Download Conceptual Physics

Conceptual Physics
Final Review
Vocabulary
1. accuracy
2. precision
3. dependent variable
4. independent variable
5. experiment
6. hypothesis
7. model
8. observation
9. scientific law
10. scientific theory
11. unit
12. standard
13. x-axis
14. y-axis
15. slope
16. scalar
17. vector
18. magnitude
19. relative
20. frame of reference
21. distance
22. time
23. direction
24. position
25. rate
26. instantaneous speed
27. average speed
28. displacement
29. velocity
30. acceleration
31. free fall
32. vector
33. scalar quantity
34. vector quantity
35. satellite
36. projectile
37. resultant
38. parabolic path
39. horizontal component
40. vertical component
41. range
42. inertia
43. mass
44. force
45. net force
46. balanced forces
47. friction
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
static equilibrium
dynamic equilibrium
gravity
weight
Newton's 1st Law of
motion
Newton's 2nd Law of
motion
Newton's 3rd Law of
motion
air resistance
weightlessness
terminal velocity
normal force
fluid
action force
reaction force
momentum
impulse
elastic collision
inelastic collision
system
law of conservation of
momentum
energy
kinetic energy
potential energy
gravitational potential
energy
work
mechanical energy
law of conservation of
energy
efficiency
fulcrum
lever
machine
mechanical advantage
pulley
inclined plane
centripetal force
centrifugal force
temperature
thermal energy
heat
conduction
convection
89. radiation
90. conductor
91. insulator
92. solid
93. liquid
94. gas
95. condensation
96. evaporation
97. sublimation
98. boiling/vaporization
99. freezing
100.
melting
101. kinetic theory of
matter
102.
thermal equilibrium
103. charge
104.
electrical force
105. electrically polarized
106. electrostatics
107. grounding
108. semiconductor
109. superconductor
110. conduction
111. conductor
112. electric field
113. induction
114. insulator
115. static electricity
116. Coulomb's law
117. electric potential
118. electrical potential
energy
119. voltage
120. Electric current
121. potential difference
122. electric resistance
123. electromagnet
124. magnetic domain
125. magnetic field
126. magnetic pole
127. magnetism
128. magnet
129. ampere
130.
voltage source
131. circuit
132. electrical power
133. Ohm's law
134. parallel circuit
135. series circuit
136. alternating current
137. ammeter
138. direct current
139. electric motor
140. electromagnetic
induction
141. Faraday’s law
142. generator
143. voltmeter
144. schematic (circuit)
diagram
145. oscillation
146. vibration
147. period
148.
frequency
149. natural frequency
150. wave
151. medium
152. reflection
153. refraction
154. interference
155. transverse wave
156. rest position
157. crest
158.
trough
159. wavelength
160. amplitude
161. longitudinal wave
162. compression wave
163. compression
164. rarefaction
165. sound
166. intensity
167. loudness
168.
volume
169. pitch
170. resonance
171. forced vibration
172. Doppler effect
173. beats
174. standing wave
175. node
176. anti-node
177. electromagnetic
radiation
178. electromagnetic
spectrum
179. polarization
180. reflection
181. angle of incidence
182. normal line
183. angle of reflection
184. refraction
185. angle of refraction
186. index of refraction
Chapter 2
1. Why is motion considered relative, and what does that mean?
2. Define speed. What is the difference between instantaneous and average speed?
3. What is the equation for speed? What are some possible units for speed?
4. Differentiate between speed and velocity.
5. Define constant velocity. When does an object have constant velocity?
6. Define acceleration. What is the equation for acceleration?
7. How are velocity and acceleration related?
8. Give an example of an object traveling at a constant velocity and accelerating.
9. What are the three ways an object can accelerate?
10. If an object travels at the same speed and the same direction, is the object accelerating?
11. What is free fall and how does it relate to gravity?
12. If an object is in free fall, its _____________________ is constant.
13. What is the value for the acceleration due to gravity?
14. If a ball is thrown up at 10 m/s, what will be the speed of the ball when it’s caught back at the original
point of the throw?
