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Ecology- background
Unit 2
I. Ecology
A.
B.
Ecology: study of relationships
among living organisms and
interactions organisms have with
the environment
Ecologists observe, experiment,
and model using a variety of tools
and methods.
II. The Biosphere
A.
Biosphere: a thin layer around the earth
1.
2.
Extends several kilometers above earths surface
Extends several kilometers below Earth’s surface
II. The Biosphere
III. Biotic and Abiotic factors
A.
B.
Biotic factor
1.
Living factors in an organism’s environment
1.
Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment
Abiotic Factor
IV. Levels of Organization
Subatomic
particles
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell

Unicellular organisms
Tissue
Organs
Organ
systems
Organism/Species

Multicellular
organisms
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
V. Ecosystem Interactions
A.
B.
Habitat
1.
Area where an organism lives
1.
The role or position an organism has in its
environment.
Niche
VI. Community Interactions
A.
Competition
1.
B.
More than one organism uses a resource at the
same time
Predation
1.
Get food/energy by eating other organisms.
VII. Symbiotic Relationships
A.
Symbiotic Relationships
1.
Close relationship that exists when two or more
species live together
1.
Mutualism
i.
2.
Commensalism
i.
3.
both benefit
one benefits; other no harm or benefit
Parasitism
1.
host is killed
In what type of activity would you
most expect an ecologist to be
involved?
A.
B.
C.
D.
identifying and classifying various species of
insects in an ecosystem
locating fossils of distinct species of turtles
in a geographical area
observing the relationships that
woodpeckers have with other species in their
environment
studying the internal organs of a seal to
learn how it survives in its environment
Answer: C
Which are biotic factors in a forest
environment?
A.
B.
C.
D.
plants and microscopic organisms living in
the soil
pH and salt concentration of the soil
sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients
temperature, air currents and rainfall
Answer: A
The act of one organism consuming
another organism for food is _______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Answer: A
Certain types of tropical orchids use trees for
support in order to grow higher and obtain more
light. This neither harms nor benefits the tree.
What type of symbiotic relationship is this?
A. Commensalism
B. Competition
C. Mutualism
D. Parasitism
Answer: A
What is the name for a group of
interacting populations that occupy
the same area at the same time?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ecosystem
Habitat
Biological community
Biotic collection
Answer: C
Section 2.3 Cycling of Matter
I. Cycles in the Biosphere
A.
B.
Energy is transformed into usable
forms to support the functions of an
ecosystem.
The cycling of nutrients
1. Matter in living organisms
2. Physical processes found in the
environment like weathering
II. Biogeochemical cycles
A.
The exchange of matter through the
biosphere
B.
Bio= life
Geo= earth
Chemical= chemistry
C.
D.
III. The Water Cycle
III. Water Cycle
A.
B.
C.
About 90% of water vapor evaporates from
oceans, lakes, and rivers
About 10% evaporates from the surface of
plants through transpiration.
Freshwater
1.
2.
Constitutes about 3% of all water on Earth
About 69% of all freshwater found in ice caps and
glaciers
IV. Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
IV. Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
A.
B.
Carbon and oxygen often make up
molecules essential for life
Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly
through living organisms
V. Terms of Cycles
A.
Long-term Cycle
2.
Organic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or gas
deposits (carbon)
Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen)
1.
Burning fossil fuels (carbon)
1.
B.
Sort-term Cycle
I. The Nitrogen Cycle
A.
Nitrogen Fixation
Capture and conversion
of nitrogen into a useable
form by plants
1.
I. Nitrogen Cycle Cont.
A.
B.
C.
Nitrogen enters food web when plants
absorb nitrogen compounds from soil.
Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or
animals that contain nitrogen.
Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several
ways
1.
2.
3.
Animals urinate
Organisms die
Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen
compounds
4. denitrification
II. The Phosphorous Cycle
II. Phosphorus Cycle Cont.
A.
Short-term Cycle
1.
B.
Phosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers and
then from the producers to consumers.
Long-term Cycle
1.
Weathering or erosion of rocks that contain
phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle.
Terrestrial Biomes
Section 3.2
I. Terrestrial Biomes
A.
B.
Biomes:
1.
Classified by their plants,
temperature, and precipitation
Climate:
1. Average weather conditions
in an area
i.
