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Transcript
• 2–1 The Nature of Matter A.Atoms B.Elements and Isotopes 1. Isotopes 2. Radioactive Isotopes C.Chemical Compounds D.Chemical Bonds 1. Ionic Bonds 2. Covalent Bonds 3. Van der Waals Forces Atomic Structure Isotopes of Carbon Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 6 electrons 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons 6 protons 7 neutrons Radioactive carbon-14 6 electrons 6 protons 8 neutrons Ionic Bonding Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1 Ionic Bonding Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1 Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding • 2–2 Properties of Water A.The Water Molecule 1. Polarity 2. Hydrogen Bonds B.Solutions and Suspensions 1. Solutions 2. Suspensions C.Acids, Bases, and pH 1. 2. 3. 4. The pH Scale Acids Bases Buffers pH Scale Increasingly Basic Oven cleaner Increasingly Acidic Neutral Bleach Ammonia solution Soap Sea water Human blood Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Tomato juice Lemon juice Stomach acid NaCI Solution ClCl- Na+ Na+ Water Water NaCI Solution ClCl- Na+ Na+ Water Water • 2–3 Carbon Compounds A.The Chemistry of Carbon B.Macromolecules C.Carbohydrates D.Lipids E.Nucleic Acids F. Proteins Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen which contain which contain Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Carbon Compounds Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane A Starch Starch Glucose Amino Acids Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine Amino Acids Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine Amino Acids Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine A Protein Amino acids • 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes A.Chemical Reactions B.Energy in Reactions 1. Energy Changes 2. Activation Energy C.Enzymes D.Enzyme Action 1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex 2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity Effect of Enzymes Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Reactants Reaction pathway with enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Products Chemical Reactions Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Activation energy Products Activation energy Reactants Reactants Products Chemical Reactions Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Activation energy Products Activation energy Reactants Reactants Products Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates Products ADP Glucose-6phosphate Products are released ATP Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates are converted into products Substrates bind to enzyme Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates Products ADP Glucose-6phosphate Products are released ATP Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates are converted into products Substrates bind to enzyme Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates Products ADP Glucose-6phosphate Products are released ATP Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates are converted into products Substrates bind to enzyme Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates Products ADP Glucose-6phosphate Products are released ATP Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates are converted into products Substrates bind to enzyme Enzymatic Reactions Terms to know Dehydration synthesis = forming a substance and using water (water is a product) Hydrolysis = breaking down of substance and forming of water (water is a reactant) -lysis = to break down