15. If you throw a ball straight up, what is the ball’s instantaneous speed at the top of its path?
16. If you throw a ball straight up, what is the ball’s acceleration at the top of its path?
17. How do you calculate the time an object will take to travel a given distance in freefall?
18. How do you calculate the distance an object travels while in freefall?
Chapter 3
29. What is a scalar? Give three examples of scalar quantities.
30. What is a vector? Give three examples of vector quantities.
31. Explain how to determine the resultant of two vectors (a) in opposite directions (b) in the same direction,
and (c) perpendicular to each other.
32. What is the maximum resultant for a 5-unit vector and a 2-unit vector? the minimum resultant?
Draw each set of vectors and the resultant.
33. What is the resultant velocity of a boat going across a river the boat's velocimeter reads 4 m/s West and
the river is flowing 3 m/s South? Draw your solution and then use the Pythagorean Theorem to verify the
magnitude.
34. Define projectile. Give some examples of projectiles.
35. Draw the path of a projectile. Label the horizontal and vertical velocities at a point going up, at a point
going down, and at the top of the path.
36. How are a projectile’s horizontal velocity and vertical velocity related?
37. Which component (horizontal or vertical) of a projectile's velocity does not change if we ignore the air ?
38. At what point in it's flight does a projectile have its minimum resultant speed?
39. Find the resultant speed of a projectile with a horizontal speed of 5 m/s and a vertical speed of 30 m/s.
How long will this projectile stay in the air?
40. Identify the relationship of different launch angles with a projectiles range (the horizontal distance
traveled.)
41. What is the vertical speed of a horizontally launched projectile two seconds after it is launched?
42. Explain how a satellite orbiting the earth is actually just “falling around the earth.”
43. About how fast does an object need to travel horizontally in order to orbit the earth?
Chapters 4-6
44. What did Galileo say about inertia? What experiment did he demonstrate to describe inertia?
45. What is inertia?
46. What is Newton’s first law of motion? Does it apply to objects at rest, moving objects, or both?
47. Once an object is moving through frictionless space, how much force is needed to keep it going?
48. How is mass related to inertia?
49. How do you calculate weight?
50. What is the difference between mass and weight?
51. What is the difference between mass and volume?
52. Your mass is 59 Kg, calculate your weight on earth and moon? Would you weigh more on the earth or on the
moon?
53. What is friction?
54. What is meant by net force? Draw and label the free body diagram of the four forces.
55. How do you calculate the net force of two objects acting in the same direction?
56. How do you calculate the net force of two objects acting in opposite directions?
57. What is equilibrium and how does one achieve equilibrium?
58. An object weighs 25 N on the earth. A second object weighs 25 N on the moon. Which has the greater
mass?
59. What produces acceleration?
60. How is acceleration related to net force?
61. How is acceleration related to mass?
62. If an object moves with a constant velocity, what is the acceleration of the object? What is the net force
acting on the object?
63. What is terminal velocity? How is it achieved? What is the acceleration of the object that has reached
terminal velocity?
64. In the absence of air resistance, which will hit the ground first if dropped from the same height, a feather
or a brick?
65. In the presence of air resistance, which will hit the ground first if dropped from the same height, a
feather or a brick?
66. A constant force applied to a constant mass produces a constant ___________________________.
67. If an object moves with a constant velocity (_______________ acceleration), how is the applied force
related to the force of friction?
68. What is pressure?
69. How is pressure related to force?
70. How is pressure related to area?
71. A woman hangs from a bar using both of her arms. If she weighs 3000 N, how much force does each arm
support?
72. Forces always occur in _________________.
73. A bug splatters against the windshield of a moving car. Compare the force of the bug on the car to the
force of the car on the bug.
74. A bug splatters against the windshield of a moving car. Compare the deceleration of the bug to the
deceleration of the car.
