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DIUTUNGALOC FUNGARRANI – Fungarr Grammar Enoktioneg Yplage – Eleventh Edition I. Declention of Nouns Nouns have three properties: Gender, number, and case. There are two genders in Fungarr, common and neuter. The common gender is used for all animate things and things relating to culture and life. The neuter gender describes inanimate things and countries, geographical features, and letters of the alphabet. Number describes quantity. There are two numbers, singular and plural. The plural describes two or more. There are for cases in Fungarr, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, and Accusative. The nominative is used for the subject of a sentence. The genitive is used to show possession. The dative shows an indirect object. The Accusative shows the direct object of a predicate. There are two ‘declensions’ of nouns in Fungarr, 1st and 2nd. The first takes all nouns that end in consonants, and the second takes all those that end in vowels. a. Singular First Declension Soft Second Declension Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. b. Muidos é Muidosir (Muidosåd) é Muidosaf (Muidosom) Muidos Vilja é Viljas é Viljat Vilju Plural First Declention Soft First Declension Hard Second Declention Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Muidoso é Muidosos é Muidosot Muidosu Gappar é Gappary é Gapparaf Gappar Viljaho é Viljahos é Viljahot Viljahu ----------------------------------------------------------Examples: Pizda däd fungajala noin. Ol soda uft tsom. ----------------------------------------------------------II. Adjectives Adjectives have no definite form most of the time, but can be formed from nouns by adding the suffix –am or –on. Ajzän (Evil) > Ajzänam [Evil (adj.)] Siv (Hardiness) > Sivon [Hardy] Adverbs can be formed from adjectives and are distinguished by the –(h)ők ending. Zsu (Soft) > Zsuhők (Softly) Skon (Nice) > Skonők (Nicely) OTHER ADVERBS Aldrig Nüss Alltid Någonsin Då Naran Elott Ufta Redan Genast Eblent Snoor Ismåt Strax Lenga Sellen Töre Ännu never just now always anytime then (at that moment) when (demonstrative) before often already at once sometimes Soon again currently, immediately a long time not often (seldom) now still Some adverbs of place have two forms...one used with verbs indicating motion and the other with verbs indicating rest. Indicating Rest Borta (away) Dår (there) Frömme (ahead) Hår (here) Tsős (down) Aeht (up) Qure (out) Var (where) Indicating Motion bort dit fröm hit tsa upp qur vart COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES of ADJECTIVES Positive Comparative Superlative Zsu Zsura Zsuzd Ajzän Ajzänera Ajzänzd Ensam Ensamera Ensamzd Veréd Verédra Verédezd COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES of ADVERBS Comparatives and superlatives of adverbs are quite simple. Adding the prefix go- forms a comparative and adding the prefix fla- forms a superlative Nin (well) – Gonin (better) – Flanin (best) III. Verbs a. Structure Lonbra | f b. Zseli | f Conjugation Present Tense (Konkurrend) (San) Lonbraf (Vi) Lonbraf (Går) Lonbrau (Jok) Lonbraf (Jo/Ko/E) Lonbrad (Dahe) Lonbraf ----------------------------------------------------------(San) Zselif (Vi) Zselif (Går) Zseliu (Jok) Zselif (Jo/Ko/E) Zselid (Dahe) Zselif Simple Past (Gitaugtam) (San) Lonbrafal (Sano) Lonbrafal (Jok) Lonbrafal (Joko) Lonbrafal (Jo/Ko/Eyyo) Lonbrafal (Dahe) Lonbrafal ----------------------------------------------------------(San) Zselifal (Sano) Zselifal (Jok) Zselifal (Joko) Zselifal (Jo/Ko/Eyyo) Zselifal (Dahe) Zselifal Perfect (Perfekt) (San) gilonbrat (Vi) gilonbrat (Går) gilonbrat (Jok) gilonbrat (Jo/Ko/E) gilonbrat (Dahe) gilonbrat ----------------------------------------------------------(San) gizselt (Vi) gizselt (Går) gizselt (Jok) gizselt (Jo/Ko/E) gizselt (Dahe) gizselt Future Tense (Igitauron) (San) Lonbrafur (Vi) Lonbrafur (Går) Lonbrafur (Jok) Lonbrafur (Jo/Ko/E) Lonbrafur (Dahe) Lonbrafur ----------------------------------------------------------(San) Zselifur (Vi) Zselifur (Går) Zselifur (Jok) Zselifur (Jo/Ko/E) Zselifur (Dahe) Zselifur Future Concrete (Definetiv) (San) skall lonbraf (Vi) skall lonbraf (Går) skalle lonbraf (Jok) skall lonbraf (Jo/Ko/E) skadd lonbraf (Dahe) skall lonbraf ----------------------------------------------------------(San) skall zselif (Vi) skall zselif (Går) skalle zselif (Jok) skall zselif (Jo/Ko/E) skadd zselif (Dahe) skall zselif c. Imperative (Parantson) Remove the –f ending for singular and add –or for the plural. Hato ol televizu! Gefor vi! d. (Turn on the Television!) (Let’s go!) Conditional (Felttess) Add the suffix –us. San menafus vizsem eyyu, wa shufur serény. busy.) e. (I would think about it, but i’ll be Subjunctive (Konjunktiv) Double the verb stem consonant and add the suffix –it. Haf > Haffit Irnof > Irnoffit f. Voice (Idielak Bedråg ok Werksam Bedråg) Add the suffix –k. Active Voice: San jofal ly autobuss. Passive Voice: Ly autobuss jofalk h san. g. Progressive Nouns Add the suffix –en. Misrufen shut sklal sak. (Swimming is my favourite thing.) h. Irregular Verb: to be The verb uff is a verb meaning “to be” that is irregular in tense formation only, not conjugation. Kon. San uff, går ufu, jo/ko/eyyo uft, sano uff, joko uff, dahe uff Perf. San ûfn, går ûn, jo/ko/eyyo ûnt, sano ûfn, joko ûfn, dahe ûfn Iget. San ûff, går ûfu, jo/ko/eyyo ûft, sano ûff, joko ûff, dahe ûff Konjunktiv vu only in present tense IV. Pronoun Map (Φουνγαρραμον ητιλ δερεν) Κυιιον ητιλ (Subjective) Αηκον ητιλ (Posessive) San (1) Tsom (1) Går (1) Sko (2) Jo (2) Vot (1) Ko (2) Vat (1) E (2) Er’ (1) Sano (2) Soon (1) Gåro (2) Skoki (2) Jok (2) Evoii (2) Dahe (2) Iuzo (2) Βαρον ητιλ (Reflexive) Savon (1) Gårron (1) Joni (2) Kovan (1) Eyyan (1) Sanovar (1) Gårrestry (2) Zoi (2) Nahåy (2) Indefinite Pronoun “da”. This pronoun is used very similar to “it” in English, but can also be used in the plural without changing its form. It is declined like a second declention noun (thus: da, é das, é dat, du) Uff dennaho sko semvakkar? Da nab gileshef. (Are these your glasses? [They] just fell off.) Nark, vi da i haf. (No, we don’t have [it].) Da uft tsom dalle. ([This] is my wife.) V. Articles (Υιαραχο) Definite, indeclincable article – LY or OL. This word is normally used as a separate word, but in more recent speech as well as in some ancient Swedish versions, it has been found suffixed to the grammatically declined noun. As bearing with the ancient standard, this has been accepted as the proper method. Is used almost in the same instances as in English. Indefinite, indeclinable article – EN (for C. Gender) or ÄD (for Neuter) Has the same properties as that of English a/an or German “ein/eine/eines” VI. QUESTIONS a. Interrogatives Vem Kur Nar Tini (Var) Who What When Where Verd Where to Vor How Vilken Whose Kió Why b. How to form questions A question in Fungarr can be formed one of two ways (In speech there is also an intonation difference, as in English: -If the question is about a fact, concrete idea, or thing that is still occurring or will occur, a question is formed by reversing the subject and verb -If the question is about a matter of doubt, possibility, or ability, the operator word “ti” is used in place of the subject (with the proper verb form). Går boru de Stockholm > Boru går de Stockholm? You live in Stockholm > Do you live in Stockholm? Går tungau Fungarrani > Tungau ti Fungarrani? You speak Fungarr > (Can you/Do you) Speak Fungarr? VII. CONTRACTIONS De ol – dol De en – den De äd – däd Ra ol – ral Ra en – ran Ra äd - rad H ol – hel H en – hen H äd - hed Lil ol – lol Lil en – len Lil äd - läd VIII. DEMONSTRATIVES AND OTHER PRONOUNS a. Demonstratives Singular Wej Véwej Denna Dännar Plural Wejo Dennaho Wej flíkka uft vänlig. Véwej flíkka uft vänlig. Denna börd uft stor. This girl is friendly. That girl is friendly. This table is big. Véwejo Dännaro COMMON NEUTER Dännar börd uft stor. Wejo sinepo uff veréd. Dännaro nooro uff mathis. That table is big. These men are angry. These books are old. b. Other Pronouns Mön one Någon some, somebody Inget none, nobody Allt all Fdu many Varje each, every Endera either Ingendera neither Vemänn whoever Vädänn whatever IX. PREPOSITIONS Preposition meaning Example Case used Ser of Genitive Efter after Berósta in front of San haf äd Ring ser é platir. I have a ring [made] of gold. Dahe avgodaf efter nosefsaa al. They left after a half hour. San uff härdafen berósta ol járatåd. I am standing in front of the door. Qu from Genitive Lil for Ej through H(e) with De in, on, at Raddifor qu é ledis. Deliver us from evil. Sano bliref denna börd lil é gårrot al. We bought this table for you. San sabaf ej äd járat al. I eneterd through a door. San borf he tsom