Download Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ion

Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ion
Introductory of Chemistry English
100-1 Semester
2.1 The Atomic Theory
2.1 The Atomic Theory
 Law of multiple proportions
If two elements can combine to form more than one
compound, the masses of one element that combine with a
fixed mass of the other element are in ratios of small whole
numbers.
 Law of conservation of mass
Matter can be neither created nor destroyed.
2.2 Structure of the Atom
 Radiation
 Radioactivity
 Cathode ray
 Alpha (a) ray
 Beta (b) ray
 Gamma (g) ray
輻射,放射
放射性
陰極射線
Cathode Ray Tube
Rays
2.2 The Structure of the Atom
 Atom*
 Electron*
 Proton*
 Nucleus*
 Neutron*
原子
電子
質子
原子核
中子
Protons and Neutrons
Electron cloud
Proton
Neutron
Mass and Charge of Subatomic Particles
2.3 Atomic Number, Mass
Number, and Isotopes
 Atomic number
 Mass Number
 Isotopes
原子數
質量數
同位素
Isotopes
2.4 The Periodic Table
週期
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Periods
Groups (Families)
Metal*
Nonmetal
Metalloid
transition metal
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Halogens*
Noble gases (rare gases)
表
週期表中之週期
週期表中之族
金屬
非金屬
準金屬
過渡金屬
鹼金屬
鹼土族
鹵素
鈍氣 (稀有氣體)
The Periodic Table
2.5 Molecules and Ions
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Diatomic molecule
Polyatomic molecule
Cation
Anion
Ionic compound
Monatomic ions
Polyatomic ions
雙原子分子
多原子分子
陽離子
陰離子
離子化合物
單原子離子
多原子離子
Diatomic Molecules
Monatomic Ions
2.6 Chemical Formulas
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分子式
Molecular formula
分子模型
Molecular Model
結構式
Structural formula
經驗式
Empirical formula
Formula of ionic Compound 離子化合物公式
Molecular and Structural Formula
Naming
Compound
Naming Compounds I.
 Ionic Compounds
cation + anions
 Potassium Bromide
 Zinc Iodide
 Aluminum Oxide
 Lithium hydroxide
 Potassium cyanide
KBr
ZnI2
Al2O3
LiOH
KCN
Transition metal with
different charge
 Manganese (II) oxide MnO
 Manganese (III) oxide Mn2O3
 Manganese (IV) oxide MnO2
Mn2+
Mn3+
Mn4+
Naming Compounds II.
 Molecular compounds
First element + second element-ide
Hydrogen chloride HCl
Hydrogen bromide HBr
Silicon carbide
SiC
Naming Compounds II.
Using Greek prefixes to denote the number of atoms of each element
 Carbon monoxide
 Carbon dioxide
 Sulfur dioxide
 Sulfur trioxide
 Nitrogen dioxide
 Dinitrogen tetroxide
CO
CO2
SO2
SO3
NO2
N 2O 4
Greek Prfixes
Naming Compounds III.
Exceptions to the use of Greek prefixes are molecular compounds
containing hydrogen.
 Diborane
 Methane
 Silane
 Ammonia
 Phosphine
 Water
 Hydrogen sulfide
B2H6
CH4
SiH4
NH3
PH3
H 2O
H 2S
Naming Compounds IV.
Acid
 An acid is a substances that yields hydrogen
ions H+ when dissolved in water.
Naming Compounds IV.
Acids
 Acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and
other element are called oxoacids.
 Carbonic acid
 Chloric acid
 Nitric acid
 Phosphoric acid
 Sulfuric acid
H2CO3
HClO3
HNO3
H3NO4
H2SO4
Naming Compounds IV.
Acids
 Oxoacids have the same central atom but a different
number of O atoms.
 Addition of one O atom
“ – ic” acid  “per … – ic” acid
HClO3 
HClO4
Chloric acid  perchloric acid
Naming Compounds IV.
Acids
 Oxoacids have the same central atom but a different
number of O atoms.
 Removal of one O atom
“ – ic” acid  “ – ous” acid
HNO3 
HNO2
nitric acid  nitrous acid
Naming Compounds IV.
Acids
 Oxoacids have the same central atom but a different
number of O atoms.
 Removal of two O atom
“ – ic” acid  “hypo … – ous” acid
HBrO3 
HBrO
bromic acid  hypobromous acid
Naming Compounds IV.
Acids
 Oxoanions: anions of oxoacids
 When all the H ion are removed from “– ic” acid
“ – ic” acid  “– ate”
H2CO3 
CO32-
carbonic acid  carbonate
Naming Compounds IV.
Acid and Bases
 Oxoanions: anions of oxoacids
 When all the H ion are removed from “– ous” acid
“ – ous” acid  “– ite”
H2CO3 
CO32-
carbonic acid  carbonate
Naming Compounds IV.
Acids
 Oxoanions: anions of oxoacids
 Removal of hydrogen
 Phosphoric acid
 Hydrogen phosphate
 Dihydrogen phosphate
 Phosphate
H3PO4
_
H2PO4
2_
HPO4
3_
PO4
Naming Compounds V.
Bases
 A base can be described as_a substance that
yields hydroxide ion (OH ) when dissolved
in water.
 Sodium hydroxide
 Potassium hydroxide
 Barium hydroxide
 Ammonia
NaOH
KOH
Ba(OH)2
NH3
Naming Compounds VI.
Hydrates (水合物)
 Hydrates are compounds that have a specific
number of water molecules attached to them.
 Barium chloride dihydrate
BaCl2·2H2O
 Lithium chloride monohydrate
LiCl·H2O
 Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate MgSO4·7H2O
Naming Compounds VI.
Introduction to Organic Compounds
 碳水化合物
 Hydrocarbon
 烷類
 Alkanes
直鏈烷類
Straight chain alkanes
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
甲烷
乙烷
丙烷
丁烷
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
Straight-chain
Alkane
Naming Compounds VI.
Introduction to Organic Compounds
 官能基
 Functional group
氫氧基
hydroxyl group
胺基
amino group
羧基
carboxyl group
Functional Groups
hydroxyl group amino group
CH3OH
CH3NH2
Methanol
Methylamine
carboxyl group
CH3COOH
Acetic acid