75. What propels a rocket in the vacuum of space?
76. Two people pull on a rope in a tug-of-war. Each pulls with 600 N of force. What is the tension in the rope?
77. How much (in Newton’s) does a 55 kg box of books weigh?
78. A person weighs 300 N. What is the mass of the person?
79. If you push with 25 N on a 5 kg box across a frictionless surface, how fast will the box accelerate?
80. If you push with 25 N on a 5 kg box and there is a 10 N force of friction, how fast will the box accelerate?
81. A certain net force gives a 10 kg object an acceleration of 9 m/s 2. What acceleration would the same force
give a 30 kg object?
Chapters 7
82. Distinguish between mass and momentum. Which is inertia and which is inertia in motion?
83. Which has the greater mass, a heavy truck at rest or a rolling skateboard?
84. Distinguish between impact and impulse. Which designates a force and which multiplies force and time?
85. When the force of impact on an object is extended in time, does the impulse increase or decrease?
86. Distinguish between impulse and momentum. Which is force times time and which is inertia in motion?
87. Does impulse equal momentum, or a change in momentum?
88. For a constant force, suppose the duration of impact on an object is doubled.
a. How much is the impulse increased?
b. How much is the resulting change in momentum increased?
89. In a car crash, why is it advantageous for an occupant to extend the time during which the collision takes
place?
90. If the time of impact in a collision is extended by four times, how much does the force of impact change?
91. Why is it advantageous for a boxer to ride with a punch? Why should he avoid moving into an oncoming
punch?
92. You are standing on a skateboard.
a. When you throw a ball, do you experience an impulse?
b. Do you experience an impulse when you catch a ball of the same speed?
c. Do you experience an impulse when you catch it and then throw it out again?
d. Which impulse is greatest?
93. Why is more impulse delivered during a collision when bouncing occurs than during one when it doesn’t?
94. In terms of momentum conservation, why dies a cannon recoil when fired?
95. What does it mean to say that momentum is conserved?
96. Distinguish between an elastic and an inelastic collision.
97. Imagine that you are hovering next to the space shuttle in earth orbit. Your buddy of equal mass, who is
moving at 4 km/hr with respect to the shuttle, bumps into you. If he holds onto you, how fast do you both
move with respect to the ship?
98. Is momentum conserved for colliding objects that are moving at angles to one another? Explain.
99. What is the momentum of an 66 lbs bowling ball rolling at 2 m/sec?
a. If the bowling ball rolls into a pillow and stops in 0.5 sec, calculate the average force it exerts on
the pillow.
b. What average force does the pillow exert on the ball?
100. What is the momentum of a 100 lbs carton that slides at 4 m/sec across an icy surface? The sliding
carton skids onto a rough surface and stops in 3 sec. Calculate the force of friction it encounters.
Chapter 8
101. A force sets an object in motion. When the force is multiplied by the time of its application, we call the
quantity impulse, which changes the momentum of that object. What do we call the quantity
(force)(distance) and what quantity can this change?
102. Work is required to lift a barbell. How many times more work is required to lift the barbell three times
as high?
103. Which requires more work, lifting a 10 kg load a vertical distance of 2 m or lifting a 5 kg load a vertical
distance of 4 m?
104. How many joules of work are done on an object when a force of 10 N pushes it a distance of 10 m?
105. How is power increased?
106. In which situation is more power required: Slowly lifting a book bag full of books up the stairs or quickly
lifting the same book bag full of books up the same stairs?
107. How much power is required to do 100 J of work on an object in a time of 0.5 sec? How much power is
required if the same work is done in 1 sec?
108. What are the two main forms of mechanical energy?
109. If you do 100 J of work to elevate a bucket of water, what is the gravitational potential energy relative
to its starting position? What would the gravitational potential energy be if the bucket were raised twice
as high?
110. A boulder is raised above the ground so that its potential energy relative to the ground is 200 J. Then it is
dropped. What is its kinetic energy just before it hits the ground?
111. Suppose an automobile has 2000 J of kinetic energy. When it moves at twice the speed, what will be its
kinetic energy? What’s its kinetic energy at three times the speed?
112. What will be the kinetic energy of an arrow having a potential energy of 50 J after it is shot from a bow?
113. What does it mean to say that in any system, the total energy score stays the same?
114. In what sense is energy from coal actually solar energy?
115. How does the amount of work done on an automobile by its engine relate to the energy content of the
gasoline?
