Download Human Anatomy and Physiology-1

Chapter 1
The Human Body: An
Orientation
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Anatomy
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Study of the body Structure
what something looks like
where something is located
how big or small it is
 Ex- what the heart looks like
• Gross Anatomy
– structures that are visible to the
naked eye.
• Systemic anatomy
– structures that work together for
a specific purpose
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Microscopic Anatomy
• Structures too small
for the naked eye
• Cytology
– study of the cells of
the body
• Histology
– study of the tissue of
an area
• Embryology
– development and
changes occurring
before birth
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Physiology
•
•
•
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Study of the body Function
how something works
why something happens
Ex – how heart pumps blood
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Pathophysiology
 Improper
functioning that
causes disease
 Ex- What happens
during a heart
attack
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Principle of Complimentarity of Structure
and Function
• Anatomy & Physiology are human perceptions of the
body
• The body makes no distinction between structure
and function.
• Structure allows function. Function occurs due to
structure.
Body’s levels of Organization
J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of
Nursing
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Integumentary System
 Skin and related structures (hair, nails)
 Functions as a covering for the body, regulates
temperature and contains structures
necessary for sensation
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Skeletal System
 Basic framework of the body
 Bones, joints, cartilage
 Functions in protection and support of body
organs
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Muscular System
• Three types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
• Movement of the skeleton (Primary)
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Nervous System
 Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
 Functions in processing information from
periphery to Brain and Spinal Cord and from
Brain and Spinal Cord to periphery (primary)
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Endocrine System
 Glands that secrete hormones
 Regulates body activities such as growth,
reproduction and water balance
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Circulatory System
 Heart and blood vessels
 Transportation of blood and nutrients to the
tissues and removal of waste from the cells
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Lymphatic/Immune System
 Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, tonsil, spleen
 Functions in defense against pathogens and
other foreign material
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Respiratory System
 Lungs and structures that carry air to and from
lungs.
 Oxygen is carried into the blood and Carbon
Dioxide is removed and exhaled
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Digestive System
 Organs involved in ingesting food, and
breaking it into substances that can be
absorbed by the body.
 Stomach, intestines
 Accessory organs: Liver, Gall Bladder
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Urinary System
 Kidneys and other structures involved in
excreting waste products from the body
through urine.
 Kidneys involved in water and electrolyte
balance of the body
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Reproductive System
 Organs and structures involved in
reproduction of human organism
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Homeostasis
•
“Staying the same”…staying in
balance
•
Imbalance = disease or disorder
•
body’s ability to maintain a stable
internal environment in response
to a changing external environment
Usually maintained by three
mechanisms:
•
– Sensor (receptor)- monitoring
mechanism
– Control- determines the set point
– Effector- provides the means of
feedback
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Feedback Systems
 Negative
– Results in a slowing or
stopping of a mechanism
when the output is sensed.
– Most systems in the body
work by this mechanism.
– Homeostasis is achieved by
preventing something from
occurring too much.
 Positive
– Enhances a mechanism
when the output is sensed
– Results in amplification of
something
– Usually occurs in special
circumstances
J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of
Nursing
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Anatomical Position



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Body is standing erect
facing forward
arms at side
toes and palms
directed forward.
J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of
Nursing
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Relative Positions
•
•
•
•
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•
•
Superior – Inferior
Anterior – Posterior
Ventral – dorsal
Medial – Lateral
Proximal –Distal
Superficial – Deep
Central - Peripheral
J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of
Nursing
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J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of
Nursing
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J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of
Nursing
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Planes and Sections of the Body
 Sagittal Plane
 right and left portions
 Frontal Plane
 front and back
 also called coronal plane
 Transverse Plane
 divides the body horizontally
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Dorsal Cavity
 Cranial cavity
 brain
 Spinal/vertebral cavity
 spinal cord
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Ventral Cavities
 Thoracic cavity is above the
diaphragm
 lungs and mediastinum.
 Abdominopelvic cavity is below
the diaphragm.
 abdominal cavity
 stomach, most of the intestines,
liver, spleen, and kidneys.
 pelvic cavity
 reproductive organs, urinary
bladder, and lower part of the
intestines.
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Four Quadrants
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Nine Regions
J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of
Nursing
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