Download When Worlds Collide PPT

10/27/2011
A fundamental history of the European
continent before, during, and after a
prolonged era of exploration, discovery,
and expansion that led them to the North
American continent, which pit their want
of land, markets, and glory against the
indigenous people’s want of life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness.
I. What was American society like on the eve of “discovery”?
II. What were the goals of the European voyagers and why would
they want to leave?
III. What were the consequences of the contact between natives
and newcomers?
Why we should stop celebrating Columbus day and start recognizing the
true history of exploration
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The Yucatan
Peninsula
Chichen--Itza - Pyramid
Chichen
Mayan Cultivation of Maize
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1300 AD
Crusades awakened Europe to the riches of
Eastern cultures and food.
Taste – 1). Reaction of the glands in the
palate to food or any soluble substance, 2).
Measure of aesthetic or artistic discernment
After the Crusades, Europe experienced a
revolution of both!
With finer foods came finer tastes in fabrics,
decorations, and furniture.
Spices, foods, condiments were all experienced by
the Crusaders who returned to Europe desiring
more.
▪ Cinnamon, sugarcane, nutmeg, ginger, safron
But is was very expensive…This created larger
profits…Which created….
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Because of the rise of trade, a merchant class
began to expand:
They found their marketplace in the cities,
which began to expand immensely
Lawyers, bankers, and merchants
Ex. London in 1500 – 60,000 people… By 1600 –
200, 000 people
Profits were reinvested into the business
This began the earliest form of Capitalism
(private ownership, financial institutions, and
reinvestment of profits)
Holding companies and Corporations were
developed, business schools created… all for
the businessmen to learn to earn more money
Nobility began to ally themselves with
merchants
By the end of the middle ages and beginning of
the renaissance:
New View of Politics during the Renaissance
--
Machiavelli, The Prince
Emergence of Centralized, Competitive Monarchies
Land enclosure by lords and kings for profit
caused many former serfs off the land and into
the cities
Who migrates from a society?
What about jobs?
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Caravel (Lateen and square sails in
combination)
•
Compass
•
Discovery of Trade Winds
•
Stern-post rudder
New Military Technology
--Emergence of gunpowder
weaponry
--The Rise of the “Standing
Army”
--Royalized Warfare
Lots of imperial warfare—
competition for
Power
Growing
SECULARISM
Protestant
Reformation
(1517- one of the most
important dates you’ll
ever need to remember
for Western Civ!)
Land
pride
Germany, Netherlands,
England
Freedom from authority of
Martin Luther
Church
Reading Bible in common
language
New thought and science were
triggered
Where the industrial revolution
began. Intelligence leads to
questioning???
Spain, Portugal, Italy
Repression of new ideas
Banning foreign books,
education
Heresies punished to
preserve Church
Inquisition: Protestants,
Jews, Moslems
Fell behind in technology
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•
•
•
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Accidental discovery.
Desire to bypass Moslem world’s monopoly on trade
(luxury?) goods.
Disruptions of overland routes (somewhat overrated).
Intra-European rivalry.
Curiosity.
Rebirth of science and medicine due to contact with
Muslim world (their Golden Age) led to vastly
increased life span and population growth.
End of Black Death 1350 (further Population
Pressure—what do people do during GOOD times?)
End of Reconquista
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3-G’s
Reconquista caused Spain to
become:
Catholic protectorate
Most powerful monarchy
Earliest Nation State
Shifted attention westward b/c
Italy controlled land access to riches
Portugal controlled African route
Reconquista ended in 1492
What to do with all those
Conquistadores? They refuse to
go to work or become
merchants and bankers.
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
First ranking world power in
the 1400’s and 1500’s
The Reconquista of Spain—
produces conquistadors
The voyages of Columbus
The Treaty of Tordesillas
(1494)
Cortes’ conquest of the
Aztecs
Administration of New
Spain
-- “encomienda”
Christófo Colón
[1451[1451
-
1506]
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
Columbus’ Four Voyages
The Treaty of Tordesillas,
Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
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The First Spanish Conquests:
The Aztecs
The Death of Montezuma II
vs.
Fernando Cortés
Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortés
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
vs.
Francisco
Pizarro
Atahualpa
“Where the Gold at?!?”
Brought Catholicism
to the New World
More fluid racial
categories than with
other European
settlement
No real settlement in
New Mexico and
California until later
Importation of
precious metals leads
to rampant inflation
in Spain and the rest
of Europe—also leads
to piracy
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The Spanish Colonial Class System
European Empires in the Americas
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Native Indians
•
Mulattos
Black Slaves
New foodstuffs: coffee, tea, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate,
squash, maize (yet another increase in lifespan and population
pressure.
Improvements in shipbuilding, charting, navigation.
General stimulus to math, chemistry, astronomy, optics,
physics, medicine, etc.
Further Nation building
Growth of towns, Middle Class, AND Mercantilism
Decline of Aristocracy
Beginning of the end of feudalism
QUESTIONING OF LONG HELD CONSERVATIVE BELIEFS
Slaves captured or
bought in Africa
Shipped to Northern
Africa and Caribbean to
work on Sugar
plantations
Slaves traded for sugar
Sugar turned into rum
rum traded in Europe for
manufactured goods
European manufactured
goods traded in Africa for
slaves
Slave Triangle
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The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
BEAN
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough
Great Climate
Great Soil
Small population
Religiously homogeneous
Stable monarchy (oxymoron?)
So why leave?
Catholic desire to save
the heathens
Indifference of French
monarchy to
colonization
Individualistic
trappers carve out
isolated existence
Interest in New World
developed more slowly
Motivation for exploration
= northwest passage
No real success at first
--Jacques Cartier
Developed fur trade with
Hurons and other Native
American enemies of the
Iroquois
--Samuel Champlain
While the French are “important”
We will get back to them later
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Some Dutch settlement
along the Hudson River
Valley in 1624
--Henry Hudson
Nurtured a fur trade with
the Iroquois confederacy
Peter Minuet bought
Manhattan Island from
the natives in 1626
creating New Amsterdam
Beyond New Netherlands,
no real Dutch presence in
the New World
--No religious turmoil
--Booming commerce =
plenty of jobs
--No surplus agricultural
population
English fishermen explored
the Grand Banks in the
1480’s
First official visit = John
Cabot in 1497
English interest wanes for 75
years
Elizabeth I merges English
nationalism with
Protestantism as she
increasingly challenges the
Spanish in Europe and in
America
Ireland = “Dress Rehearsal”
for treatment of Native
Americans
$25 in 1626 ($500-2011)
British pirates: better ships, guns
American Colonies: settled by dissidents to start a
new life
Britain ahead of Europe in
Textiles (sheep)
Iron
Coal
Agriculture
Roads
Freedoms
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The glorious failures of Sir
Humphrey Gilbert
The colonial vision of Sir
Walter Raleigh
The Lost Colony of Roanoke
(1587-1590)
-- “Croatan”
Propagandist Richard Hakluyt
keeps English fascination
with the New World alive
through his writings
--Voyages, 1589
Indian village
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