116. In what two ways can a machine alter an input force?
117. What does it mean to say that a machine has a certain mechanical advantage?
118. Draw and describe each of the six simple machines. Be sure to include effort force and distance as well as
resistance force and distance. Categorize them as lever or inclined plane
119. Can a machine increase the amount of energy available.
120. What is the maximum efficiency possible for each type of simple machine?
Chapter Nine – Circular Motion
121. What is the difference between a rotation and a revolution?
122. Does a child on a merry-go-round revolve or rotate around the merry-go-round’s axis? Do the wheels on a
bicycle revolve or rotate around the axle?
123. What is the difference between linear speed and rotational speed?
124. How are linear speed and tangential speed related?
125. When you whirl a can at the end of a string in a circular path, what is the direction of the force that acts
on the can? What causes that force?
126. Does the force that holds the riders on the carnival ride in Figure 9.1 act toward or away from the
center?
127. Explain why there is no actual centrifugal force. Hint: Think Newton's third law and inertia
Chapters 21, 22, 23, and 24 - Heat
128. Why are there negative numbers on the Celsius temperature scale but no negative numbers on the Kelvin
temperature scale?
129. When you touch a cold surface, does cold travel from the surface to your hand or does thermal energy
travel from your hand to the surface? Explain.
130. Why can’t you determine if you are running a high temperature by touching your own forehead?
131. Which has a greater amount of internal energy, a titanic iceberg or a cup of hot tea? Explain.
132. When you step out of a swimming pool on a hot, dry day in the Southwest, you feel quite chilly, while you
don’t feel as chilly here in the humid Southeast. Why?
133. The human body can maintain its customary temperature of 37 ºC on a day when the temperature is above
40 ºC. How is this done? (more detailed than just “sweat”)
134. A great amount of water vapor changes state to become liquid water droplets in the clouds that form a
thunderstorm. Is this a release of energy or absorbing of energy?
135. Melting ice causes the temperature of the surrounding air to ____________? Explain how your answer
can be true.
136. It is possible to boil water in a paper cup. Use the heating curve of water to help explain how this is
possible.
137. Why is it that you can safely hold your bare hand in a hot oven for a few seconds, but if you momentarily
touch the metal insides you’ll burn yourself?
138. Turn an incandescent lamp on and off quickly while you are standing near it. You feel its heat but find
that when you touch the bulb, it is not hot. Explain why you felt the heat from it.
139. Heat cannot readily escape a thermos bottle, so hot things inside stay hot. Will cold things inside a
thermos bottle likewise stay cold? Explain.
140. Your friend is holding the bottom of a large test tube filled with water. Strangely, your friend decides to
place the top half of the test tube over a flame and boil the water in the top half of the tube. Why should
you not be real worried about your friend’s hand being burnt?
Chapters 32 & 33 - Electrostatics and Electric Fields
141. In terms of attraction and repulsion, how do negative particles affect negative particles? How do negatives
affect positives?
142. What happens to electrons in any charging process?
143. Give an example of something charged by friction.
144. Give an example of something charged by simple contact.
145. Give an example of temporarily charging an object by induction.
146. What occurs when we “ground” an object?
147. What are two purposes of a lightning rod? Which is the primary purpose?
148. How does an electrically polarized object differ from an electrically charged object?
149. If you rub an inflated balloon against your hair and place it against a door, by what mechanism does it
stick? Explain.
150. What is electrostatic discharge?
151. How can you charge an object negatively by using a positively charged object?
152. How does the magnitude of electrical force between a pair of charged objects change when the objects
are moved twice as far apart? Three times as far apart?
153. How does the magnitude of electric force compare between a pair of charged particles when they are
brought to half their original distance of separation? To one- quarter their original distance? To four times
their original distance? (What law guides your answers?)
154. Why are metal-spiked shoes not a good idea for golfers on a stormy day?
155. How does one coulomb of charge compare with the charge of a single electron?
156. How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge that flows through a 1.5-volt battery?
157. We do not feel the gravitational forces between ourselves and the objects around us because these
forces are extremely small. Electrical forces, in comparison, are extremely huge. Since we and the objects
around us are composed of charged particles, why don’t we usually feel electrical forces?
