Download Section B: Verbs Active Indicative Verb Endings: Active Present

Section B: Verbs
Active Indicative Verb Endings:
Active Present Indicative
1
-ō/m
-mus
2
-s
-tis
3
-t
-nt
1
2
3
Active Imperfect Indicative
-bam
-bāmus
-bās
-bātis
-bat
-bant
Active Future (1st and 2nd) Indicative
1
-bō
-bimus
2
-bis
-bitis
3
-bit
-bunt
Active Future (3rd and 4th) Indicative
1
-am
-emus
2
-es
-etis
3
-et
-ent
1
2
3
Active Perfect Indicative
-ī
-imus
-istī
-istis
-it
-ērunt (-ēre)
1
2
3
Active Pluperfect Indicative
-eram
-erāmus
-erās
-erātis
-erat
-erant
1
2
3
Active Future Perfect Indicative
-erō
-erimus
-eris
-eritis
-erit
-erint
Active Subjunctive:
Active Present (1st) Subjunctive
1
-em
-ēmus
2
-ēs
-ētis
3
-et
-ent
1
2
3
Active Present (2nd) Subjunctive
-eam
-eamus
-eas
-eatis
-eat
-eant
1
2
3
Active Present (3rd) Subjunctive
-am
-amus
-as
-atis
-at
-ant
1
2
3
Active Present (4th) Subjunctive
-iam
-iamus
-ias
-iatis
-iat
-iant
1
2
3
Active Imperfect Subjunctive
2nd p.p+m
2nd p.p+mus
“” + s
“”+tis
“” + t
“”+nt
1
2
3
Active Perfect Subjunctive
-erim
-erīmus
-erīs
-erītis
-erit
-erint
1
2
3
Active Pluperfect Subjunctive
-issem
-issēmus
-issēs
-issētis
-isset
-issent
Endings in the first column are singular; those in the second column are plural. In the
active voice, the second principal part is used to form the present, future, and imperfect
tenses. The third principal part is used to form the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect.
Macrons are included in these charts to aid with scansion should you choose to memorize
them. However, remember that there will be no macrons included in the Latin passages on
the AP, so do not rely on them to parse verbs.
Passive Indicative:
Passive Present Indicative
1
-or
-mur
2
-ris
-minī
3
-tur
-ntur
1
2
3
Passive Imperfect Indicative
-bar
-bāmur
-bāris
-bāminī
-bātur
-bantur
Passive Future (1st and 2nd) Indicative
1
-bor
-bimur
2
-beris
-biminī
3
-bitur
-buntur
Passive Future (3rd and 4th) Indicative
1
-ar
-ēmur
2
-ēris
-ēmini
3
-ētur
-ēntur
1
2
3
Passive Perfect Indicative
4th p.p +sum 4th p.p. +sumus
“” + es
“”+estis
“” + est
“”+sunt
1
2
3
Passive Pluperfect Indicative
4th p.p +eram 4th p.p.+erāmus
“” + erās
“”+ erātis
“” + erat
“” + erant
1
2
3
Passive Future Perfect Indicative
4th p.p.+ ero 4th p.p.+ erimus
“”+ eris
“”+ eritis
“”+erit
“” + erunt
Passive Subjunctive:
Passive Present (1st) Subjunctive
1
-er
-ēmur
2
-ēris
-ēminī
3
-ētur
-entur
1
2
3
Passive Present (2nd) Subjunctive
-ear
-eāmur
-eāris
-eāminī
-eātur
-eantur
1
2
3
Passive Present (3rd) Subjunctive
-ar
-āmur
-āris
-āminī
-ātur
-antur
1
2
3
Passive Present (4th) Subjunctive
-iar
-iāmur
-iāris
-iāminī
-iatur
-iantur
1
2
3
Passive Imperfect Subjunctive
2nd p.p+r
2nd p.p+mur
“” + ris
“”+minī
“” + tur
“”+ntur
1
2
3
Passive Perfect Subjunctive
4th p.p+sim 4th p.p+sīmus
“”+sīs
“”+sītis
“”+sit
“”+sint
1
2
3
Passive Pluperfect Subjunctive
4th p.p+essem 4th p.p+essēmus
“”+essēs
“”+ essētis
“”+esset
“”+ essent
Endings in the first column are singular; those in the second column are plural. In the passive
voice, the second principal part is used to form the present, future, and imperfect tenses. The
fourth principal part is used to form the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect.
Persons and Numbers
 First person: Used with the pronouns I (singular) and We (plural)
o Ego feles amo: I love cats.
o Nos nolumus festinare: We don’t want to hurry.
 Second person: Used with the pronouns You (singular) and Y’all (plural)
o Tu feles amas: You love cats.
o Vos non vultis festinare: Y’all don’t want to hurry.
