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Lecture 1
Grammar
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Lexicology
10 parts of speech (Morphology)
Noun
Adjective
Pronoun
Numeral
Verb
Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction
Determiner
Interjection
Determiners
A. specific determiners
the definite article : the
demonstratives : this, that, these, those
possessives : my, your, his, her, its, our, their
B. general determiners
the indefinite articles : a, an
a few, a little, all, another, any, both, each, either, enough, every, fewer, less, many,
no, neither, other, several....
Syntax
study about the sentence and a word in it and about compound and complex sentences
way in which words are arranged to show connections of meaning within the sentence
Sentence
the largest unit of grammar easily identified by an initial capital letter on the first word
and a full stop after the last word
a series of words in connected speech or writing, forming the grammatically complete
expression of a single thought
is composed of clauses, must include at least one main clause
Types of sentences
simple – a sentence with one main clause
compound – a sentence with two or more main clauses
complex – a sentence with a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
compound-complex – contains at least two main and at least one subordinate clause
Simple sentence
a unit which expresses one idea
one-member
(only nominal: The bell!)
two-member unextended
They work.
two-member extended
They work hard.
elliptical
Who is cooking dinner? John is. 
Clause
a core unit of grammar
consists of two parts: a subject and a predicate
John
is working in the garden.
S
P
Types of clauses
Main/matrix/independent clause – is not dependent on any other clause in a
sentence
Subordinate/dependent clause – needs to be accompanied by a main clause in order
to form a sentence
Non-clauses – miss either subject or a predicate (e.g. a noun phrase a clever student)
Clause elements
a. principal (central, main)
SUBJECT - S, PREDICATE – P
b. secondary
OBJECT – direct and indirect – Od Oi
COMPLEMENT – Cs Co
c. peripheral
ADVERBIAL – subject related As
ADVERBIAL – object related Ao
Examples
„found“ is the verb, „found the defendant guilty“ is predicate
Types of phrases
noun phrase: basic and complex
verb phrase
adjective phrase
adverb phrase
prepositional phrase
Syntactic function of phrases
Noun phrases can be:
subject: The silence worried me.
object: The silence worried me.
object of preposition: He put it on a stone.
complement: The writer is a traveller.
Noun phrase analysis
the
most prominent
DET.
PREMODIFIER
the
writer
of the period
HEAD NOUN
POSTMODIFIER
most prominent
DETERMINER
of
ADJECTIVE(SUPERLATIVE)
the
PREPOSITION
writer
NOUN
period
DETERMINER
Adjective phrase
can be
a subject complement: It seemed very interesting.
an object complement: They found him guilty.
NOUN
Prepositional phrases
part of a noun phrase: There was no sign of the path.
an adverbial: He sat down on the stone.
Simple sentence structure tree:
A. sentence elements
The students will be working late in the rooms.
S
V
A
A
B. phrases
The students will be working late in the rooms.
NP
VP
AP
PP
C. parts of speech
The
students
DET.
NOUN
will
AUX.
late
in
ADVERB
PREPOSITION
be
working
AUX.
MAIN VERB
the
rooms.
DETERMINER
NOUN