Download World of Chemistry 2007

World of Chemistry 2007
McDougal Littell
Chapter 1 An Introduction
a. The Science of Chemistry
a. The importance of learning chemistry
b. What is chemistry?
b. Using Science to solve Problems
a. Solving everyday problems
b. Using scientific thinking to solve a problem
c. The scientific method
c. Learning Chemistry
a. Strategies for learning chemistry
Chapter 2 Matter
a. The nature of matter
a. The particulate mature of matter
b. Elements and compounds
c. The states of matter
b. Properties of Matter
a. Physical and chemical properties and changes
c. Classifying Matter
a. Mixtures and Pure Substances
b. Separation of mixtures
Chapter 3 Chemical foundations: Elements, Atoms, and Ions
a. The elements
a. Abundances of elements
b. Names and symbols for the elements
b. Atoms and compounds
a. Dalton’s atomic theory
b. Formulas of compounds
c. Atomic structure
a. The structure of the atom
b. Introduction to the modern concept of atomic structure
c. Isotopes
d. Using the Periodic Table
a. Introduction to the Periodic table
b. Natural states of the elements
e. Ions and their Compounds
a. Ions
b. Compounds that Contain ions
Chapter 4 Nomenclature
A. Naming Binary Compounds
a. Naming compounds that contain a Metal and a Nonmetal
b. Naming binary compounds that contain only nonmetals
c. Naming binary compounds: a review
B. Naming and writing formulas for more complex compounds
a. Naming compounds that contain polyatomic ions
b. Naming acids
c. Writing formulas from names
Chapter 5 Measurements and calculations
A. Scientific notation and units
a. Scientific notation
b. units
c. Measurements of length, volume and mass
B. Uncertainty in Measurement and significant figures
a. uncertainty in measurement
b. significant figures
C. Problem Solving and unit conversions
a. Tools for problem solving
b. Temperature conversions
c. Density
Chapter 6 Chemical Composition
A. Atoms and Moles
a. Counting by weighing
b. Atomic masses: counting atoms by weighing
c. The mole
B. Molar Mass and Percent composition
a. Molar mass
b. Percent composition of compounds
C. Formulas of Compounds
a. Empirical formulas
b. Calculation of empirical formulas
c. Calculation of molecular formulas
Chapter 7 Chemical reactions: An introduction
A. Evidence for a Chemical reaction
B. Chemical equations
C. Balancing chemical equations
Chapter 8 Reactions in Aqueous solutions
A. Understanding Reactions in aqueous solutions
a. Predicting whether a reaction will occur
b. Reactions in which a solid forms
c. Describing reactions in aqueous solutions
B. Other reactions in aqueous solutions
a. Reactions that form water: acids and bases
b. Reactions of metals with nonmetals (Oxidation-reduction)
C. Classifying Reactions
a. Ways to classify reactions
b. Other ways to classify reactions
Chapter 9 Chemical Quantities
A. Using chemical equations
a. Information given by chemical equations
b. Mole—mole relationships
B. Using chemical equations to calculate mass
a. Mass calculations
b. Mass calculations using scientific notation
c. Mass calculations: Comparing two reactions
C. Limiting reactants and percent yield
a. The concept of limiting reactants
b. Calculations involving a limiting reactant
c. Percent yield
Chapter 10 Energy
A. Energy, temperature and heat
a. The nature of energy
b. Temperature and heat
c. Exothermic and endothermic processes
B. The flow and Energy
a. Thermodynamics
b. Measuring energy changes
C. Energy and Chemical reactions
a. Thermochemistry (Enthalpy)
b. Hess’s law
c. Energy as a driving force
Chapter 11 Modern Atomic Theory
A. Atoms and Energy
a. Rutherford’s atom
b. Energy and light
c. Emission of energy by atoms
B. The Hydrogen Atom
a. The energy levels of hydrogen
b. The Bohr model of the atom
c. The wave mechanical model of the atom
C. Atomic Orbitals
a. The Hydrogen Orbitals
b. The wave mechanical model: Further Development
D. Electron Configurations and atomic properties
a. Electron arrangements in the first 18 atoms on the Periodic Table
b. Electron configurations and the periodic table
c. Atomic properties and the periodic table
Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding
A. Characteristics of Chemical Bonds