 Third person: Used with the pronouns He She or It (singular) and They (plural)
o Ea feles amat: She loves cats.
o Ei nolunt festinare: They don’t want to hurry.
Tenses:
 Present: an action happening now.
o Ambulo ad forum: I am walking to the forum.
 Imperfect: an incomplete action in the past.
o Ambulabam ad forum: I was walking to the forum.
 Future: an action that will happen.
o Ambulabo ad forum: I will walk to the forum.
 Perfect: a completed action in the past.
o Ambulavi ad forum: I walked to the forum.
 Pluperfect: an action that had been completed in the past.
o Ambulaveram ad forum: I had walked to the forum.
 Future Perfect: an action that will have been completed in the future.
o Ambulavero ad forum: I will have walked to the forum.
Voices:
 Active: The subject of the verb is doing the action.
o Servus canem vidit: The slave saw the dog.
 Passive: The subject of the verb is receiving the action.
o Canis a servo visus est: The dog was seen by the slave.
Types of verbs
 Normal verbs are conjugated like in the table, with the endings signifying what voice the verb
is: Feles cibum eius amat: The cat loves its food. Cibus a feles eius amatus est: The food has
been loved by its cat.
 Deponent verbs are conjugated like regular verbs in the passive voice, but still have active
meanings. They do not have passive forms. They look passive, but are translated like active
verbs. Moror servum tuum in agro: I am delaying your slave in the field. Feles me secuta
est: The cat followed me.
 Semi-deponent verbs are conjugated like normal verbs in the present, imperfect, and future
tenses, but are conjugated like deponent verbs in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect
tenses. Audeo Quintum necare: I dare to kill Quintus. Non ausa sum te necare: I did not
dare to kill you.
 Irregular verbs have special conjugations that follow the same general patterns, but are not as
predictable as regular verbs. Common irregular verbs whose conjugations you should
memorize include: esse (and compounds like adesse), velle, posse, ferre, ire, fieri.
Syncopated Verb Forms
 -ēre is often a contraction for –ērunt, the third person plural present active indicative
form. In fact, verbs ending in –ēre are more likely to be syncopated verb forms than
second conjugation infinitives.
 Foreeeeee**************
Moods:
 Indicative: represents an action that is in fact happening that you can point to.
o Dominus cibum consumpsit: The master ate the food.
 Subjunctive: represents an action that should or could happen, and in certain sentences.
o Purpose clause: something is done in order to achieve something else. Have two
clauses separated by “ut” or “ne,” with the second one containing the subjunctive
verb: Venit ad villam ut Quintum necaret: He came to the house to kill Quintus
(literally: so that he might kill Quintus)
o Result clause: something is done in such a way that it causes something else. Includes
two clauses with the first containing a quantitative modifier, and the second with the
subjunctive: Tot montes consumit ut moriatur: He eats so many mountains that he
dies.
o Indirect command: someone is ordered to do something. Contains two clauses with
the subjunctive verb in the second clause: Impero tibi ut taceas. I order you to be
quiet (literally: that you should be quiet).
o Cum clause: has two clauses, the first containing the word cum translated as “when,”
“because of,” or “since,” and a subjunctive verb: Cum verba eius audivisse, dormivi:
When I had heard his words, I slept.
o Indirect question: something is asked indirectly. Contains two clauses, the first with a
questioning verb in it, second with the subjunctive verb: Volo scire ubi mater nostra
sedeat. I want to know where our mother is sitting.
o Hortatory/Jussive subjunctive: translated as “let” or “may.” If the verb is in the first
person, it is hortatory, if the verb is second or third person, it is jussive: Eamus: Let
us go (hortatory). Fiat lux: Let there be light (jussive).
 Imperative: Indicate a command given to someone.
o Active imperatives: Formed by taking the “re” off of the infinitive in the singular, and
replacing the “re” with a “te” in the plural: Specta illud canem: Look at that dog.
Bibete aquam: Drink water (plural). Dormi: sleep. Ridete lente: Smile slowly
(plural).
o Passive and Deponent Verb imperatives: Formed by taking the entire infinitive for
regular verbs and changing the “-re” or “i” on the end of deponent verbs and
replacing it with “are,” “ēre,” “ere,” or “ire,” depending on the conjugation, in the
singular, and is the second person plural present passive indicative form in regular
verbs, and second person plural present active indicative for deponent verbs in the
plural: Arcessere a servo: be summoned by the slave. Morimini: Die! (plural).
Pollicere rem mihi: Promise the thing to me. Aperimini, ianuae: Be opened, doors.
o Negative imperatives: Formed by combining the word “Noli” in the singular and
“Nolite” in the plural with an infinitive. Literally “Don’t want to” perform the action:
Noli mori: Don’t die. Nolite bibere: Don’t drink (plural).
