Download The Crusades - Rowan County Schools

Bell Work
■ Answer the following questions:
1. What was feudalism?
2. What was the role of the church during the Middle
Ages?
3. What about superstitions?
THE CRUSADES
World Civilizations A
Mrs. Elam and Mrs. Wilson
Quick Review
■ What was feudalism?
■ What was the role of
the church?
■ Superstitions?
What was the purpose?
■ The first of the Crusades
began in 1095, when
armies of Christians from
Western Europe
responded to Pope Urban
II’s plea to go to war
against Muslim forces in
the Holy Land.
What was the purpose?
■ http://www.history.com/topics/crusades
The First Crusade
The First Crusade
■ 1096 AD – 1099AD
■ Four armies of Crusaders were formed from troops of different Western European
regions, making up about 30,00 soldiers.
■ They were led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois,
and Bohemond of Taranto.
■ With their armies, they set out for the Holy Lands in August of 1096.
■ In May 1097 the Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nicea (modern day
Iznik, Turkey).
■ The city surrendered in late June.
The First Crusade
■ In June of 1098, the armies captured Antioch.
■ Making their way further to the south, in June of 1099 the armies finally
reached Jerusalem. They considered this city to be the center of the Holy
Lands.
■ Upon arriving to the city, the crusaders met a group called the Fatimid
Muslims. They were friendly and accepting of the Christian people, and even
offered to share the city with them, but the crusaders declined.
■ They turned the war into a raging war on all Muslims and the entire Islam
religion.
■ The crusaders broke through the walls of Jerusalem using battering rams
and siege towers. Once inside, they killed and disgraced the dead bodies of
70,000 Muslims and Jews who were living there.
The Crusader States
■ Having achieved their goal in a relatively short time period, many Crusaders went
back to Europe. Some, though, stayed back to govern the newly conquered
territories.
■ These territories, or Crusader States, were large settlements in Jerusalem, Edessa,
Antioch, and Tripoli.
■ The Crusaders built many castles in the area for protection from the Muslim armies.
■ Around 1130, Muslims started gaining ground in their own holy war (jihad) against
the Christians.
■ In 1144 Zangi, Muslim governor of Mosul, captured Edessa.
The Second Crusade
The Second Crusade
■ 1147-1149 (48 years after the first crusade)
■ News of the fall of Edessa stunned Europe, and led Christian authorities in the West
to call for another Crusade.
■ This crusade was led by King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany.
■ That October, Turkish forces crushed Conrads forces at Dorylaeum, which was a
victory sight for the Christians during the first Crusade.
■ After Louis and Conrad managed to assemble their armies at Jerusalem, they
decided to attack the Syrian stronghold of Damascus with an army of around
50,000 people.
The Second Crusade
■ The 50,000 were not enough to take Damascus.
■ The ruler of Damascus was forced to call on Nur al-Din and his forces to aid in
battle.
■ Together, Nur al-Din and the army in Damascus dealt a humiliating defeat to the
Crusaders, sending them back to Western Europe empty handed.
Bell Work
■ Name 3 things you learned yesterday?
■ What is a question(s) you still have from
our lesson yesterday?
The First Crusade
The Second Crusade
The Third Crusade
The Third Crusade
■ 1189-1192 (40 years after the second
crusade)
■ While there was a defeat at Damascus,
Crusaders still occupied Jerusalem.
■ In 1187, a new ruler named Saladin took
control in parts of the Holy Lands and
began a major campaign against
Crusaders in Jerusalem.
■ His troops virtually destroyed the Christian
army at the battle of Hattin, taking the city
along with a large amount of territory.
■ The Crusaders were again sent packing
back to Western Europe.
The Third Crusade
■ Outraged over the defeats, Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa, King Phillip II of France, King
Richard I of England (or Richard the Lionheart)
began the Third Crusade in 1189.
■ By September of 1191, Richards forces
defeated Saladin’s in the Battle of Arsuf, which
was the only true battle of the Third Crusade.
■ Through this, they recaptured the city of Jaffa,
and Richard reestablished Christian control over
some of the region and approached Jerusalem,
though Richard refused to lay siege to the city.
■ By September of 1192, Richard and Saladin
signed a peace treaty that reestablished the
Kingdom of Jerusalem and ended the Third
Crusade.
Reminder of Expectations
■ Be respectful to the teacher and other students when they
are talking.
– Not doing so will result in a call home and/or an office
referral
■ Taries – 1 to 2 stay after class; 3 call home; 5 referral to
principal
■ All electronics should be put away
■ 3 restroom passes per trimester – anything above will result
in 5 minutes of break unless a doctor’s note is in place with
the nurse.
■ Remain in your seat until the bell rings.
The Fourth Crusade
The Fourth Crusade
■ 1202 - 1204
■ Pope Innocent III calls for a new Crusade in 1202.
■ This Crusade is different from the ones before.
Power struggles between Europe and Byzantium
drove the Crusaders to divert their mission in order
to take down the Byzantine emperor, Alexius III.
■ The Crusaders were in favor of Alexius III’s nephew,
Alexius IV.
The Fourth Crusade
■ Alexius IV met opposition when he tried to merge
the church in the Byzantine Empire with the Roman
Catholic church in Europe.
■ He was strangled in his palace in early 1204.
■ In response to the death of Alexius IV, Crusaders
declared on Constantinople.
■ The Fourth Crusade ends with the conquest and
looting of the Magnificent Byzantine capital later
that year.
Small Crusades
■ For most of the 13th century, the Crusaders did not
go to back to the Holy Lands, but rather went on
smaller Crusaders aimed against anyone who was
not a Christian.
■ The Albigensian Crusade (1208-1229) was against
the people of Languedoc, France. It was also
declared by Pope Innocent III. These people believed
in Gnostic Dualism, which was against Christianity.
Small Crusades
■ The Baltic
Crusades
(1211-1225)
was aimed at
the pagans in
Transylvania.
The Fifth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade
■ About 1216 to 1221, was an attempt to recover the
Holy Land from the Ayyubid state in Egypt.
■ Pope Innocent III calls for a fifth crusade in 1213,
but people are so busy fighting smaller crusades
that no one pays attention to his call to fight.
■ Crusaders attacked Egypt from both land and sea,
but were forced to surrender to Muslim defenders in
1221.
■ These defenders were led by Saladin’s nephew, AlMalik al-Kamil.
The Sixth Crusade
■ 1229
■ Emperor Frederick II achieved the peaceful transfer
of Jerusalem to Crusader control through negotiation
with al-Kamil.
■ The peace treaty expire a decade later, and Muslims
regained control of Jerusalem.
The Seventh Crusade
■ Seventh Crusade 1239-1241
■ Led by Thibault IV of Champagne
■ Recaptured Jerusalem
■ Jerusalem captured by Muslims in 1244
by forces enlisted by the sultan of Egypt.
The Eighth Crusade
■ Eighth Crusade 1249-1250
■ King Louis IX of France leads it
■ Ended in defeat at Mansura the following
year.
■ Louis IX dies in 1268 as he attempts (and
fails) to lead another crusade in 1268 in
North Africa.
The End of the Crusades
■ The Eighth Crusade can be considered the
last.
■ After 1291, minor military campaigns were
aimed at the Holy Lands to push Muslims and
Pagans from the territory.
■ The support of these minor campaigns ended
in the 16th century with the rise of the
Reformation.