a. Types of chemical bonds
b. Electronegativity
c. Bond polarity and dipole moments
B. Characteristics of Ions and Ionic Compounds
a. Stable electron configurations and charges on ions
b. Ionic bonding and structures of ionic compounds
C. Lewis Structures
a. Writing Lewis Structures
b. Lewis structures of molecules with multiple bonds
D. Structures of Molecules
a. Molecular structure
b. The VSEPR Model
c. Molecules with double bonds
Chapter 13 Gases
A. Describing the Properties of Gases
a. Pressure
b. Pressure and volume: Boyle’s Law
c. Volume and temperature: Charles’s law
d. Volume and Moles: Avogadro’s Law
B. Using Gas law to Solve Problems
a. The ideal gas law
b. Dalton’s law of partial pressures
c. Gas stoichiometry
C. Using a Model to Describe Gases
a. Laws and Models: a Review
b. The kinetic molecular theory of gases
c. The implications of the kinetic molecular theory
d. Real gases
Chapter 14 Liquids and solids
A. Intermolecular forces and phase changes
a. Intermolecular Forces
b. Water and its phase changes
c. Energy requirements for changes of state
B. Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
a. Evaporation and vapor pressure
b. Boiling point and vapor pressure
C. Properties of Solids
a. The solid state: types of solids
b. Bonding in solids
Chapter 15 Solutions
A. Forming Solutions
a. Solubility
b. Solution composition: An introduction
c. Factors affecting the Rate of dissolving
B. Describing solution composition
a. Solution composition: Mass Percent
b. Solution composition: Molarity
c. Dilution
C. Properties of Solutions
a. Stoichiometry of solutions reactions
b. Neutralization reactions
c. Normality
d. Boiling point and freezing point
Chapter 16 Acids and Bases
A. Properties of Acids and Bases
a. Acids and bases
b. Acid strength
c. Water as an acid and a base
B. Determining the Acidity of a solution
a. The pH scale
b. Measuring pH
c. Calculating the pH of strong acid solutions
C. Titrations and buffers
a. Acid—base titrations
b. Buffered solutions
Chapter 17 Equilibrium
A. Reaction rates and equilibrium
a. How chemical reactions occur
b. Conditions that affect reaction rates
c. Heterogeneous reactions’
d. The equilibrium condition
e. Chemical equilibrium: a dynamic condition
B. Characteristics of Equilibrium
a. The equilibrium constant: an introduction
b. Heterogeneous equilibria
C. Application of equilibria
a. Le Chatelier’s principle
b. Applications involving the equilibrium constant
c. Solubility equilibria
Chapter 18 Oxidation—reduction reactions and electrochemistry
A. Electron transfer reactions
a. Oxidation—reduction reactions
b. Oxidation states
B. Balancing oxidation—reduction reactions
a. Oxidation—reduction reactions between nonmetals
b. Balancing oxidation—reduction reactions by the half reaction method
C. Electrochemistry and Its Applications
a. Electrochemistry: An introduction
b. Batteries
c. Corrosion
d. Electrolysis
Chapter 19 Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy
A. Radioactivity
a. Radioactive decay
b. Nuclear transformations
c. Detection of radioactivity and the concept of half life
B. Application of Radioactivity
a. Dating by Radioactivity
b. Medical applications of radioactivity
C. Using the nucleus as a Source of Energy
a. Nuclear Energy
b. Nuclear Fission
c. Nuclear reactors
d. Nuclear Fusion
e. Effects of radiation
Chapter 20 Organic Chemistry
A. Saturated Hydrocarbons
a. Carbon Bonding
b. Alkanes
c. Structural formulas and isomerism
d. Naming alkanes
e. Petroleum
f. Reactions of alkanes
B. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
a. Alkanes and alkynes
b. Aromatic hydrocarbons
c. Naming aromatic compounds
C. Introduction to Functional Groups and Alcohols
a. Functional groups
b. Alcohols
c. Properties and uses of alcohols
D. Additional organic compounds
a. Aldehydes and ketones
b. Naming aldehydes and ketones
c. Carboxylic acid and esters
d. Polymers
Chapter 21 Biochemistry
A. Introduction to Proteins
a. Proteins
b. Primary structure of proteins
c. Secondary structure of proteins
d. Tertiary structure of proteins
e. Functions of proteins
f. Enzymes
B. Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids and Lipids
a. Carbohydrates
b. Nucleic acids
c. Lipids