Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Homoaromaticity wikipedia , lookup
Petasis reaction wikipedia , lookup
Organosulfur compounds wikipedia , lookup
Wolff rearrangement wikipedia , lookup
Asymmetric induction wikipedia , lookup
Strychnine total synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Hydroformylation wikipedia , lookup
Aromatization wikipedia , lookup
H1- Functional Groups Theory Sheet A functional group is a specific group of atoms or bonds that form part of an organic molecule. A certain type of functional group will undergo similar chemical reactions even when attached to different sized molecules; however neighbouring groups may affect this reactivity. A molecule can have multiple functional groups which lead to its overall properties. Alkane Alkanes are the simplest type of functional group. They contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms joined with single covalent bonds. Alkene Alkenes contain carbon to carbon double bonds (C=C). They contain a -bond caused by the overlap of p-orbitals. Alcohol Halogenoalkane (haloalkane) Halogenoalkanes have halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) replacing one or more H atoms in an alkane. Aldehydes and Ketones An alcohol group contains an oxygen with a single bond to a hydrogen. One or more of the H atoms in the alkane is replaced by an OH. Alcohols can be primary secondary or tertiary, depending on how many other carbons are attached to the carbon with the alcohol group: (1C = Primary; 2C = Secondary; 3C = Tertiary) Carboxylic Acid Aldehydes and ketones both contain the carbonyl group (a C=O double bond). Aldehydes have a hydrogen atom attached to one side of the carbonyl carbon but ketones have two carbon groups (alkyl or aromatic). Carboxylic acids contain a carbonyl group (C=O) similar to an aldehyde but with a OH group instead of a hydrogen. TOP TIP! Be careful when assigning aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid groups! Make sure you look at the groups attached to the carbonyl as this will distinguish the functional group. www.flickr.com/photos Produced by Steven Carman at Newcastle University as part of an MChem project. Ester H1- Functional Groups Theory Sheet Extension functional groups Acid Chloride (Acyl Chloride) Acid chlorides are carbonyl groups (C=O) with a Cl atom attached. They are moisture sensitive and very reactive. Ester groups are often prepared by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol. It is similar to a carboxylic acid with the H atom (on the OH) replaced by an alkyl group. Acid Anhydride Amides An acid anhydride is a group containing two carbonyl groups linked by a single oxygen. Imagine two carboxylic acids attached by the OH groups with the loss of an H2O molecule. Amides are carbonyl groups attached to NH2 (amine) groups. N-substituted amides also occur where the nitrogen can have alkyl groups instead of the H atoms. Amines Amines are derivatives of ammonia, NH3, with one or more H atoms replaced by a an alkyl or aryl group. They are also classified as primary (1C), secondary (2C) or tertiary (3C) depending on how many carbons are attached to the N atom. The previous examples are all aliphatic (or alkyl), meaning that they are not attached to a benzene or arene/aryl ring. If these functional groups are attached to a benzene/arene ring they are known as aromatic. In the green box below, there are examples of specific aromatic functional groups. Aromatic Functional Groups Arenes (benzene/phenyl) Aryl Halides Phenols Aromatic hydrocarbons with delocalised electrons (more detail in aromatic sheets) Arenes/aromatics with halogens substituted for H in one or multiple positions. Arenes with OH groups substituted for H atoms, leading to unusual reactivity. Produced by Steven Carman at Newcastle University as part of an MChem project.