Download Unit 13 - Student Notes _Renaissance_ 9R

Unit 13: The Italian Renaissance & Reformation
Renaissance – Overview
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Western Europe emerged from the Middle Ages during an era known as the Renaissance
From 1300 to 1600, Western Europe experienced a “rebirth” in ________________________________
During the Renaissance, Europeans developed ______________________________________________
The Renaissance marked the beginning of the “____________________________”
Changes in Europe
Middle Ages
 The Crusades increased European
demand for luxury goods from China,
India, and Middle East
 Italian merchants began meeting the
demand for trade in Europe
Renaissance
 As a result, ___________________________
___________________ began to form in Italy
 The most dominant Italian city was ________,
where wealth from trade sparked the
Renaissance
 A new middle class of bankers, merchants, &
skilled craftsmen gained lots of power
 The Medici family were wealthy bankers who
used their wealth to turn Florence into Italy’s
most artistic city
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Feudalism
Kings were able to tax merchants & use
their wealth to build armies & strong
nations which hurt the power of the
feudal lords
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Religion
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Despite having less influence, the Catholic
Church was still an important part of peoples’
lives & the pope remained important
Human Potential
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In the late Middle Ages, the Pope & the
Catholic Church lost some of its influence
as a result of the losses to Muslim armies
during the Crusades
During the Middle Ages, peasants did not
own land & had no options other than
remaining loyal to a feudal lord & work
within the manorial system
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The rise of trade during the Renaissance gave
people options to leave the manor & move to
cities to serve as merchants or skilled artisans
During the Renaissance, people had
_____________ than ever before which led to
a belief that people can _________________
Trade and Cities
Government
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From 1337 to 1453, England & France began
a conflict called the Hundred Years War
During the war, ________________________
as people became loyal to their king & nation,
rather than their lord
Humanism
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________________________________________________________________________, not birthright
A new way of thinking began during the Renaissance called Humanism
Humanism stressed the ________________________________________________________________
Humanists studied the “classical” ideas of Greece & Rome & believed that education could make the
world a better place
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) — “Father of Humanism”
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Considered the first modern writer. In his writings, literature was no longer subordinate to religion.
Secular focus – _______________________________________________________________________
Claimed that the Middle Ages (the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of
the Renaissance) were the “Dark Ages”
He was perhaps the first to use critical textual analysis to ancient texts. Especially influenced by Cicero.
Wrote his famous poetry in the Italian vernacular (as did Dante earlier in his Divine Comedy).
Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529) – The Book of the Courtier (1528)
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Perhaps most important work on Renaissance Education
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
o Rejected crude contemporary social habits (e.g. spitting on the floor, eating without utensils,
wiping one’s nose with one’s sleeve, etc.)
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) - The Prince (1513)
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Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia who had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control
Stated that politically, “______________________________________________________”
Stated that for rulers, “______________________________________________________”
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
“Renaissance Man” & “Renaissance
Women”
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The “ideal man” was _____________,
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
o Virtú – civic duty to use wealth
to beautify surroundings and
city-state
The “ideal woman” should have the
same qualities as men but should not
seek fame or political power
(______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
______________________________)
Revival of Trade & Growth of Italian City-States
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The revival of trade in Europe helped bring an end to the Middle Ages & gave rise to the Renaissance
Increased trade gave rise to Italian city-states & a wealthy middle class of bankers & merchants
Wealthy bankers & merchants wanted to show off their new status by __________________________
The rise of cities brought artists together which led to ________________________________________
Florence
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The most important Italian city-state was Florence; In this wealthy trade city, the Renaissance began
Florence was home to the ____________________, the wealthiest & most powerful bankers in Europe
The Medici used their wealth to commission art for themselves & to beautify Florence
The Medicis
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Lorenzo de Medici commissioned this painting from Botticelli of the Medici brothers as the three magi
The Medici paid to build a massive _______________________________________________________
New Styles and Techniques of Renaissance Art
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Realism & emotion
Classicism: inspiration from Greece & Rome
Emphasis on individuals & interaction between people
Geometric arrangements
Perspective – della Francesca, Massaccio
Using light & shadows
Renaissance Artists
Donatello
■ Donatello was the 1st great sculptor of the Renaissance
– Donatello revived the classical (Greco-Roman)
style of sculpture that were realistic & could
be viewed from all sides
– Donatello’s “David” was the ___________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Michelangelo
■ Michelangelo was one of the most famous
Renaissance artists:
– He was a painter, sculptor, architect,
& poet
– His sculptures & paintings showed realism,
detail of
the human body, & expression to show
personality & emotion
■ Michelangelo sculptures “Pieta”& “David”
are considered masterpieces
■ Michelangelo’s greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft
ceiling of the ___________________ which shows
Biblical images of amazing detail, power, & beauty
Leonardo da Vinci
 Leonardo da Vinci was a true
“__________________________________”
 He was a painter & sculptor whose art was known for
incredible realism & emotion
 He was also an inventor & scientist whose sketches
reveal observations about human anatomy & new
engineering technology
 His “Last Supper” shows Jesus’ last meeting with
the 12 apostles before the crucifixion; the facial
expressions, detail, emotion made it a masterpiece
 Leonardo da Vinci’s greatest masterpiece was the
“Mona Lisa” which was known for its emotion & depth
Raphael
 Raphael “perfected” Renaissance painting
 He improved perspective and realism by studying
Leonardo & Michelangelo
 Raphael became the favorite painter of the Pope
because of his amazing detailed paintings showing
a combination of famous Greeks & Romans along with
Renaissance people
 Raphael’s greatest painting was “_____________
______________________” which blended Classical
figures from Greece & Rome with important people
from the Renaissance
 Raphael’s “Betrothal of the Virgin”
Filippo Brunelleschi
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Brunelleschi was Florence’s greatest architect:
o He studied the Roman Pantheon when he built the Cuppolo of Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence
o The dome inspired modern building designs
Effects of the Renaissance on Society
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Status of Artists increases
o _________________________________________________________________________________
o Mostly an elitist culture
Little direct effect on middle classes and the working class.
Northern Renaissance
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The Renaissance spread from Italy as scholars & merchants from other areas visited Italian city-states
As these ideas spread, this “Northern Renaissance” developed its own characteristics
The Renaissance in France was most known for its unique architecture/art – _____________________
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Christian Humanists – create a more perfect world by combining the best of the Classical world with
Christian culture
The Renaissance in England was most known for literature, especially the plays of William Shakespeare
o Known as the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) – Queen Elizabeth I patronized artists and writers.
The Renaissance in the Netherlands was most known for realism in art using oil paints
o Wedding Portrait by Jan Van Eyck – _______________________________________________
o Peasant Wedding by Pieter Bruegel – _____________________________________________
o Peter Paul Reubens – best known for ___________________________ which emphasized color,
movement, and sensuality
o Self Portrait by Albrecht Durer– German “Leonardo”
Sir Thomas More
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Prime example of a __________________; he rose to the highest government position of any humanist
o Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England
Utopia (1516): More’s humanistic masterpiece
o Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a ________________________________
located on an imaginary island
o ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
o ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
o War, poverty, religious intolerance, and other problems of the early 16th century do not exist.
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
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Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists (Dutch Monk)
Master of the Greek language; one of Europe’s foremost authorities
Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament to create ‘purer’
editions.
He was the first humanist to earn a living by writing— an extremely impressive achievement.
The Praise of Folly (1513)
o Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
o Written in Latin; thus is was not intended for mass consumption
o ______________________________________________________________________________
o ______________________________________________________________________________
o ______________________________________________________________________________
o ______________________________________________________________________________