Download I. Declention of Nouns

DIUTUNGALOC FUNGARRANI – Fungarr Grammar
Enoktioneg Yplage – Eleventh Edition
I.
Declention of Nouns
Nouns have three properties: Gender, number, and case. There are two genders in
Fungarr, common and neuter. The common gender is used for all animate things and
things relating to culture and life. The neuter gender describes inanimate things and
countries, geographical features, and letters of the alphabet. Number describes
quantity. There are two numbers, singular and plural. The plural describes two or
more. There are for cases in Fungarr, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, and Accusative.
The nominative is used for the subject of a sentence. The genitive is used to show
possession. The dative shows an indirect object. The Accusative shows the direct
object of a predicate. There are two ‘declensions’ of nouns in Fungarr, 1st and 2nd.
The first takes all nouns that end in consonants, and the second takes all those that end
in vowels.
a.
Singular
First Declension Soft
Second Declension
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
b.
Muidos
é Muidosir (Muidosåd)
é Muidosaf (Muidosom)
Muidos
Vilja
é Viljas
é Viljat
Vilju
Plural
First Declention Soft
First Declension Hard
Second Declention
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Muidoso
é Muidosos
é Muidosot
Muidosu
Gappar
é Gappary
é Gapparaf
Gappar
Viljaho
é Viljahos
é Viljahot
Viljahu
----------------------------------------------------------Examples:
Pizda däd fungajala noin.
Ol soda uft tsom.
----------------------------------------------------------II.
Adjectives
Adjectives have no definite form most of the time, but can be formed from nouns by
adding the suffix –am or –on.
Ajzän (Evil) > Ajzänam [Evil (adj.)]
Siv (Hardiness) > Sivon [Hardy]
Adverbs can be formed from adjectives and are distinguished by the –(h)ők ending.
Zsu (Soft) > Zsuhők (Softly)
Skon (Nice) > Skonők (Nicely)
OTHER ADVERBS
Aldrig
Nüss
Alltid
Någonsin
Då
Naran
Elott
Ufta
Redan
Genast
Eblent
Snoor
Ismåt
Strax
Lenga
Sellen
Töre
Ännu
never
just now
always
anytime
then (at that moment)
when (demonstrative)
before
often
already
at once
sometimes
Soon
again
currently, immediately
a long time
not often (seldom)
now
still
Some adverbs of place have two forms...one used with verbs indicating motion and the other with verbs
indicating rest.
Indicating Rest
Borta (away)
Dår (there)
Frömme (ahead)
Hår (here)
Tsős (down)
Aeht (up)
Qure (out)
Var (where)
Indicating Motion
bort
dit
fröm
hit
tsa
upp
qur
vart
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES of ADJECTIVES
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Zsu
Zsura
Zsuzd
Ajzän
Ajzänera
Ajzänzd
Ensam
Ensamera
Ensamzd
Veréd
Verédra
Verédezd
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES of ADVERBS
Comparatives and superlatives of adverbs are quite simple. Adding the prefix go- forms a comparative
and adding the prefix fla- forms a superlative
Nin (well) – Gonin (better) – Flanin (best)
III.
Verbs
a.
Structure
Lonbra | f
b.