bárat. I am living with my friend. Äd Kask h arstän örnonfolgelo. A helmet with great eagle wings. E uft de soon bostad. It’s in our house. Genitive Dative Unter under Jo härdet unter Kavolnbron. He stood under the Europe bridge. beside San vittnaf u vid ol hus al. I saw it next to the house. across Sano rungafur revo äd bron. We will walk across the bridge. over Ol fågel flögt uver ol tamfaho. The bird flew over the trees. CONJUNCTIONS Vid Revo Uver X. Ok and Både...ok both...and Um or Eller...um either...or Värkan...um neither...nor Wa but Dåkk since, as XI. OTHER IRREGULAR VERBS Att Fazd Innan Om Stun Sedan because although before if while after Sano Joko Dahe vill vill vill Sano Joko Dahe borr borr borr Sano Joko Dahe kann kann kann Villef – to wish, want, prefer. San Går Jo/Ko/E vell voll velt Borruf – (ought to) San Går Jo/Ko/E barr bart bort Kannof – be able (in a figurative capacity) San Går Jo/Ko/E kann kande kant EZMEHO - Notes I-A. When a first-declention noun ends in “n”, it takes the accusative ending “ndi” Hence “Ly joramun shut äd byrktil.” into “San igraf ol joramundi.” I-A. There are two forms of genitive (possessive) formation: the direct and indirect genitive. The direct (-ir) best translates to “of the ….” Whereas the indirect (-åd) best translates to “the …..’s”. ol vizu éol pövendary – the screen of the computer vizu ol pövendaråd – the computer’s screen I-B. As a general rule, a noun can be made plural by adding “o” for the first declension, and “ho” for the second declension. The “h” is used in every instance of grammar as a separator between two vowels so as to not create an odd diphthong. III-A. The –f ending is the normal infinitive ending. However, if the verb is complementary to an auxiliary verb, it takes the ending –far. San karlef går (I love you) becomes San vell karlefar går (I want to love you) III-B. Sometimes the past and future suffixes are not suffixed to the word, but used as a separate word at the end of a sentence: “Nar talazof ismåt sano ur?” (When will we meet again?) III-B. In the third person singular, there is no discrepancy between using a –d or a –t in this form. It is merely a dialectical difference between northern and southern Fungarr, however the northern (-d) is generally accepted to be correct. “Ko tollkozed den bank / Ko tollkozet den bank” (both are correct.) III-B. The Future Concrete Tense (Definetiv) is only used then the action being described is an absolute certainty, or an extreme likelihood. However, it is always used in questions regarding the future. “Ol Föbe skadd quhagef morgon.” (The sun will come out tomorrow.) NOTE “Skalle går morgon agef?” III-D. In the conditional aspect, the tense is dependant on the context. Generally, the conditional refers to the future. However, if you wish to make clear that it is a past event, you can follow it up by the word “ma.” However this is generally unnecessary. An example is if the sentence above is modified by removing the second part. Then the sentence would read “I could think about it,” conveying the feeling present or future tense. However, if the sentence read “San menafus ma vizsem eyyu,” it would translate “I would have thought about it.” IV. “Sano” is only used in formal context. More commonly, “vi” is used. It is declined irregularly (vi, é vis, é vim, ve). V. “Ol” is an archaic form of the definite articly “ly”, but it is coming back into common speech with the same meaning and is sometimes used rather than its more modern version. In common grammar, we have diversified to use “ol” in the singular and “ly” in the plural. VI. Question words require either a verb, an object or both. For example, if somebody calls, and you were to answer as in English “What?” (“Vad?”) it would make no sense to a Fungarr-speaker. Here you must say “Vad uft?” [“What (is it)?”] SPELLING I. Consonants 1. TS is always pronounced “ch” 2. To form the equivalent of “sh,”: a. At the beginning of or in the middle of a word, use the spelling “sh.” b. At the end of a word, use the spelling “ss.” Pronunciation Guide Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ää Åå Éé Öö Üü Father Boy Gets Dolphin Air Food Great Home See Joke Kill Leave Mother Nothing Open Perfect (Scottish “Loch”) Roll Son Tear Harpoon Very Word Text Eye Zero Cat Gate Yes Say “ay” with lips rounded. Say “ee” with lips rounded. zs ss ts Treasure ship touch