158. If you put in 10 joules of work to push 1 coulomb of charge against an electric field, what will be its
voltage with respect to its starting position?
159. What is the voltage at the location of a 0.0001 C charge that has an electric potential energy of 0.5 J
(both measured relative to the same reference point)?
160. Give two examples of common force fields.
161. How is the magnitude of an electric field shown around a charged particle?
162. How is the direction of an electric field shown relative to a charged particle?
163. Why is there no electric field in the middle of a charged spherical conductor?
164. Why is it safe to be in a car when it is struck by lightning?
165. Explain why the charge distribution on a conducting surface is not always uniform. Draw two examples of
non-uniform charge distribution.
166. What is the electric field inside each of the conductors you drew in the previous question? Why?
167.
Sketch the electric field surrounding two electrons that are 2 cm apart.
168. Describe how a charged particle would gain electrical potential energy.
169. Compare and contrast electrical potential energy and electric potential.
170. Would the electrical potential energy between two protons be similar to the gravitational potential
energy of a rock lifted above the earth’s surface? Explain.
171. Briefly explain how the plates of a capacitor have the opposite charge.
Chapters 34, 35, 36, and 37
172. What are the units for electrical potential or potential difference? What are the units for electric
current? What are the units for electrical resistance?
173. Define electric current.
174. Describe the motion of the electrons in a closed electric circuit.
175. Give at least two examples of a voltage source.
176. A wire’s electrical resistance depends on what three things?
177. Why are thick wires rather than thin wires usually used to carry large currents?
178. Why can a bird perch harmlessly on bare high voltage wires?
179. Why is the wingspan of birds a consideration in determining the spacing between parallel wires in a power
line?
180. What condition is necessary for the sustained flow of water in a pipe? What analogous condition is
necessary for the sustained flow of charge in a wire?
181. Will water flow more easily through a wide pipe or a narrow pipe? Will current flow more easily through a
thick wire or a thin wire?
182. True or false and explain: “electrons in a common battery driven circuit travel at about the speed of
light”
183. True or false and explain: “the source of electrons in a circuit is the voltage source”
184. If electrons flow very slowly through a circuit, why does it not take a noticeably long time for a lamp to
glow when you turn on a distant switch?
185. What surrounds a stationary electric charge? a moving electric charge?
186. What is the cause of magnetism?
187. Where on a magnet is the magnetic field the strongest?
188. What is the rule of magnetic pole interaction?
189. Sketch and describe the structure and properties of a magnet. Include, label, and define: magnetic
domains, magnetic poles, and magnetic field lines.
190. How is a piece of iron temporarily magnetized when near a magnet?
191. Explain how an electromagnet is created. Include all necessary parts and their arrangement. Sketch a
simple electromagnet.
192. In what way are magnetic poles very different than electric charges?
193. What is the difference between an unmagnetized iron nail and a magnetized iron nail?
194. Why will dropping an iron magnet on a hard floor make it a weaker magnet?
195. What happens to the direction of the magnetic field around an electric current when the direction of the
current is reversed?
196. Why is the magnetic field strength greater inside a current-carrying loop of wire than about a straight
section of wire?
197. Will either pole of a magnet attract a paper clip? Explain what is happening inside the attracted paper
clip,
198. The north pole of a compass is attracted to the north pole of the Earth, yet like poles repel. Can you
resolve this apparent dilemma?
199. Your friend says that when a compass is taken across the equator, it turns around and points in the
opposite direction. Your other friend says this is not true, that southern-hemisphere types use the south
pole of the compass to point toward the nearest pole. You’re on; what do you say?
Electric Circuits and Motors
200. What is an electric circuit?
201. If the voltage impressed across a circuit is held constant while the resistance doubles, what change
occurs in the current?
202. If the resistance of a circuit remains constant while the voltage across the circuit decreases to half its
former value, what change occurs in the current?
203. What is the effect on current in a wire if both the voltage across it and its resistance are doubled? If
both are halved?