Zseli | f
Conjugation
Present Tense (Konkurrend)
(San)
Lonbraf
(Vi)
Lonbraf
(Går)
Lonbrau
(Jok)
Lonbraf
(Jo/Ko/E)
Lonbrad
(Dahe)
Lonbraf
----------------------------------------------------------(San)
Zselif
(Vi)
Zselif
(Går)
Zseliu
(Jok)
Zselif
(Jo/Ko/E)
Zselid
(Dahe)
Zselif
Simple Past (Gitaugtam)
(San)
Lonbrafal
(Sano)
Lonbrafal
(Jok)
Lonbrafal
(Joko)
Lonbrafal
(Jo/Ko/Eyyo)
Lonbrafal
(Dahe)
Lonbrafal
----------------------------------------------------------(San)
Zselifal
(Sano)
Zselifal
(Jok)
Zselifal
(Joko)
Zselifal
(Jo/Ko/Eyyo)
Zselifal
(Dahe)
Zselifal
Perfect (Perfekt)
(San)
gilonbrat
(Vi)
gilonbrat
(Går)
gilonbrat
(Jok)
gilonbrat
(Jo/Ko/E)
gilonbrat
(Dahe)
gilonbrat
----------------------------------------------------------(San)
gizselt
(Vi)
gizselt
(Går)
gizselt
(Jok)
gizselt
(Jo/Ko/E)
gizselt
(Dahe)
gizselt
Future Tense (Igitauron)
(San)
Lonbrafur
(Vi)
Lonbrafur
(Går)
Lonbrafur
(Jok)
Lonbrafur
(Jo/Ko/E)
Lonbrafur
(Dahe)
Lonbrafur
----------------------------------------------------------(San)
Zselifur
(Vi)
Zselifur
(Går)
Zselifur
(Jok)
Zselifur
(Jo/Ko/E)
Zselifur
(Dahe)
Zselifur
Future Concrete (Definetiv)
(San)
skall lonbraf
(Vi)
skall lonbraf
(Går)
skalle lonbraf
(Jok)
skall lonbraf
(Jo/Ko/E)
skadd lonbraf
(Dahe)
skall lonbraf
----------------------------------------------------------(San)
skall zselif
(Vi)
skall zselif
(Går)
skalle zselif
(Jok)
skall zselif
(Jo/Ko/E)
skadd zselif
(Dahe)
skall zselif
c.
Imperative (Parantson)
Remove the –f ending for singular and add –or for the plural.
Hato ol televizu!
Gefor vi!
d.
(Turn on the Television!)
(Let’s go!)
Conditional (Felttess)
Add the suffix –us.
San menafus vizsem eyyu, wa shufur serény.
busy.)
e.
(I would think about it, but i’ll be
Subjunctive (Konjunktiv)
Double the verb stem consonant and add the suffix –it.
Haf > Haffit
Irnof > Irnoffit
f.
Voice (Idielak Bedråg ok Werksam Bedråg)
Add the suffix –k.
Active Voice: San jofal ly autobuss.
Passive Voice: Ly autobuss jofalk h san.
g.
Progressive Nouns
Add the suffix –en.
Misrufen shut sklal sak. (Swimming is my favourite thing.)
h.
Irregular Verb: to be
The verb uff is a verb meaning “to be” that is irregular in tense formation only,
not conjugation.
Kon.
San uff, går ufu, jo/ko/eyyo uft, sano uff, joko uff, dahe uff
Perf.
San ûfn, går ûn, jo/ko/eyyo ûnt, sano ûfn, joko ûfn, dahe ûfn
Iget.
San ûff, går ûfu, jo/ko/eyyo ûft, sano ûff, joko ûff, dahe ûff
Konjunktiv
vu only in present tense
IV.
Pronoun Map (Φουνγαρραμον ητιλ δερεν)
Κυιιον ητιλ (Subjective)
Αηκον ητιλ (Posessive)
San (1)
Tsom (1)
Går (1)
Sko (2)
Jo (2)
Vot (1)
Ko (2)
Vat (1)
E (2)
Er’ (1)
Sano (2)
Soon (1)
Gåro (2)
Skoki (2)
Jok (2)
Evoii (2)
Dahe (2)
Iuzo (2)
Βαρον ητιλ (Reflexive)
Savon (1)
Gårron (1)
Joni (2)
Kovan (1)
Eyyan (1)
Sanovar (1)
Gårrestry (2)
Zoi (2)
Nahåy (2)
Indefinite Pronoun “da”. This pronoun is used very similar to “it” in English, but
can also be used in the plural without changing its form. It is declined like a second
declention noun (thus: da, é das, é dat, du)
Uff dennaho sko semvakkar? Da nab gileshef. (Are these your glasses? [They] just fell off.)
Nark, vi da i haf. (No, we don’t have [it].)
