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Biology 11
Study Guide For Final Exam
I.
Evolution and DNA
1. describe the basic structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with
reference to the following terms:
– double helix
– sugar-phosphate backbone
– nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G)
– complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G)
2. Draw and explain the steps of DNA Replication (HDL)
3. Explain the steps of Transcription
4. Draw and explain the steps of Translation
5. explain the role of DNA in evolution
6. describe the mechanisms of evolutionary change: mutation, genetic drift,
gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection
7. differentiate among and give examples of convergent evolution, divergent
evolution, and speciation
8. compare gradual change with the punctuated equilibrium
II.
Bacteria, protists, and Viruses
1. describe/ draw the basic structure of a virus, including the antigens, the
protein capsid, and the nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
2. compare the lytic and lysogenic cycles
3. describe the steps of the immune response
4. identify the characteristics of bacteria
5. identify the different shapes of bacteria
6. describe the different ways bacteria reproduces (binary fission,
conjugation)
7. give examples of the beneficial roles of bacteria
III.
Classification
1. Know kingdom and phylum-level characteristics of the organisms studied
(all five kingdoms).
2. List the taxa of the classification system in order from largest to smallest.
3. Use a dichotomous key to identify a particular species
Biology 11
IV.
Animal Biology
1. identify the characteristics of Phylum Porifera
2. identify the characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria
3. describe the uses of sponges and cnidarians
4. identify the characteristics of Phylum Platyhelmithes, Nemotoda and
annelida
5. identify the characteristics of Phylum Mollusca
6. identify the characteristics of Phylum Echinodemata
7. describe the water vascular system of the echinoderms
8. identify the characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda
9. Describe the characteristics of each class of vertebrate:
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Chordata
Fish- Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes
Reptiles
Amphibians
Birds
Mammals
10. Be able to label the parts of the heart
11. Describe the pathway and function of the digestive system parts
V.
Algae and evolution to land
1. Why is algae difficult to classify?
2. Explain the advantages of living in an aquatic environment
3. Explain why scientist believe algae evolved into land plants and how they
moved onto land
4. Explain the uses of algae in terms of ecological important (to other
organisms) and to humans
VI.
Bryophytes
1. List the adaptations bryophytes have in order to survive out of the water
2. Compare/ contrast rhizoids and roots
3. Explain alternation of generations and the life cycle of brophytes (using
haploid, diploid, gametophyte, sporophyte, antheridia, archegonia, meiosis)
4. Explain the importance of moss