204. Will the current in a light bulb connected to a 220 V source be greater or less than when the same bulb is
connected to a 110 V source?
205. A certain device in a 120 V circuit has a current rating of 20 A. What is the resistance of the device?
206. Will a lamp with a thick filament draw more current or less current than a lamp with a thin filament?
207. In a circuit of two lamps in series, if the current through one lamp is 1 A, what is the current through the
other lamp? Defend your answer.
208. If 6 V are impressed across the above circuit and the voltage across the first lamp is 2 V. what is the
voltage across the second lamp? Defend your answer.
209. What is a main shortcoming of a series circuit?
210. In a circuit of two lamps in parallel, if there are 6 V across one lamp. What is the voltage across the
other lamp?
211. How does the sum of the currents though the branches of a simple parallel circuit compare to the
current that flows through the voltage source?
212. Are automobile headlights wired with the rest of the car in parallel or in series? What is your evidence?
213. To connect a pair of resistors so their equivalent resistance will be more than the resistance of either
one, should you connect them in series or in parallel?
214. To connect a pair of resistors so their equivalent resistance will be less than the resistance of either one,
should you connect them in series or in parallel?
215. Consider a pair of flashlight bulbs connected to a battery. Will they
glow brighter connected in series or in parallel? Will the battery run down
faster if they are connected in series or in parallel?
216. In the circuit shown, how does the brightness of the identical lightbulbs
compare? Which light bulb draws the most current? What will happen if bulb
“A” is unscrewed? If bulb “C” is unscrewed?
217. When a pair of identical resistors is connected in series, which of the
following is the same for both resistors: Voltage across each, power
dissipated in each, current through each? Do any of your answers change if
the resistors are different from each other?
218. When a pair of identical resistors is connected in parallel, which of the following is the same for both
resistors: Voltage across each; power dissipated in each; current through each? Do any of your answers change
if the resistors are different from each other?
219. If a 60 W bulb and a 100 W bulb are connected in series in a circuit, across which bulb will there be the
greater voltage drop? How about if they are connected in parallel?
220. The wattage marked on a light bulb is not an inherent property of the bulb but depends on the voltage to
which it is connected, usually 110 or 120 V. How many amperes flow through a 60 W bulb connected in a 120 V
circuit?
221. Find the current drawn by a 1200 W hair dryer connected to120 V voltage source.
222. A 4 W night-light is plugged into a 120 V circuit and operates continuously for 1 year. Find the following:
(a) the current it draws, (b) the resistance of its filament, (c) the energy consumed in a year, and (d) the cost
of its operation for a year at the utility rate of 15 cents/kWh.
223. A antique car’s headlights dissipate 40 W on low beam, and 50 W on high beam. Is there more or less
resistance in the high beam's filament? Which headlight’s filament is thicker?
224. How does a galvanometer detect electric current?
225. What is a galvanometer called when calibrated to read current? To read voltage?
226. Why is it more difficult to thrust a magnet into a coil of many loops compared with a single loop?
227. What must change in order for electromagnetic induction to occur?
228. Describe two ways that voltage can be induced in a wire?
229. Why does a generator produce alternating current?
230. Why is a generator shaft harder to rotate when it is connected to a circuit and supplying electric
current?
231. What is the primary difference between an electric motor, and an electric generator?
232. A magician places an aluminum ring on a table, underneath which is hidden an electromagnet. When the
magician says “abracadabra” (and pushes a switch that starts current flowing through the coil under the table),
the ring jumps into the air. Explain his “trick.”
Chapters 25 and 26 - Waves and Sound
233. Draw and label a transverse wave.
234. Draw and label a longitudinal wave.
235. Compare and contrast transverse and longitudinal waves.
236. Distinguish between the period and the frequency of a vibration or a wave. How do they relate to one
another?
237. Does the medium in which a wave travels move along with the wave itself? Defend your answer with an
example.
238. How does the speed of a wave relate to its frequency and wavelength?
239. As the frequency of sound is increased, does the wavelength increase or decrease? Give a mathematical
example.
