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By PresenterMedia.com Ecology- background Unit 2 I. Ecology A. B. Ecology: study of relationships among living organisms and interactions organisms have with the environment Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods. II. The Biosphere A. Biosphere: a thin layer around the earth 1. 2. Extends several kilometers above earths surface Extends several kilometers below Earth’s surface II. The Biosphere III. Biotic and Abiotic factors A. B. Biotic factor 1. Living factors in an organism’s environment 1. Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment Abiotic Factor IV. Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Unicellular organisms Tissue Organs Organ systems Organism/Species Multicellular organisms Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere V. Ecosystem Interactions A. B. Habitat 1. Area where an organism lives 1. The role or position an organism has in its environment. Niche VI. Community Interactions A. Competition 1. B. More than one organism uses a resource at the same time Predation 1. Get food/energy by eating other organisms. VII. Symbiotic Relationships A. Symbiotic Relationships 1. Close relationship that exists when two or more species live together 1. Mutualism i. 2. Commensalism i. 3. both benefit one benefits; other no harm or benefit Parasitism 1. host is killed In what type of activity would you most expect an ecologist to be involved? A. B. C. D. identifying and classifying various species of insects in an ecosystem locating fossils of distinct species of turtles in a geographical area observing the relationships that woodpeckers have with other species in their environment studying the internal organs of a seal to learn how it survives in its environment Answer: C Which are biotic factors in a forest environment? A. B. C. D. plants and microscopic organisms living in the soil pH and salt concentration of the soil sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients temperature, air currents and rainfall Answer: A The act of one organism consuming another organism for food is _______. A. B. C. D. predation Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism Answer: A Certain types of tropical orchids use trees for support in order to grow higher and obtain more light. This neither harms nor benefits the tree. What type of symbiotic relationship is this? A. Commensalism B. Competition C. Mutualism D. Parasitism Answer: A What is the name for a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time? A. B. C. D. Ecosystem Habitat Biological community Biotic collection Answer: C Section 2.3 Cycling of Matter I. Cycles in the Biosphere A. B. Energy is transformed into usable forms to support the functions of an ecosystem. The cycling of nutrients 1. Matter in living organisms 2. Physical processes found in the environment like weathering II. Biogeochemical cycles A. The exchange of matter through the biosphere B. Bio= life Geo= earth Chemical= chemistry C. D. III. The Water Cycle III. Water Cycle A. B. C. About 90% of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers About 10% evaporates from the surface of plants through transpiration. Freshwater 1. 2. Constitutes about 3% of all water on Earth About 69% of all freshwater found in ice caps and glaciers IV. Carbon and Oxygen Cycles IV. Carbon and Oxygen Cycles A. B. Carbon and oxygen often make up molecules essential for life Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms V. Terms of Cycles A. Long-term Cycle 2. Organic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or gas deposits (carbon) Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen) 1. Burning fossil fuels (carbon) 1. B. Sort-term Cycle I. The Nitrogen Cycle A. Nitrogen Fixation Capture and conversion of nitrogen into a useable form by plants 1. I. Nitrogen Cycle Cont. A. B. C. Nitrogen enters food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil. Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen. Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways 1. 2. 3. Animals urinate Organisms die Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds 4. denitrification II. The Phosphorous Cycle II. Phosphorus Cycle Cont. A. Short-term Cycle 1. B. Phosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers and then from the producers to consumers. Long-term Cycle 1. Weathering or erosion of rocks that contain phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle. Terrestrial Biomes Section 3.2 I. Terrestrial Biomes A. B. Biomes: 1. Classified by their plants, temperature, and precipitation Climate: 1. Average weather conditions in an area i. Includes temperature and precipitation Tropical Rainforest Coniferous Forest Taiga… permafrost Tundra I. Ecological Succession A. The change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another. i. Result of changing abiotic and biotic factors B. Two types of ecological successions i. Primary succession ii. Secondary succession http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWwe0ude wD8 II. Primary Succession A. The establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil III. Secondary succession A. Orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but soil remains intact I. Population Dynamics A. Species might not be able to expand its population range 1. Cannot survive abiotic conditions found in expanded region II. Population Limiting Factors A. There are two categories of limiting factors 1. 2. Density-independent factors Density-dependent factors. IV. Density-Dependent Factors A. Any factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a population per unit area 1. 2. 3. 4. Biotic factors Disease Competition Parasites III. Density-Independent Factors A. Any factor in the environment that does not depend on the number of members in a population per unit area 1. 2. 3. 4. Weather events Fire Human alterations of the landscape Air, land, and water pollution V. Population Growth Rate A. Population dynamics (changes) 1. Based on i. Natality (birth rate) ii. Mortality (death rate) iii. Emigration (out) iv. Immigration (in) I. Population Density A. Population Density 1. B. The number of organisms per unit area Spatial Distribution 1. Dispersion is the pattern of spacing of a population. II. Population Growth Rate A. B. The population growth rate (PGR) 1. Explains how fast a given population grows 1. Based on… Population dynamics (changes) i. Natality (birth rate) (+) ii. Mortality (death rate) (-) iii. Emigration (out) (-) iv. Immigration (in) (+) III. Exponential Growth Rate Occurs when… growth rate is proportional to the size of the population A. B. All populations grow exponentially until… some limiting factor slows the population’s growth IV. Logistic Growth Model A. The population’s growth slows or stops following exponential growth, at the population’s carrying capacity V. Carrying Capacity A. B. Maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment can support for the long term Limited by energy, water, oxygen, and nutrients available Preserving Biodiversity I. What is biodiversity? A. The variety of life in an area 1. B. Biodiversity increases 1. 2. C. Determined by the number of different species in that area. Stability of an ecosystem Contributes to health of biosphere Types of Biodiversity 1. 2. Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity II. Diversity A. B. Species Diversity 1. Number of different species and relative abundance of each species in a biological community Ecosystem Diversity 1. Variety of ecosystems present in the biosphere III. The Importance of Biodiversity A. Most of the world’s food crops come from just a few species B. Wild species serve as reservoirs of desirable genetic traits that might be needed to improve domestic crop species. IV. Factors that Threaten Biodiversity A. Current high rate of extinction Due to the activities of a single species—Homo sapiens 1. i. Changing conditions on Earth faster than new traits can evolve to cope with the new conditions V. Factors Influencing Biodiversity • • • • • • Overexploitation Habitat loss Destruction of habitat Disruption of habitat Fragmentation of habitat Pollution • • • • Acid precipitation Eutrophication Introduced (non-native) species Natural Resources • Renewable • Nonrenewable VI. Threats A. B. C. Overexploitation: 1. excessive use of a resource for economic value 1. Elimination or alteration of a habitat Habitat loss: i. Destruction ii. Disruption Fragmentation of the habitat: A. Separation of an ecosystem into smaller parts; unnaturally confines populations VI. Threats cont. A. Pollution: 1. B. Changes the chemical composition of soil , air or water (pH, additional chemicals) Introduces species (non-native) 1. Either intentionally or unintentionally introduces/transported into a new habitat; outcompete or are predators of natural species. VII. Protecting Biodiversity A. B. About 7% of world’s land is set aside as some type of reserve The United Nations supports a system of Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage sites