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Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING 1 GMOs versus Selective Breeding Shay Townson Waxahachie Global High School Engineering Design and Development April Moon November 2014 1 Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING 2 Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….….... 3 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Genetically Modified Organisms…………………………………………………………….……………………….……......4 Figure 1: Lime Apple……………………………………………………………………….……………………………..4 Selective Breeding……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….….....5 Techniques and Methods…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….5 GMOs…………………………….………………….……………………………………………………....……….……....5 Selective Breeding…………………………………………………………………………………………….……......6 Uses………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….7 GMOs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….......7 Figure 2: Artic Apple……………….…………………………………………………………………………7 Selective Breeding……………………………………………………………………………………….……..….......7 Benefits and Risk……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………8 GMOs………………………………………………………….……….…………………….………………………….…....8 Selective Breeding………………………………………………..……………………………………………………...8 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….…......9 References….……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………...…...10 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12 Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING 3 Abstract The human race has been cultivating plants for thousands of years along with selective breeding. Unlike today, these people did not have the power or the ability to genetically change the crops DNA or even know what DNA was. Selective breeding is the process of only allowing the crops that show the most desirable traits to be replanted again and again. This process was the basics of farming for thousands of years and allowing for the grains, vegetables, and fruits that we buy today. Genetic engineering is a new technic that allows for DNA of an organism to be added to a plant to increase crop yield, drought or flood resistance, and lessen the use of herbicides. Today, genetic engineering, along with selective breeding, are used to Figure 1: Lime Apple create or better food for the present and future. An example would be Figure 1 in the way that it is an apple that has the inner properties of an orange with a green color (Waananen, September 2013). Keywords: GMO, selective breeding, genetic engineering Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING 4 Introduction The topic of genetic engineering is currently a highly debated topic around the world because of untold side effects and consequences. The ethics and morals aside not many large studies have been done over the long term effect of genetic engineering. There are many people debating for and against genetic engineering all over the web, but neither side wants to work with the other to try see if it is effective. Genetically Modified Organisms Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) started around the late 1970s with the Asilomar Conference during which biologists got together with a couple of lawyers and doctors to create the guidelines or foundation for genetic modification to lay out how to safely use genetically engineered DNA (Shireen 2013). This conference basically kick started the whole field of genetically engineered DNA or recombinant DNA in science, which is now the dominate research in biology. The conference decided that all recombinant DNA research must be done under the guidelines put in place by the National Instituted of Health to protect the laboratory personnel, the general public, and the environment. One failing point of the conference is considering the ethical and legal implications of genetic engineering of plants, animals, and humans (Berg 2004). The first patent issued was in 1980 to General Electric being the first patent on a living organism in the US. This organism was a bacteria that feed on crude oil which would be helpful if there was an oil spill. In 1982 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves a genetically engineered E. coli bacteria that produced insulin to appear on the market. It was not until 1994 that GMOs appeared on the shelves of grocery stores throughout America with Flavr Savr tomatoes being approved by the FDA. The world continues with little Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING 5 notice while other GMOs are created like GM wheat, rice, soybeans, and alfalfa until 1997 when the EU votes for mandatory labeling on all GMO food products. GMOs still become dominate in the food industry despite the knowable of them being used is seen by the public (Shireen 2013). Selective Breeding Around 10,000 years ago people began to change the natural reproductive cycle of plants and animals to produce more desired traits within these plants and animals. This was done by either cross pollinating plants or breeding animals that have desired traits in hopes that the traits will be pasted down to the offspring (Dire Wolf Project). Selective breeding is an ongoing process that has played an important part in supplying the planet’s population