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63 BC elected consul of Rome Created first triumvirate Crassus: wealthy political leader Pompey: brilliant general married Caesar’s daughter During triumvirate Caesar becomes governor of Gaul (France). Julia (Caesar’s daughter) dies Crassus had died Pompey and Caesar become rivals Civil War began Removes link between Pompey and Caesar Caesar’s army much more experienced Caesar forces Pompey to retreat to Egypt Pompey is killed by Ptolemy XIII (Cleopatra’s Brother) Festival held to pronounce Caesar as king, he refuses Mark Antony presides over festival Senators feared Caesar’s power Stabbed 23 times in the back Beware of the Ides of March Not Egyptian First Ptolemaic ruler to learn Egyptian Cleopatra is Greek from the family of Ptolemy's 7 languages total After her fathers death she and her brother ruled Egypt “together” Cleopatra 18 her brother (Ptolemy XIII) 10 Octavian was Caesar’s heir to the throne Republic restored forcing Octavian to create another triumvirate, Mark Antony and Lepidus Antony marries Octavian's sister to seal the deal Soon all three became rivals Antony raises an Army to take on Octavian (Lepidus is told by Octavian to not get involved or he would kill him) Civil War starts Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra Octavian changes his name to Augustus (exalted one) Festival is held Antony commits, Cleopatra commits suicide after Octavian turns her down Octavian kills Caesarion He takes the crown. Pax Romana The Rise of Christianity St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles The Spread of Christianity Imperial Roman Road System The Empire in Crisis: 3c Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE Constantine: 312 - 337 Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch