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Ancient Rome-Fall of Republic and Rise of Dictators The Rise of the Roman Empire: Outcome: A Republic Becomes an Empire A Roman Powerhouse! Setting the Stage With the defeat of Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was proving to be the biggest and most powerful civilization on Earth at that time. The larger Rome got, the more unstable the republic form of government became. Too much area for a Republic? Military Issues: Who is in charge of the Army??? Where my $$$ at ? The Military goes on a Conquest Spree Rome’s expanding territories brought lots of problems… Breakdown in military order: Once it had been enough just to serve as a citizen, now soldiers are demanding pay. Since generals don’t have tons of money, they offer the land they conquered to the soldiers as payment. This ideas is VERY popular and many soldiers start to swore allegiance to their Generals, not the Republic of Rome. Why? They are traveling around the world with their Generals and getting paid by their generals, NOT the people of Rome… Rise of the Roman Dictators Once an army became loyal to their general instead of Rome, generals found themselves with more power – the power of force. Roman generals started to use their armies to gain political power by threatening or actually invading Rome. Most of the Generals were Patricians. Once this happened and generals had armies who could take over Rome, the power of the Republic started to crumble. Now generals started acting like dictators, stating what the Republic would do. Citizens had no say. Elected officials no longer in control. So when you have a strong leader backed by army and using the threat of that army against others what is that called? Outbreak of Civil War As strong generals try to take power, other generals with troops of their own oppose them. Now they start to fight to see who becomes Emperor of Rome. Soon there is a huge Civil Wars in Roman lands with soldiers fighting each other for areas of the Republic. Senate has no control over the situation and people start saying that Rome needs a strong leader. This only makes matters worse. The Civil Wars make Rome weak, but there still isn’t a power on Earth large enough to threaten the HUGE Roman Army now that Carthage is gone. So the civil wars continue until someone takes over all of Rome Age of Dictators: Julius Caesar Julius Caesar Talented Military Commander and Senator in Rome. Decides the Civil War must stop! Caesar joins with Crassus (another wealthy Roman general) and Pompey (a extremely talented and popular general) to create a Triumvirate Triumvirate = a group of three rulers They rule together for 10 years, divided Rome up into different regions, all had to agree not to allow their armies into the city of Rome. Why? Best. Job. Ever. : Emperor of Life! Caesar takes power, Emperor for Life! Caesar was given the area of Gaul (France) as his part of the Empire, becomes quite popular as a general. Political rival Pompey wants to take Caesar’s soldiers and get rid of him in the Triumvirate. Senate asks Caesar to dismiss his soldiers and come back to Rome. Caesar does not listen to the Senate, marches his armies into Italy across the Rubicon River and attacks Rome! Takes over the city and Empire. Pompey runs from Rome so he is not captured. Pompey runs to Egypt. Caesar follows him, Egyptians give Caesar Pompey’s head. Meets and falls in love with Egyptian princess, Cleopatra. He’s 50, she’s 16 Julius Caesar returns home and the Roman Senate appoints him dictator, sole ruler of Rome. A year later, the Senate votes and Caesar is named dictator for life. The Death of Julius Caesar Beware the Ides of March Many aristocrats and senators didn’t like Caesar’s growing power, success, and popularity; feared losing their influence. No way to get rid of him, he was Emperor for Life! …wait we can fix that Caesar is stabbed to death on the Senate steps by a gang of senators led by Caesar’s “friends” Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius on March 15, 44 B.C. Legend says that Caesar visited a “mystic” a week before who told Caesar, “Beware the Ides of March” AKA 03/15. He didn’t and was killed by the Senate. What are the Ides of March? Romans split the month into three parts the beginning (Nones) middle (Ides), and end (Kalends) Death of Caesar