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Opening Activity: • What is one way bacteria influences our life? • • • • • • • Food poisoning Bacterial Infection Acne Cavities Body Odor Antibiotics Break down food in our digestive system Intro To Bacteria Basic Bacteria Facts: • Microscopic/unicellular • Prokaryotic • Most numerous and ancient organisms on Earth. Classification of Bacteria: Kingdom Archaebacteria: a) More ancient than eubacteria b) Peptidoglycan absent in cell walls c) First discovered in extreme environments Major Bacteria Phyla: Archaebacteria a) Methanogens live only in anaerobic conditions like swamps and sewage. b) Halophiles salt-loving c) Thermoacidophiles live in acidic and high temp. environments like hot springs and volcanic vents. Classifications of Bacteria: Kingdom Eubacteria: a) Germs; account for most bacteria b) Can be divided into 12 phyla c) Cell walls contain peptidoglycan Shapes of Eubacteria: 1. bacilli rod-shaped 2. cocci sphere-shaped *streptococcichain *staphylococcigrape-like clusters 3. Spirilla spiral-shaped cocci spirilla bacillia Eubacteria shapes cont. streptococcichain staphylococcigrape-like clusters Major Bacteria Phyla: Eubacteria a) Cyanobacteria (ex. blue-green algae) b) Spirochetes (ex. T. pallidum; causes syphilis) c) Gram-positive bacteria (ex. Bacteria that cause strep; change milk to yogurt; produce antibiotics) d) Proteobacteria (ex. E. coli; nitrogen-fixing bacteria) Gram Stain: a) Laboratory technique used to group Eubacteria into two categories. b) Gram-positive eubacteria appear purple because of thicker layer of peptidoglycan. a) Gram-negative eubacteria appear pink because of thinner layer of peptidoglycan. Is this gram stain positive or negative? Identify the bacteria. Is this gram stain positive or negative? Identify the bacteria. Bacteria and Disease: A. Pathology: scientific study of disease B. Pathogens: bacteria that cause disease C. Famous Bacterial Diseases: Type of Disease Botulism Cholera Tooth Decay Gonorrhea Lyme Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Salmonella Strep throat Tetanus Tuberculosis Areas Affected nerves intestines teeth Urethra/ fal.tubes Skin, joints, heart Blood, skin Mode of Transmission intestines Respiratory tract nerves Lungs, bones, etc Contaminated food Sneezing/coughing Contaminated wounds coughing Improper preserved foods Contaminated water Bacteria in mouth Sexual contact Tick bite Tick bite Famous Bacteria Diseases Lyme Disease Tetanus Famous Bacteria Diseases Botulism Tooth Decay Famous Bacteria Diseases Gonorhea Tuberculosis Famous Bacteria Diseases Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Cholera D. Ways Bacteria Cause Disease: 1. Produce exotoxins (toxins made of protein and produced by Gram-positive bacteria). 2. Produce endotoxins (toxins made of carbohydrates and lipids and produced by Gram-negative bacteria; released when bacteria die). 3. Destroy body tissues by secreting digestive enzymes. Opening Activity: • What is the name for spiral shaped bacteria? – – – – Cocci Bacilli Sprilla Sphere shaped bacteria Antibiotics: A. Drugs that combat bacteria by interfering with cellular functions. B. Because humans overuse antibiotics, bacteria have built a resistance to those antibiotics. This is done through bacteria reproduction AND genetic recombination. Common Antibiotics Antibiotic Penicillin Mechanism of Action Inhibits cell-wall synthesis Ampicillin Same as above Bacitracin Same as above Cephalosporin Same as above Tetracycline Inhibits protein synthesis Streptomycin Same as above Sulfa Drug Inhibits cell metabolism Rifampin Inhibits RNA synthesis Quinolines Inhibits DNA synthesis Target Bacteria Gram-Positive Broad spectrum G.P. G. P. Broad Spectrum G.N. meningitis G.P. AND G.N. Urinary tract Useful Bacteria: A. Bacteria are used in… 1) Sewage treatment 2) Producing and processing foods 3) Industrial chemical production Opening Activity Toxins that are produced by gram negative bacteria and are released when the bacteria die are known as… A. Exotoxins B. Endotoxins Common Structures/Functions of Bacteria: Structure Cell Wall Outer Membrane Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Chromosome Plasmid Capsule and slime layer Endospore Pili Flagellum Function Protects cell; gives it shape Only in G.N.; protects against antibiotics Important in cell respiration Contains DNA/ribosomes Carries genetic info.; single loop of DNA Carries extra genes from genetic recom. Protects cell; helps attach to other surfaces (glycocalyx) Only in G.P.; survival in harsh conditions Helps attach to other surfaces Cell movement Feeding in Bacteria: Type: Feeding Mechanism: Heterotrophs (Consumer) Living organisms Saprophytes (Decomposers) Dead and decaying organisms Photoautotrophs (Producer) Photosynthesis Chemoautotrophs Chemosynthesis (Producer) Bacteria in the Environment: Type Environment Obligate Anaerobes CANNOT live with oxygen Facultative Anaerobes Can live WITH or WITHOUT oxygen Obligate Aerobes CANNOT live without oxygen “Thermophilic” Grow best in HIGH temperatures Reproduction in Bacteria: A. Use ASEXUAL reproduction by binary fission. B. NO true sexual reproduction in bacteria C. Use a nonreproductive method called genetic recombination to mix genetic material, obtain NEW DNA, and make newer/adapted offspring.