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Transcript
CARDIAC THE LAYERS Three layers of tissue form the heart: ____________________inside of the heart; _______________________middle layer __________________covers the outside of the heart PARTS OF THE HEART Heart is divided into 4 chambers 2 upper are called atria and 2 lower are ventricles Right ___________- receives blood as it returns from the body Right ____________- receives blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery (carried the blood to the lungs) Left ____________- receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Left _____________- receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood into the aorta (transports to the body) CONDUCTIVE PATHWAY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Electrical impulses originating in the heart cause the cyclic contraction of the muscles __________________________ (“pacemaker”) located in right atrium sends out electrical impulses that spread out over the atria The atria muscles contract and push blood into the ventricles The impulses then reach the ___________________ _________________ located between the atria and ventricles. The AV nodes sends the impulses through the ______________ __________________ (in the septum) which divides into a right and left bundle branch which carry the impulse down through the _________________ Those bundle branches subdivide into the ___________________________ (network of fibers in the ventricles) This conduction pattern occurs every 0.8 seconds Electrocardiogram (ECG) COMMON CARDIAC DIAGNOSTICS Blood enzymes: _________________ (Creatine Phosphokinase) – found in brain and muscle tissue. Elevated in MI 3-6 hours after infarction; peaks in ___________ hours. _____________ (Lactic Dehydrogenase) – produced during Krebs cycle. Elevated ___________ days after heart attack _____________- early detection. Elevated _______ hours after MI and peaks in ________ hours. Returns to normal in 12 hours ______________- Related to contraction of heart. Peaks in ___________ hours. Returns to normal in __________ weeks WAVE FORM MEASUREMENTS __________________ – record of electrical activity produced by heart with each heartbeat. Shows damage to heart muscle and/or conduction. ____________________– ECG recorded over extended time (24-48 hours). Correlated to activity via patient diary. _________________– ECG recorded during exercise; purposely stress heart. IMAGING TECHNIQUES ____________ – Image of heart, lungs and great vessels using ______________ rays. Shows size and shape of heart. _____________ – Image of myocardium, chambers, valves, and blood flow using sound waves. Shows these structures in action. __________ – Image of myocardium, chambers and valves using magnetism. Shows soft tissue best. MORE IMAGING TECHNIQUES ___________ – Image of metabolic heart activity. Shows areas of necrotic tissue. __________________________ (Heart Cath) – Image of coronary arteries using contrast medium and fluoroscopy. Shows patency and/or occlusion of heart arteries. May lead to angioplasty or CABG. MORE TREATMENTS Surgery: _________________ – decrease size of coronary obstruction by inflating balloon at site during Heart Cath. Keep open with a stint. _______________ – use veins or artery from other sites to bypass blocked coronary areas. COMMON TREATMENTS Medications: ___________________- (Angiotensin- converting enzyme)expands vessels and decrease resistance. Lowers angiotensin. End in -pril _____________- (Angiotensin II receptor blockers) Cozaar ________________________-decrease HR and cardiac output. End in –olol ___________________________________-interrupts Ca moving into cells of heart and blood vessels. Ex:Cardizem ______________- rids body of excess fluids and sodium. Ex: Lasix ______________________- relaxes vessels and increases supply of blood and O2 to heart. Ex: Nitroglycerin __________________- increases force of heart contractions _________________- lowers cholesterol MORE MEDICATIONS ___________________ – decrease clotting ability. Heparin or Coumadin _____________________– dissolve clots within 8 hours of formation. Streptokinase, TPA. _________________ – Keeps blood clot from forming. Aspirin- Given as prophylactic daily or 1st Aid for MI. CARDIAC SPECIALISTS _________________________ – MD who dx and tx cardiac/coronary disease/disorders medically. Does stress test, heart cath and angioplasty procedures. Cardiac Surgeon – MD who does heart and coronary surgery. CABG and transplant. MORE SPECIALISTS ______________________________– on-the-job trained person who operates ECG machine. ____________________________– ECG tech who has specialized training in ultrasonography of the heart.