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ECOLOGY STUDY GUIDE Major Learnings1. All systems, regardless of scale, continually change, interact with one another and need organization to function. 2. Energy and matter exist in different forms. They are conserved, converted, or transferred throughout systems. 3. Models can be used to illustrate the properties of a system. 4. There are distinct patterns in the organization of nature. Essential and Guiding Questions 1. What factors determine the type of environment will exist and how is that environment sustained? a. What are the components of an environment? b. What are the stages of succession in an environment? c. What are the characteristics of climax communities in the biomes? d. How do materials cycle through an ecosystem? e. How may humans affect those cycles? 2. How do living and nonliving things interact in an ecosystem? a. What are the biotic factors in an ecosystem? b. What are the various biotic interactions? c. What are the abiotic factors in an ecosystem? d. How do biotic and abiotic factors (e.g. limiting factors) influence populations (ie carrying capacity?) 3. How do we measure the health of the environment? a. How is biological diversity an indicator of environmental health? b. How do humans affect the stability of the environment? c. What can be done to improve the state of the environment? Students should be able to : 1. Describe the levels of ecological organization – organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere. 2. Describe the characteristic biotic and abiotic components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 3. Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem (e.g., food chains, food webs, energy pyramids) 4. Describe biotic interactions in an ecosystem (e.g., competition ,predation, symbiosis) 5. Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle) 6. Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances (e.g., climate changes, introduction of nonnative species, pollution, fires) 7. Describe the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics and potential species extinction. 8. Recognize common stream benthics – stonefly, mayfly, caddisfly, dobsonfly , dragonfly, scud, water penny beetle, cranefly larva and describe their life cycles. 9. Recognize common stream plankton (algae, desmids, diatoms, ciliates, flagellates, crustaceans, amoeba) 10. Calculate the biotic index when presented with stream data. 11. Calculate velocity, average depth and total volume when presented with stream data. 12. Describe the 6 major Watersheds of Pennsylvania (names & location/water flow/size.) 13. Explain the equipment used and procedures followed at the stream study. VOCABULARY Abiotic Environment Parasitism Autotroph Equilibrium pH Ammonification Eutrophication Phosphates Batesian Mimicry Evaporation Pioneer Species Benthic Extinction Plankton (phyto/zoo) Biodiversity Food Chain Pool Biomass Food Web Population Biomes Fossil Fuel Precipitation Biotic Grassland Predator Biotic Index Greenhouse Effect Prey Camouflage Ground Water Primary Succession Carnivore (1st & 2nd levels) Habitat Producer Carbon Cycle Hardness Resource Partitioning Carrying Capacity Headwater (Source) Riffle Character Displacement Climax Community Herbivore Riparian Zone Heterotroph Saprophyte Combustion Incomplete Metamorphosis Scavenger Commensalism Invasive Species Scud Community Keystone Species Competition Larva Secondary Compound Secondary Succession Competitive Exclusion Limiting Factors Species Diversity Complete Metamorphoris Consumer (1°, 2°, 3°) (density dependent and independent) Species Evenness Decomposer Marine Stream Order Delineate Mimicry Succession Denitrification Mullerian Mimicry Symbiosis Desert Mutualism Temperate Deciduous Forest Detritus Niche Tiaga Detritivore Nitrates Tolerance Value Dissolved Oxygen Ectoparasite Nitrification Transpiration Nitrogen Cycle Trophic Levels Nitrogen Fixation Tropical Rainforest Tundra Energy Pyramid Nonnative Species Nymph Omnivore Enrichment Ozone Layer Ecosystem Endangered Species Endoparasite Species Richness Water Cycle Watershed (1°, 2°, 3°) Wetlands