240. How far, in terms of wavelength, does a wave travel in one period?
241. What is the period of a pendulum?
242. If you triple the frequency of a vibrating object, what will happen to its period?
243. While watching ocean waves at the dock of the bay, Otis notices that 10 waves pass beneath him in 30
seconds. He also notices that the crests of successive waves exactly coincide with the posts of the dock
that are 5 meters apart. What are the period, frequency, wavelength, and speed of the ocean waves?
244. What types of materials can transmit sound waves? Where does sound travel faster?
245. What happens to the speed of sound in air as the air temperature increases?
246. When a wave source moves toward a receiver, does the receiver encounter an increase in wave frequency,
wave speed, or both?
247. Would it be correct to say that the Doppler effect is the apparent change in the speed of a wave due to
motion of the source?
248. Distinguish between constructive interference and destructive interference.
249. Is interference a property of only some types of waves or of all types of waves?
250. How can you observe interference in sound waves?
251. What is the beat frequency of two tuning forks, one has a frequency of 440 Hz and the other a
frequency of 443 Hz?
252. What causes the refraction of a wave?
253. What happens when a wave is reflected?
254. What causes the diffraction of a wave?
255. Where on a standing wave would you measure the amplitude of the wave?
256. Where on a standing wave is the node?
257. Describe what happens when an object is forced to vibrate at its natural frequency?
258. Use resonance to explain the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940.
Chapter 27 and 28 Light and Color
259. Sketch the electromagnetic spectrum include all 7 regions in order from low frequency to high frequency.
260. Give an application of each region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
261. What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
262. Why is glass transparent for visible light, but opaque for infrared and ultraviolet light?
263. How is a light wave produced?
264. State the law of reflection.
265. Draw a light ray that reflects off a flat surface with an angle of reflection of 30°. Label both angles,
normal line, and both light rays.
266. Draw a light ray as it passes from air into a piece of glass and back into the air again. Which way does the
light bend relative to the normal line?
267. Does light speed up or slow down when it leaves water into the air?
268. Why does light travel slower through glass than it does through a vacuum?
269. How is white light separated into the various colors of the rainbow by a prism?
270. Which color of light travels slowest through transparent materials? which travels fastest?
271. What causes the total internal reflection of light as it travels from water to the air?
272. Explain how water droplets in the atmosphere form a rainbow?
Which law? First, Second, or Third?
____ 1.
A frog leaping upward off his lily pad is pulled downward by gravity and lands on another lily pad instead
of continuing on in a straight line.
____ 2.
As the fuel in a rocket ignites, the force of the gas expansion and explosion pushes out the back of the
rocket and pushes the rocket forward.
____ 3.
When you are standing up in a subway train and the train suddenly stops, your body continues forward.
____ 4.
After you start up your motorcycle, as you give it more gas, it goes faster.
____ 5.
A pitched baseball goes faster than one that is gently thrown.
____ 6.
A swimmer pushes water back with her arms, but her body moves forward.
____ 7.
As an ice skater pushes harder with his leg muscles, he begins to move faster.
____ 8.
When Harry, age 5, and his dad are skipping pebbles on a pond, the pebbles that Harry’s dad throws go
farther and faster than his do.
____ 9.
When you paddle a canoe, the canoe goes forward.
____ 10.
When you pull a cloth quickly from under food dishes.
____ 11.
A little girl who has been pulling a sled behind her in the snow is crying because when she stopped to tie
her hat on, the sled kept moving and hit her on the back of her legs.
____ 12.
Under same force the bowling ball moves slower than a marble down incline plane.
____ 13.
When you spin a bucket of water the water wants to continue moving.
____ 14.
When you spin a bucket of water the water wants to continue moving but the back of the bucket pushes
on the water as the water pushes the back.
____ 15.
Balloon moves in one direction as the air blows out the opposite direction.
____ 16.
Two buses with same mass one going at 55 mi/h and another moving 80 mi/h, the fast bus will exert
more force than slow bus.
____ 17.
Flicking a paper from under a penny and the penny falls down.
____ 18.
You standing on the scale and the scale pushes back on you.