with food. The development of plant varieties and animal breeds meant that agriculture could be done on an industrial basis. This type of breeding still continues on in the modern world with the knowledge of genetics, theory of evolution, and Mendel’s law (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 2003). An Example of selective breeding is Tomatoes because before the Spanish came over to America Tomatoes were much smaller and waxier than today. After about a hundred years of selective breeding Tomatoes looked a lot closer as we see them today and have the ability to survive conditions other plants could not (Wall, 2013). Techniques and Methods GMOs GMOs have many techniques and methods for creating them some examples of this are Gene Silencing, Bacterial Carriers, Electroporation, and Gene Splicing. Gene Silencing is when an engineer “silences” the gene that causes an undesired trait. This can be very useful if a certain gene activates an allergic reaction that gene could be “silenced” (Null, 2014). Bacterial Carriers Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING 6 are used to deliver into the cell by physically adding a wanted gene into a Bacterial and then plants in a plant to add the gene to the plant. Electroporation is when the targets cells are placed in a solution with the chosen DNA with a strong brief electric shock causing the walls of the cell to tear allowing in the DNA. The Cells are then put in another solution to repair the damage brought on by the electric shock trapping the DNA inside. In Gene Splicing biotechnologists modify DNA, and then add it into the target host cells to allow for the genes and resulting traits to be modified (Murnaghan, 2014). Selective Breeding There are many methods and techniques for selective breeding from high-tech and costly processes such as in-vitro fertilization to more simple low-cost techniques that work more with selection and controlled mating of animals and plants based on what is observable traits. There are three main approached to selective breeding in animals Outcrossing, Line Breeding, and Inbreeding. Outcrossing is mating two animals for about 4 to 6 generations to make sure that the trait is more numerous than it was before, but is only worth it when the genetic variation for a trait is high. Line Breeding is when you mate related animals like half siblings, cousins, aunts, and nephews. It is really only effective if the trait or traits continues to show in the offspring. Inbreeding is when directly animals are mated to create uniformities, prepotency, and to force out latent weaknesses from the gene pool. (E, 2014) Some types of selective breeding in plants are Mass Selection, Pure-line Selection, and Hybridization to make it simple. Mass selection is when seeds from desirable appearing individuals for the next generation to be planted from eliminating undesired traits. Pure-Line Selection has 3 steps involving selecting superior appearing plants form a genetically variable population, then grown Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING 7 and evaluated by observation over several years, finally it is determined whether or not the new plants are better than their relatives. Hybridization is mating carefully selected plants to combine desirable genes found in two or more different varieties and to produce pure-breeding offspring (Plant Genetics, 2014). Uses GMOs GMOs have many uses like increase yield including those conveying drought, pest, and disease-resistance with in plants. In animals they are used to increase milk and egg production, disease-resistance and more meat. Some bacterial strains were modified so that they are capable of producing human insulin making the process a lot more efficient than harvesting it from pigs (Null, 2014). Other examples are pharmaceutical agents produced in sheep’s milk and vaccines grown in chicken Figure 2: Artic Apple eggs. Bioremediation is the process where living organisms are used to clean up pollutants in the soil or water. This means that microorganisms, small bacteria and yeast can be used to clean up oil spill or just pollution in general (Wolfe, 2013). An example of the uses of GMO is the Artic Apple, as shown in Figure 2, which no longer browns when you leave the inside exposed for too long (Borel, 2014). Selective Breeding The uses of Selective Breeding include but is not limited to breeding plants to be resistant to drought and floods, higher crop yield, larger products, weed resistant, and viral diseases. An example many fruits and vegetables that we eat today have been breed to be larger, more flavorful, and have a higher amount of vitamins For animals selective breeding is Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING 8 used to get more eggs, meat, and milk along with disease resistance and healthier breeds. An example dairy cows were breed to produce large amounts of milk, but they will die if they are not milked and their life span was reduced from thirty years to four years. Both the animal and plant selective breeding tries to create the top of their section along with many different breeds to choose from for different purposes and to keep a massive die off from happening if a virus was to arise (Basu, 2013). Benefits and Risks GMOs GMOs have many benefits and risks that tend to balance themselves out in the end with neither the risk being too great but the advantage are not very high either. Some benefits include pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, disease resistance, cold tolerance, drought or salinity tolerance, nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and phytoremediation (Null, 2014). Some of the risks of GMOs include unintended harm to other organisms, reduced effectiveness of pesticides, gene transfer to non-target species, human health risks and economic concerns (Whiteman, 2000). Selective Breeding Selective breeding has many benefits and risks both with their own effects on people, environment, and themselves. Selective breeding for plants can potentially positively influence world food production by improving quality of seed grains and increase levels of protein in forage crops. Using selective breeding make plants have the capacity to grow on lands that are not suitable for them to grow in which can help get more food and add a variety of plants in lands that are not suited to them (Pros and Cons of Selective Breeding, 2014). Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING 9 The risks come in when the original groups have died off and all that is left is the new breed with only the desired traits that have no amenity to a disease and die off leaving nothing to restart the whole process over. Some of the modified plants could use up more than originally thought and kill the surrounding plants along with the ground. Modified plants are also very hard to get rid of because their pollen is distributed by the wind to other plants producing hybrids of wild and modified changing the surrounding environment (Pros and Cons of Selective Breeding, 2014). Conclusion In conclusion both selective breeding and GMOs are both apart of the culture of farming today and will probably continue into the future with their positive and negative effects. Hopefully into the future the restrictions will be tightened to allow for better plants that will actually help the people and farmers. Side by side science and nature will come together and help make a better future for everyone. Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING 10 References Basu, M. (2013, November). Selective breeding or artificial selection. Evol3000. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://wallace.genetics.uga.edu/groups/evol3000/wiki/ ce8b9/Selective_ Breeding_or_Artificial_Selection.html Berg, P. (2004, August). Asilomar and recombinant DNA. Noble Prize. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/bergarticle.html Borel, B. (2012, September). Core truths: 10 common GMO claims debunked. Popular Science. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://www.popsci.com/article/science/coretruths-10-common-gmo-claims-debunked Brookes, G and Barfoot, P. (2011) GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996-2011. UK. PDF. Retrieved December 2, 2014. E, J. (2014, May). Three types of selective breeding. eHow. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://www.ehow.com/info_8210961_three-types-selective-breeding.html Health Research Funding. (2014, May). Pros and cons of selective breeding. Health Research Funding. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://healthresearchfunding.org/proscons-selective-breeding/ Murnaghan, I. (2014, June). Types of techniques used to genetically modify food. Genetically Modified Foods. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://www.geneticallymodifiedfoods.co.uk/ types-techniques-used-genetically-modifyfood.html Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING 11 Null, G. [Gray Null]. (2013, May 23). Seeds of death: unveiling the lies of GMO's [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6OxbpLwEjQ&index=4&list=WL T. (2013, June). Tomatoes' genetic history from wild to salad. Discovery News. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://news.discovery.com/earth/plants/tomatoes-geneticjourney-from-wild-to-salad-13062.html The Free Dictionary. (2003, September). Selective breeding. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Selective+Breeding TNAU Agritech Portal. (2014, January). Breeding methods in crop plants. TNAU Agritech Portal. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_improvement/crop_imprv_ breeding_methods.html Waananen, L. (September 2014) Syringes, gas masks and frankenfood: Visuals of the GMO debate. Inlander. Retrieved November 11, 2014, http://www.inlander.com/Bloglander/ archives/2013/09/27/syringes-gas-masks-and-frankenfood-visuals-of-the-gmo-debate Whitman, D. (2000, April). Genetically modified foods: Harmful or helpful? ProQuest. Retrieved 11, 2014, from http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php Wools, G. (2012, September). GMO timeline: A history of genetically modified foods. Rosebud. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://www.rosebudmag.com/truth-squad/gmotimeline-a-history-of-genetically-modified-foods Running head: GMOS VERSUS SELECTIVE BREEDING Appendix: GMO increase of Yield Figure A1: Increase of food production. As seen above the crop yield of Genetically Modified crops has increase years in the various regions of Africa (Brookes, 2011). 12