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Genetic Engineering Selective Breeding What is selective breeding? Why do you think humans use selective breeding? What are some examples of selective breeding? Selective Breeding For thousands of years new varieties of cultivated plants and domestic animals have resulted from selective breeding for particular traits. Some selective breeding techniques include artificial selection, where individuals with desirable traits are mated to produce offspring with those traits. Selective Breeding Selective breeding is a process by which only individuals with desired traits are allowed to produce the next generation. Artificial selection is human intervention in animal or plant reproduction to produce desirable traits in the next generation. Inbreeding The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics, usually from the same family. Inbreeding is used often in pedigreed dogs to ensure the characteristics that make breeds unique are well-preserved. Hybridization Crossing individuals with desired characteristics to produce offspring with a combination of both traits. Example: Santa Gertrudis cattle An Example of Selective Breeding Brahman Cattle English Shorthorn Cattle Good resistance to heat, Good beef, but poor but poor beef. resistance to heat. An Example of Selective Breeding Santa Gertrudis Cattle Good heat resistance AND good beef. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDTFrD-9J-o Applications of Genetic Engineering Transgenic organisms Organisms that contain the genes of other organisms A gene from one organism is inserted into the cells of another organism. The transformed cells are then used to grow new organisms. Transgenic Microorganisms Bacteria transformed with the genes for human proteins can now produce compounds such as: Insulin Human Growth Hormone Clotting Factors Transgenic Animals Mice have been produced with human genes that make their immune systems similar to that of humans in order to study the effects of diseases on the human immune system. Attempts are being made to produce chickens that are resistant to bacterial infections that can cause food poisoning. Livestock have extra copies of growth hormone to grow faster and produce leaner meat. Transgenic Plants Plants are bred with genes that come either from a similar plant, or a completely different species such as bacterium. Monsanto Are GM crops safe? Cloning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoEWYJHf0kU