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Chapter 6 Vocabulary – Changes Over Time Name _____________________________ Use your science textbook to define each term. Review these terms any night that you do not have written homework in science. 6.1 terms definition 1 adaptation 2 evolution 3 fossil 4 natural selection 5 scientific theory 6 species 7 variation 6.2 terms 8 homologous structures 9 branching tree 1 Name ____________________________ Reading Assignment 6.1, pp.172-179 Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Date _________________ Science of Heredity Darwin’s Theory I. Before you read skim the section title, topics within the title, and subtopics. Look at the visuals and read the captions. What will you read about? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ II. After you have read complete the following questions. 1. How old was Charles Darwin when he set sail on the Beagle? ______________ What year was it? ___________ How old was he when the ship returned to England? ______________________ 2. Charles Darwin became the ship’s _____________________. What was his job? ________________________________________________________________________ 3. After leaving South America, where did the Beagle go? ________________ ___________ What year did it get there? ____________ 4. Darwin was amazed by the tremendous __________________ of living things he saw on his trip. 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Darwin’s observations. a. Many Galápagos organisms were similar to organisms on mainland South America. b. Iguanas on the Galápagos Islands had small claws for climbing trees. c. Darwin thought the ancestors of Galápagos animals and plants came from mainland South America. d. All tortoises living in the Galápagos Islands looked exactly the same. 6. Darwin noticed many differences among similar ________________________ as he traveled from one Galápagos island to the next. 2 7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Darwin’s conclusions. a. Darwin understood immediately why Galápagos organisms had many different adaptations. b. Darwin thought that Galápagos organisms gradually changed over many generations. c. Darwin believed that evolution had occurred on the Galápagos Islands. d. Selective breeding helped Darwin understand how evolution might occur. 8. In his book The Origin of Species, Darwin explained that evolution occurs by means of ________________________ ____________________________. According to this theory, individuals with ___________________________ that make them better adapted to their environment will survive. Vocabulary – Match the term to its definition. ____ 9. A well-tested concept that explains many observations a. evolution ____ 10. Effect caused by limited food and other resources. b. species ____ 11. Differences between individuals of the same species c. overproduction ____ 12. Effect caused by species producing more offspring than d. natural selection can survive. ____ 13. The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species e. competition ____ 14. The gradual change in a species over time f. theory ____ 15. A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring. g. variations 3 Name _____________________________ Darwin’s Theory - Review + Reinforce 6.1, pp.172-179 Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Date _________________ Understanding Main Ideas - Answer the following questions using complete sentences. 1. Who was Charles Darwin, and what did he do on the Beagle’s voyage? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is evolution? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain how the shape of a finch’s beak is an example of an adaptation. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. When members of a species compete, what do they compete for? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. What happens when species overproduce offspring? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Why can only traits controlled by genes be acted upon by natural selection? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4 7. How do helpful variations accumulate in a species over time? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Building Vocabulary – Use your vocabulary terms to fill in the blank to complete each statement. 8. A(n) ___________________ is a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring. 9. A(n) ___________________ is a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce. 10. A scientific ___________________ is a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations. 11. The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce is called _________________________. 12. That some newly hatched turtles can swim faster than others of the same species is evidence of __________________________ within the species. 5 Name _____________________________________ Skills – Read for Facts & Details Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Charles Darwin Part A - Read the following article. Underline important facts and details. Facts and details usually answer the following questions “Who? What? When? and Where?” Charles Darwin was a naturalist who was born in followed by long periods during which the earth settled. Shrewsbury, England, in 1809. He began studying Much of the earth’s formation took place over these long medicine in 1825 at the University of Edinburgh. In 1828 periods of settling. During this time, the earth was he entered Cambridge University, where he studied shaped by such factors as wind and rain. Darwin theology. Darwin’s book The Origin of Species was supported Lyell’s theory. published in 1859. This book described Darwin’s theory of natural selection. While studying the Cape Verde Islands, Darwin found a white layer of rock that ran horizontally along the cliffs. Charles Darwin began gathering evidence about This white layer contained many fossils from the ancient evolution while on a famous sea voyage that began in seafloor. After studying other landmasses on the island, 1831. The name of the ship that Darwin traveled on was Darwin concluded that lava had flowed over the seafloor. the Beagle. Many of Darwin’s ideas about how The seafloor had gradually risen up and exposed the organisms evolved took shape while he was on this layer that contained the fossils. His observations of the voyage. Cape Verde Islands proved to Darwin that land Darwin’s ideas about the evolution of organisms were influenced by the work of geologists of his time. In the 1830s, most geologists thought the earth was formed by formations changed dramatically over long periods of time. Many of the rock samples Darwin collected during this violent volcanic eruptions and earthquakes strong voyage contained centuries-old fossils that were similar enough to flood continents and create mountain ranges. to living species. By comparing fossils with living One geologist, Charles Lyell, had another theory. He species, Darwin gathered evidence to support his ideas stated that volcanic eruptions and earthquakes were about evolution. Part B - Answer the following questions. Pay special attention the facts that you underlined. 