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Chapter 1 – The Human Organism Anatomy Focuses on the structure of the body Latin for “dissect” or “cut up” Covers a wide range of studies including: Structure of body parts Microscopic organization Development processes There are two different approaches to anatomy Systemic - organization of the body by system Ex; respiratory, reproductive, integumentary Regional - organization of the body by region Ex; arm, abdomen, head Physiology Focuses on the processes or functions of living things Its goals are: To understand and predict the body’s response to a stimuli Understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment There are two divisions of physiology The organism involved The levels of organization within a given organism Structural and Functional Organization Chemical - Atoms Cellular – Molecules make up organelles which make up cells Tissue – Similar cells with similar functions Organ – Different but similar tissues combine to form organs Organ System – Different organs with similar or complementary functions Organism – Any living thing considered whole (Could be a single cell) Human Organ Systems (11) Integumentary - Skin/ protection Skeletal - Support Muscular - Movement Nervous - Control and senses Endocrine - Hormones and biochemical control Cardiovascular - Heart and blood Lymphatic - Immune system and Fluid collection Respiratory - Obtaining O2/ rid CO2 and other wastes Digestive - Break down and obtain nutrients from food Urinary (Renal) - Rid body of liquid wastes and water/salt balance Reproductive - Reproduction Characteristics of life Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Development Reproduction Homeostasis - existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment includes: Temperature Volume (blood pressure) Chemical content (sugar, salinity, and pH of blood) Negative Feedback any deviation from normal is lessened or resisted Most feedback in the body is negative Ex; blood CO2 levels increase… triggering the body to breathe faster Positive Feedback Rare in healthy individuals any deviation from normal is made greater Ex; loss of blood causes the heart to beat faster resulting in more blood loss Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms Anatomic position refers to a person standing erect with face forward, upper limbs hanging to the sides, and palms of the hands facing forward Superior = above Inferior = below Anterior = front Posterior = back Ventral = front Dorsal = back Proximal = nearest Distal = away from Lateral = side Medial = middle Superficial = surface Deep = deep Body parts and regions Arm – from shoulder to elbow Forearm – from elbow to wrist Thigh – from hip to knee Leg – from knee to ankle Head Neck Trunk Thorax (chest) Abdomen (region between thorax and pelvis) Pelvis (inferior end of trunk associated with hips) The abdomen is divided in one of two ways: Four quadrants Nine regions Planes Sagittal plane Midsagittal plane Transverse horizontal plane Frontal plane Sectioning Longitudinal – cut through the long axis of an organ Transverse or cross section – cut at right angle to the long axis Oblique – cut through the long axis at an angle other than 90 degrees Body Cavities Thoracic cavity – Lungs Mediastinum – Contains heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, Abdominal cavity – stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys Pelvic cavity – urinary bladder, portion of large intestines, internal reproductive organs Serous Membranes Line trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities Visceral serous membrane – lines the organ itself (the fist) Parietal serous membrane – lines the outside of the serous membranes (the balloon) The Thoracic cavity contains three serous membrane-lined cavities Pericardial cavity – surrounds the heart Pleural cavity – surrounds each lung Peritoneal cavity – surrounds the abdominal organs Mesentaries are two layers of peritoneum fused together –acts to hold organs in place, keeps blood vessels and nerves from becoming twisted and kinked. Organs behind this peritoneum are said to be retroperitoneal. Includes kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestines, and urinary bladder Hernia - any break in the mesenteries.