Da uft tsom dalle. ([This] is my wife.)
V.
Articles (Υιαραχο)
Definite, indeclincable article – LY or OL.
This word is normally used as a separate word, but in more recent speech as
well as in some ancient Swedish versions, it has been found suffixed to the
grammatically declined noun. As bearing with the ancient standard, this has been
accepted as the proper method. Is used almost in the same instances as in English.
Indefinite, indeclinable article – EN (for C. Gender) or ÄD (for Neuter)
Has the same properties as that of English a/an or German “ein/eine/eines”
VI.
QUESTIONS
a. Interrogatives
Vem Kur Nar Tini (Var)
Who What When Where
Verd
Where to
Vor
How
Vilken
Whose
Kió
Why
b. How to form questions
A question in Fungarr can be formed one of two ways (In speech there is also an
intonation difference, as in English:
-If the question is about a fact, concrete idea, or thing that is still occurring or will
occur, a question is formed by reversing the subject and verb
-If the question is about a matter of doubt, possibility, or ability, the operator word
“ti” is used in place of the subject (with the proper verb form).
Går boru de Stockholm > Boru går de Stockholm?
You live in Stockholm > Do you live in Stockholm?
Går tungau Fungarrani > Tungau ti Fungarrani?
You speak Fungarr > (Can you/Do you) Speak Fungarr?
VII.
CONTRACTIONS
De ol – dol
De en – den
De äd – däd
Ra ol – ral
Ra en – ran
Ra äd - rad
H ol – hel
H en – hen
H äd - hed
Lil ol – lol
Lil en – len
Lil äd - läd
VIII. DEMONSTRATIVES AND OTHER PRONOUNS
a. Demonstratives
Singular
Wej Véwej
Denna Dännar
Plural
Wejo
Dennaho
Wej flíkka uft vänlig.
Véwej flíkka uft vänlig.
Denna börd uft stor.
This girl is friendly.
That girl is friendly.
This table is big.
Véwejo
Dännaro
COMMON
NEUTER
Dännar börd uft stor.
Wejo sinepo uff veréd.
Dännaro nooro uff mathis.
That table is big.
These men are angry.
These books are old.
b. Other Pronouns
Mön
one
Någon
some, somebody
Inget
none, nobody
Allt
all
Fdu
many
Varje
each, every
Endera
either
Ingendera
neither
Vemänn
whoever
Vädänn
whatever
IX.
PREPOSITIONS
Preposition
meaning
Example
Case used
Ser
of
Genitive
Efter
after
Berósta
in front of
San haf äd Ring ser é platir.
I have a ring [made] of gold.
Dahe avgodaf efter nosefsaa al.
They left after a half hour.
San uff härdafen berósta ol járatåd.
I am standing in front of the door.
Qu
from
Genitive
Lil
for
Ej
through
H(e)
with
De
in, on, at
Raddifor qu é ledis.
Deliver us from evil.
Sano bliref denna börd lil é gårrot al.
We bought this table for you.
San sabaf ej äd járat al.
I eneterd through a door.
San borf he tsom bárat.
I am living with my friend.
Äd Kask h arstän örnonfolgelo.
A helmet with great eagle wings.
E uft de soon bostad.
It’s in our house.
Genitive
Dative
Unter
under
Jo härdet unter Kavolnbron.
He stood under the Europe bridge.
beside
San vittnaf u vid ol hus al.
I saw it next to the house.
across
Sano rungafur revo äd bron.
We will walk across the bridge.
over
Ol fågel flögt uver ol tamfaho.
The bird flew over the trees.
CONJUNCTIONS
Vid
Revo
Uver
X.
Ok
and
Både...ok
both...and
Um
or
Eller...um
either...or
Värkan...um neither...nor
Wa
but
Dåkk
since, as
XI.
OTHER IRREGULAR VERBS
Att
Fazd
Innan
Om
Stun
Sedan
because
although
before
if
while
after
Sano
Joko
Dahe
vill
vill
vill
Sano
Joko
Dahe
borr
borr
borr
Sano
Joko
Dahe
kann
kann
kann
Villef – to wish, want, prefer.