1. Where was Charles Darwin born? _____________________ When was he born? _________ 2. What was the name of the ship on which Darwin took his famous sea voyage? _____________ 3. What did Darwin study at Cambridge University? _____________________ When? _______ 4. Where did Darwin study medicine? ___________________________ When? _______ 5. Where did Darwin discover a layer of rock along some cliffs? __________________________ 6. When was Darwin’s book published? _______________ 7. What is the name of his book that describes the theory of natural selection? ______________ Adapted from Addison-Wesley Publishing 6 Name __________________________________ Nature at Work – Pages 180-181 Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Date ______________________ NATURE AT WORK Collecting Data Part 1 – White Sand Environment Generation Number Number of Mice Born WHITE BROWN Number of Mice that Die Generation Death Rate WHITE WHITE BROWN BROWN 1 2 3 Part 2 – Forest Floor Environment Generation Number Number of Mice Born WHITE BROWN Number of Mice that Die Generation Death Rate WHITE WHITE BROWN BROWN 1 2 3 To calculate the death rate for each generation in your part of the activity, divide the number of white/brown mice that died by the total number of white/brown mice, then multiply by 100%. Interview a group that did the other part & record their Death Rate Data on your paper. 7 Predicting If these events actually occurred in nature, how would the color of mice change over time? Observing How do the death rates in Part 2 differ from those in Part 1? What would be the reason for this difference? Making Models How would it affect your model if you increased the number of “C” cards? What would happen if you decreased the number of “C” cards? 8 Name _____________________________ Reading Assignment 6.2, pp. 182-187 Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Date _________________ Evidence of Evolution I. Before you read skim the section title, topics within the title, and subtopics. Look at the visuals and read the captions. What will you read about? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ II. After you have read complete the following questions. 1. Similar body structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor are called ________________________. 2. What similarities in development lead scientists to infer that opossums, chickens, salamanders, and fish share a common ancestor? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why do scientists classify fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals together in one group? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. T or F? The more closely related species are, the more similar their DNA sequences. 5. What have scientists learned about the elephant shrew based on DNA evidence? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about evolutionary relationships of organisms. a. b. c. d. DNA comparisons show that dogs are more similar to coyotes than to wolves. Scientists can compare protein structure to determine how closely two species are related. A branching tree shows how scientists think different groups of organisms are related. DNA evidence shows that giant pandas are more closely related to raccoons than to bears. 9 7. T or F? When a group of individuals remains isolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits, a new species can form. 8. What are three ways that isolation can occur? 1.________________________________________________________________________ 2.________________________________________________________________________ 3.________________________________________________________________________ Complete the graphic organizer with the evidence that supports the theory of evolution. 10 Name ______________________________________ Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Changes Over Time ■ Enrich Two Theories of Evolution If you had been a biologist in the 1800s, you would have had to decide between two main theories about how evolution occurred. Consider the long neck of a giraffe. How did that evolve? Read the two explanations below, and then answer the questions that follow. Theory 1 The ancestors of giraffes had short necks, and there was great competition for the plant food near the ground. Some of the giraffes kept trying to stretch their necks to reach leaves higher in the trees. As they stretched and stretched, their necks became longer. As their necks became longer, they were able to reach more food. Those ancestral giraffes survived to reproduce, while the giraffes that had not stretched their necks died. The offspring of giraffes with stretched necks inherited the longer necks. This process continued for generation after generation. In this way, giraffes evolved with longer and longer necks. Theory 2 The ancestors of giraffes had short necks, and there was great competition for the plant food near the ground. Some of the ancestral giraffes naturally had slightly longer necks than others. The individuals with longer necks could reach leaves higher up in trees, and therefore could eat more food. Because those ancestral giraffes ate more food, they survived to produce offspring while the individuals with shorter necks did not. The offspring of giraffes with longer necks inherited the longer necks. This process continued for generation after generation. In this way, giraffes evolved with longer and longer necks. 1. In Theory 1, what caused the giraffe neck to become longer? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. In Theory 2, what caused the giraffe neck to become longer? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 11 3. According to what scientists now know about genes, could the giraffes’ offspring have inherited longer necks as described in Theory 1? Use complete sentences to explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. According to what scientists now know about genes, could the giraffes’ offspring have inherited longer necks as described in Theory 2? Use complete sentences to explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. Which of the two theories matches Darwin’s theory of evolution? Use complete sentences to explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 12 Chapter 6 Vocabulary Name ________________________________ PD _____ Across 7. a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations 8. the gradual change in a species over time 9. body parts that are structurally similar in related species & that provide evidence for a common ancestor Down 1. a behavior or physical characteristic that allows an organism to survive or reproduce in its environment 2. any difference between individuals of the same species 3. a diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of organisms are related 4. the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past 5. a group of organisms that are physically similar & can mate with each other & produce offspring that can also mate & reproduce 6. a process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive & reproduce than others of the same species 13 Name __________________________________ Bird Beaks & Feet Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Date ______________________ Bird Beaks and Feet Introduction: A bird's beak and feet can tell us much about their habitat and lifestyle. Most birds are even classified according to structural similarities between their beaks and feet. In this exercise, you will look at pictures of birds and make inferences about their lifestyles. Description Function Beaks short & rounded multipurpose, eating insects and seeds spear shaped spearing fish chisel shaped, flat & pointed drilling for insects flat and square-shaped straining algae long and fat, like a scoop scooping up fish hooked catching and tearing prey long and tubular sucking nectar from flowers Feet long muscular legs running long skinny legs wading short legs with blunt claws scratching, ground walking three toes in front, one behind perching webbed swimming large hooklike claws (talons) grasping prey tiny short legs hovering two toes in front, two behind climbing Data Table 1 Bird Type of Feet Type of Beak Probable Diet Probable Habitat Bluebird Pheasant Heron Kingfisher Eagle Sparrow Owl Woodpecker Hummingbird Pelican Duck Flamingo 14 Examine the images of birds. Make inferences about what the bird eats and where it lives. Images are NOT to scale. Bluebird Pheasant Heron Kingfisher Eagle Sparrow Owl Woodpecker Hummingbird Pelican Duck Flamingo Analysis – Answer the following questions using complete sentences. Use additional paper if needed. 1. What features of a hummingbird make it adapted for its style of feeding? 2. Imagine an ideal flying predator. What type of beak and feet would it have? 3. Different birds may have similar beaks and diets. Herons and kingfishers, for instance, have long, sharp, pointed beaks for spearing fish. Their feet, however, are quite different. Describe how the heron and kingfisher differ in the method by which they hunt for fish (using their feet to help you answer). 4. Owls have large eyes that enable it to see well at night. Both the hawk and the owl hunt similar things: small rodents or snakes. How do the hawk and the owl avoid competing with each other? 15 Name __________________________________ Adaptations Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Date _________________ An adaptation is a special feature or behavior that helps an organism survive or reproduce in its particular environment. Below are some examples of adaptations. Match the correct animal or group of animals to its adaptation. TEETH _____1. teeth slope backward to aid the retention of the prey during Swallowing A. carnivores (such as dogs & lions) _____2. have two rows of teeth that point backward to hold prey; also, teeth are replaced frequently throughout an animal’s lifespan B. toothed whales (dolphins & porpoises) _____3. usually only have teeth on the bottom to catch prey, which they swallow whole C. elephants _____4. have hundreds of thin plates called baleen, which they use to filter plankton from the water D. sharks _____5. pointed “canine” teeth specialize in ripping and tearing food and large molars crush bones E. herbivores (such as deer & horses) _____6. incisors clip off grass and large, flat molars grind food F. humans _____7. incisors are specialized to chisel, usually do not have canine teeth G. snakes _____8. incisor teeth that have grown to be used for attack and defense, and for rooting food from the ground and for breaking branches H. baleen whales (such as blue whales) _____9. these omnivores have several kinds of teeth to perform many functions; tearing, chiseling and grinding I. rodents (such as beavers & mice) VISION _____1. eyes at the top of their heads A. animals that live in water such as alligators, frogs; also fish that live on the bottom of the ocean floor _____2. very large eyes that provide better night vision & better overall vision B. predators and tree dwellers _____3. eyes set on both sides of their heads provide a panoramic view to watch for predators C. nocturnal animals _____4. stereoscopic vision provides for greater accuracy in determining distance D. grazing animals such as deer, gazelles, rabbits 16 Chapter 6 Review Name ________________________________ PD ____ Use your textbook review (pages 199-201) to complete the chapter review. You may refer to your notes or to any pages from the chapter as you complete this assignment. Answer using complete sentences where appropriate. Reviewing Key Terms – page 199 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ True & False – page 199 6. ____________________ 7. ____________________ 8. ____________________ Checking Concepts – page 200 11. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 12. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 13. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 14. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Thinking Critically – page 200 18. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 19. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 21. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Standardized Test Prep – page 201 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 17