Indirect statements:
 Have three parts: Verb of the head (speaking, thinking, etc.), subject of the indirect part in the
accusative case, and an infinitive verb. Puto Aureliam callidam et laetam esse: I think
Aurelia is clever and happy.
Participles:
 Present active: Formed by taking the –re off the second principal part and adding –ns in the
nominative, and –nt + 3rd declension endings in subsequent cases. Translated as “___ing.”
Can also be translated as a substantive, “the ___ing ones.” Dans: giving. Faciente:
making/doing (ablative).
 Perfect passive: Formed by declining the fourth principal part. Translated as “having been
___ed.” Datus: having been given. Facto: having been made (dative).
 Future active: Formed by removing the –us from the fourth principal part and adding –ur + 1st
or 2nd declension endings. Translated as “about to ___.” Daturus: about to give. Facturae:
about to make (feminine, dative)
 Future passive: Formed by taking the –re off the second principal part and adding –nd + 1st or
2nd declension endings.
o Used to form the passive periphrastic. This construction consists of a future passive
participle, a form of “sum,” and a dative of agent. Tibi audiendum est: You must
listen.
 Supine: a fourth declension “defective” participle. Formed from the fourth principal part.
Exists only in ablative and accusative. Accusative is used with a verb of motion to express
purpose, and ablative is used with adjectives or adverbs showing emotion. Translated as “to
___.” Veni Quintum necatum: I came to kill Quintus. Mirabile dictu: Marvelous to say.
Infinitives:
 Present active: Formed by taking the second principal part of the verb. Translated as “to ___.”
Amare: to love. Arcessere: to summon.
 Perfect active: Formed by taking the third principal part stem (third principal part minus the –
i), and adding –isse. Translated as “to have _____ed.” Amavisse: to have loved. Arcessivisse:
to have summoned.
 Future active: Formed by taking the future active participle and the word “esse.” Translated as
“to be about to ______.” Amaturus esse: to be about to love. Arcessiturus esse: to be about
to summon.
 Present active: Formed in first, second, and fourth conjugation verbs by replacing the terminal
–e on the second principal part with an –i, and in third conjugation verbs by replacing the
terminal –ere on the second principal part with an –i. Translated as “to be ______ed.” Amari:
to be loved. Arcessi: to be summoned.
 Perfect passive: Formed by taking the fourth principal part of the verb and adding “esse.”
Translated as “to have been _______ed.” Amatus esse: to have been loved.
 Future passive: Formed by taking the supine in the accusative (fourth principal part minus –
us, plus –um), with the word “iri.” Translated as “to be about to be _____ed.” Amatum iri: to
be about to be loved. Arcessitum iri: to be about to be summoned.
Conditional sentences: The second half (apodosis) relies on the completion of the first half
(protasis). They begin with either “Si” (if), or “Nisi” (if not).
 Simple fact present: Uses present indicative verbs in both halves. Si rem facit, magnus est. If
he does the thing, he is large.
 Simple fact past: Uses perfect or imperfect indicative verbs in both halves. Si rem fecit,
magnus fuit. If he did the thing, he was large.
 Simple fact future: Uses future indicative verbs in both halves. Si rem faciet, magnus erit. If
he does the thing, he will be large.
 Contrary to fact present: Uses imperfect subjunctives in both halves. Also called a
“Were/would” statement, referring to the words that are used in the translation. Si rem faceret,
magnus esset. If he were to do the thing, he would be large.
 Contrary to fact past: Uses pluperfect subjunctives in both halves. Also called a “Had/would
have” statement, referring to the words that are used in the translation. Si rem fecisset, magnus
fuisset. If he had done the thing, he would have been large.
 Future less vivid: Uses present subjunctives in both halves. Also called a “Should/would”
statement, referring to the words that are used in the translation. Si fem faciat, magnus sit. If
he should do this, he would be large.
Strategies for dealing with verbs on the AP Exam:
 The first half of the verb tells you what word it is, and what it means. Use the first half of the
verb to try to remember what it means.
 The ending of the verb tells you the person, number, tense, voice, and mood of the verb. The
graders will be looking for your correct identification and translation of the ending, and will
not give you credit for your translation if you do not account for it. Also keep this in mind
when answering multiple choice translation questions, ensuring that the verb in the answer
you choose matches with the Latin verb in all these aspects.
 You can make assumptions about the rest of the sentence based on the verb ending. A third
person verb requires either an explicit or implied subject, so you should analyze surrounding
nouns to determine which is the subject. First and Second person, however, do not require
subjects, so surrounding nouns are likely direct objects or prepositional phrases.
Verb practice! Parse the following verb forms, then translate them correctly:
Accipiam
Adesse
Arsus sis
Egēre
Audivisse
Capereris
Cernantur
Dixeramus