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Transcript
2017-02-13 1 2 1 3 2 4 Roman History: The Rise of the Republic, before the Empire Gaius Julius Caesar (100 – 44 B.C.) Family was aristocratic, but not rich General and Statesman • Had been elected consul (highest elected political office) in 59 B.C. Conquered Gaul (France) – brought wealth, fame and military power • Established an efficient provincial administration in Gaul • And was Governor of Gaul from 58-49 B.C. Powerful factions in the Senate feared his popularity – ordered him back to Rome • His governorship was revoked in 51 B.C. Why wouldn’t Caesar want to go back? Mark Antony General and politician Supporter of Caesar One of Caesar’s most important generals Became Caesar’s co-consul in 44 B.C. Big Trouble in Little Rome Senate ordered Caesar to lay down his command • He had also been told that he would face prosecution upon his return to Rome as a private citizen • This could mean either exile or death 49 B.C. - Caesar ordered his troops (13 legions) to cross the Rubicon River without disbanding Was an act of war • basically made it clear that he wanted to take over “The die is cast.” – Julius Caesar 5 6 7 Changes by Caesar Tried to make rational and orderly what was traditional and chaotic Created a new calendar • The Roman Calendar was a lunar calendar Was complicated and changed yearly to keep in sync with equinoxes and solstices • Julian Calendar was developed to standardize the calendar Solar calendar Introduced a Leap Year every 4 years • basis for the one we use today Transferred power from old Roman families (his political enemies) Elected Dictator for 10 years (47 B.C.) and then Dictator for Life (44 B.C.) • enemies accused him of aiming at monarchy The Conspiracy Brutus and Cassius led a conspiracy of 60 senators against Caesar 8 March 15th, 44 B.C. (Ides of March) Caesar entered the Senate without a bodyguard (as always) 9 The conspirators encircle Caesar and began stabbing him. Stabbed 23 times. “Et tu, Brute?” – “And you, Brutus?” 10 Aftermath 1 1 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2017-02-13 Aftermath 1 Brutus and Cassius combine their legions, to fight against Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son) Octavian defeats them at Philippi Brutus commits suicide Aftermath 2 Civil War ensues Power struggle b/w Mark Antony, Ledipus, and Octavian Settled differences and divided the republic • Antony took the east, Octavian the west, and Ledipus took Africa Antony and Cleopatra Cleopatra Queen of Egypt (Caesar’s former mistress) supports Antony (they had fallen in love) Cleopatra had a child by Caesar named Caesarion Antony married the ruler of Egypt Divided control of the east between themselves and their children West vs. East Octavian was increasingly seen as a restorer of Roman values (order, justice and virtue) • a champion of the West Antony was painted as a man of the East, and a pawn of Cleopatra public cooperation b/w the two men ended Battle of Actium Sept. 2, 31 B.C. Naval battle b/w Octavian and Antony/Cleopatra Octavian defeated Antony’s forces Antony and Cleopatra flee to Alexandria Chased by Octavian Goodbye to Mark and Cleo Both Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide Antony “falls on his sword” – an honorable death Cleopatra clutches and asp (snake) to her chest – death by poison 16 17 18 Caesar Augustus Octavian becomes the first Emperor of Rome Changes his name to Augustus (“highest one”) Caesarion was put to death as was Antony’s eldest son Augustus is the emperor when Jesus is born 2