Includes temperature
and precipitation
Tropical Rainforest
Coniferous Forest
Taiga… permafrost
Tundra
I. Ecological Succession
A. The change in an ecosystem that happens when one
community replaces another.
i. Result of changing abiotic and biotic factors
B. Two types of ecological successions
i. Primary succession
ii. Secondary succession
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWwe0ude
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II. Primary Succession
A. The establishment of a community in an area of exposed
rock that does not have any topsoil
III. Secondary succession
A. Orderly and predictable change that takes place after a
community of organisms has been removed but soil
remains intact
I. Population Dynamics
A.
Species might not be able to expand its
population range
1.
Cannot survive abiotic conditions found in
expanded region
II. Population Limiting Factors
A.
There are two categories of limiting factors
1.
2.
Density-independent factors
Density-dependent factors.
IV. Density-Dependent Factors
A.
Any factor in the environment that depends
on the number of members in a population
per unit area
1.
2.
3.
4.
Biotic factors
Disease
Competition
Parasites
III. Density-Independent Factors
A.
Any factor in the environment that does not
depend on the number of members in a
population per unit area
1.
2.
3.
4.
Weather events
Fire
Human alterations of the landscape
Air, land, and water pollution
V. Population Growth Rate
A.
Population dynamics (changes)
1.
Based on
i.
Natality (birth rate)
ii.
Mortality (death rate)
iii.
Emigration (out)
iv.
Immigration (in)
I. Population Density
A.
Population Density
1.
B.
The number of organisms per unit area
Spatial Distribution
1.
Dispersion is the pattern of spacing of a population.
II. Population Growth Rate
A.
B.
The population growth rate (PGR)
1.
Explains how fast a given population grows
1.
Based on…
Population dynamics (changes)
i.
Natality (birth rate) (+)
ii.
Mortality (death rate) (-)
iii.
Emigration (out) (-)
iv.
Immigration (in) (+)
III. Exponential Growth Rate
Occurs when…
growth rate is
proportional to
the size of the population
A.
B. All populations grow
exponentially until…
some limiting factor slows the
population’s growth
IV. Logistic Growth Model
A. The population’s growth slows or stops
following exponential growth, at the
population’s carrying capacity
V. Carrying Capacity
A.
B.
Maximum number of individuals in a species
that an environment can support for the
long term
Limited by energy, water, oxygen, and
nutrients available
Preserving Biodiversity
I. What is biodiversity?
A.
The variety of life in an area
1.
B.
Biodiversity increases
1.
2.
C.
Determined by the number of different species in
that area.
Stability of an ecosystem
Contributes to health of biosphere
Types of Biodiversity
1.
2.
Species Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity
II. Diversity
A.
B.
Species Diversity
1.
Number of different
species and relative
abundance of each species
in a biological community
Ecosystem Diversity
1.
Variety of ecosystems present in the biosphere
III. The Importance of Biodiversity
A. Most of the world’s food crops
come from just a few species
B. Wild species serve as reservoirs
of desirable genetic traits
that might be needed to
improve domestic crop
species.
IV. Factors that Threaten Biodiversity
A.
Current high rate of extinction
Due to the activities of a single species—Homo
sapiens
1.
i.
Changing conditions on Earth faster than new traits can
evolve to cope with the new conditions
V. Factors Influencing Biodiversity
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overexploitation
Habitat loss
Destruction of habitat
Disruption of habitat
Fragmentation of habitat
Pollution
•
•
•
•
Acid precipitation
Eutrophication
Introduced (non-native)
species
Natural Resources
• Renewable
• Nonrenewable
VI. Threats
A.
B.
C.
Overexploitation:
1.
excessive use of a resource for economic value
1.
Elimination or alteration of a habitat
Habitat loss:
i.
Destruction
ii.
Disruption
Fragmentation of the habitat:
A.
Separation of an ecosystem into smaller parts;
unnaturally confines populations
VI. Threats cont.
A.
Pollution:
1.
B.
Changes the chemical composition of soil , air or
water (pH, additional chemicals)
Introduces species (non-native)
1.
Either intentionally or unintentionally
introduces/transported into a new habitat; outcompete or are predators of natural species.
VII. Protecting Biodiversity
A.
B.
About 7% of world’s land is set aside as
some type of reserve
The United Nations supports a system of
Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage sites