San
Går
Jo/Ko/E
vell
voll
velt
Borruf – (ought to)
San
Går
Jo/Ko/E
barr
bart
bort
Kannof – be able (in a figurative capacity)
San
Går
Jo/Ko/E
kann
kande
kant
EZMEHO - Notes
I-A. When a first-declention noun ends in “n”, it takes the accusative ending “ndi”
Hence “Ly joramun shut äd byrktil.” into “San igraf ol joramundi.”
I-A. There are two forms of genitive (possessive) formation: the direct and indirect
genitive. The direct (-ir) best translates to “of the ….” Whereas the indirect (-åd) best
translates to “the …..’s”.
ol vizu éol pövendary – the screen of the computer
vizu ol pövendaråd – the computer’s screen
I-B. As a general rule, a noun can be made plural by adding “o” for the first
declension, and “ho” for the second declension. The “h” is used in every instance of
grammar as a separator between two vowels so as to not create an odd diphthong.
III-A. The –f ending is the normal infinitive ending. However, if the verb is
complementary to an auxiliary verb, it takes the ending –far.
San karlef går (I love you) becomes San vell karlefar går (I want to love you)
III-B. Sometimes the past and future suffixes are not suffixed to the word, but used
as a separate word at the end of a sentence:
“Nar talazof ismåt sano ur?” (When will we meet again?)
III-B. In the third person singular, there is no discrepancy between using a –d or a –t
in this form. It is merely a dialectical difference between northern and southern
Fungarr, however the northern (-d) is generally accepted to be correct.
“Ko tollkozed den bank / Ko tollkozet den bank” (both are correct.)
III-B. The Future Concrete Tense (Definetiv) is only used then the action being
described is an absolute certainty, or an extreme likelihood. However, it is always
used in questions regarding the future.
“Ol Föbe skadd quhagef morgon.” (The sun will come out tomorrow.)
NOTE “Skalle går morgon agef?”
III-D. In the conditional aspect, the tense is dependant on the context. Generally, the
conditional refers to the future. However, if you wish to make clear that it is a past
event, you can follow it up by the word “ma.” However this is generally unnecessary.
An example is if the sentence above is modified by removing the second part. Then
the sentence would read “I could think about it,” conveying the feeling present or
future tense. However, if the sentence read “San menafus ma vizsem eyyu,” it would
translate “I would have thought about it.”
IV. “Sano” is only used in formal context. More commonly, “vi” is used. It is
declined irregularly (vi, é vis, é vim, ve).
V. “Ol” is an archaic form of the definite articly “ly”, but it is coming back into
common speech with the same meaning and is sometimes used rather than its more
modern version. In common grammar, we have diversified to use “ol” in the singular
and “ly” in the plural.
VI. Question words require either a verb, an object or both. For example, if
somebody calls, and you were to answer as in English “What?” (“Vad?”) it would
make no sense to a Fungarr-speaker. Here you must say “Vad uft?” [“What (is it)?”]
SPELLING
I.
Consonants
1. TS is always pronounced “ch”
2. To form the equivalent of “sh,”:
a. At the beginning of or in the middle of a word, use the spelling
“sh.”
b. At the end of a word, use the spelling “ss.”
Pronunciation Guide
Aa
Bb
Cc
Dd
Ee
Ff
Gg
Hh
Ii
Jj
Kk
Ll
Mm
Nn
Oo
Pp
Qq
Rr
Ss
Tt
Uu
Vv
Ww
Xx
Yy
Zz
Ää
Åå
Éé
Öö
Üü
Father
Boy
Gets
Dolphin
Air
Food
Great
Home
See
Joke
Kill
Leave
Mother
Nothing
Open
Perfect
(Scottish “Loch”)
Roll
Son
Tear
Harpoon
Very
Word
Text
Eye
Zero
Cat
Gate
Yes
Say “ay” with lips rounded.
Say “ee” with lips rounded.
zs
ss
ts
Treasure
ship
touch