapeworms
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Phylums in the Animal Kingdom
4. phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
◦ Three layers
◦ Complete digestive tract with a mouth and an anus
◦ Do not have respiratory or circulatory systems –
exchange gases directly with the environment
◦ Has movement in one direction
◦ One of the most abundant groups
◦ Many are free-living but some are parasites
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Phylums in the Animal Kingdom
5. phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Earthworm and leeches
Segmented bodies
Have a body cavity
Has movement that is coordinated by the nervous
system – has nerve cord and ganglion of nerve cells
that function as a brain
◦ Exchange gases directly with the environment
through their skin
◦ Has excretory system
◦ Has a closed circulatory system with 5 hearts
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Phylums in the Animal kingdom
6. phylum Arthopoda
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Jointed appendages
Exoskeleton made of chitin
Open circulatory system
Three classes – insects, arachnids, and crustaceans
Has a respiratory system
Has complex sensory organs
One of the most varied and abundant groups
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Phylums in the Animal Kingdom
7. phylum Mollusca
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Clams, squid, snails
Muscular foot
Mantle that secretes a shell
Rasping tongue called a radula
Most are covered by a hard shell
Some have a reduced inner shell
Mostly aquatic and breath through gills
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Phylums in the Animal Kingdom
8. phylum echinodermata
Include sea stars and sea urchins
Spiny
Have radial symmetry
Have ability to regenerate
Have a water vascular system – used along with tube
feet to hold onto objects and move
◦ Have a hard internal skeleton made of calcium
deposits
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Phylums in the Animal Kingdom
9. phylum Chordata
◦ Have a stiff, solid dorsal rod called a notochord
◦ Have ventral heart
◦ Subphylums –
 Vertebrates
 Examples: Reptiles, Birds, mammals,