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European Exploration, The Columbian Exchange and the Slave Trade I. Motives for European Exploration a. The Crusades resulted in… i. Spain example => b. The Renaissance, especially ____________________, led to a great … c. The Reformation resulted in ... d. Monarchs seeking . . . e. Fame, fortune, and ___________________ for the explorers! II. New Naval Technologies a. Astrolabe => b. Mariner’s Compass => c. Sextant => d. Better maps => e. Caravel => f. Advanced firearms i. Wheel locks => ii. Cannon => III. Portuguese Explorers a. Prince Henry, “the Navigator” i. Established . . . ii. Trained sailors, captains in . . . iii. Encouraged, sponsored ... b. Portuguese Exploration in Africa and Asia i. 1460s-80s: Explored the _______________ _______________ of _________________ ii. Bartolomeo Diaz (1487) 1. Rounded the Cape of Good Hope ( __________________________________) 2. But didn’t … iii. Vasco de Gama (1498) 1. First European to sail to _____________________ 2. Route => IV. Spain and the “West Indies” a. Goal was to find . . . i. Why? => b. Christofo Colon (_______________________________) (1451-1506) i. Early life => ii. Looked for sponsors for his voyages 1. Approached leaders of … 2. What had to end, first, in Spain? => 3. Where did he discover? => iii. He died, convinced that . . . c. Ferdinand Magellan: first European to ______________________________ the globe d. Other nations’ Atlantic exploration i. England (John Cabot - ___________________ ) => ii. Italy (Amerigo Vespucci) => V. Spanish Conquests of the Americas a. Fernando Cortez vs. Montezuma II i. Aztec myths => ii. Spanish allied with . . . iii. Invite Montezuma to meeting, then … iv. Without a ruler, Aztec Empire ____________________________ b. Francisco Pizarro v. Atahualpa (Incans) i. Three Expeditions ( ii. Took advantage of … iii. Captured _____________________, ransomed him for … iv. ______________________ killed most of the Incans VI. Cycle of Conquest and Colonization & Mercantilism a. Cycle of Conquest i. Explorers… ii. Conquistadores / military forces … iii. Missionaries … iv. Permanent settlers … v. Establishment of an official _____________________ __________________________ b. Mercantilism i. Economic policy that viewed prosperity as … ii. Measured in … iii. Neighboring country example => iv. Best way to accumulate wealth? => v. Positive balance of trade idea 1. Get raw materials from ________________________ 2. Sell finished goods to _________________________ vi. Government policies = _________________________________ 1. Tariffs => 2. Colonies free? => VII. The “Columbian Exchange” a. One of the most significant events . . . b. Exchange of … c. Europe (“Old World”) got … i. Examples of fruits => ii. Examples of vegetables => iii. Examples of diseases => d. America (“New World”) got … i. Examples of fruits => ii. Examples of vegetables => iii. Examples of animals => iv. Examples of diseases => v. Why were the OW diseases so deadly?=> e. The potato: the most important vegetable in history => VIII. The Triangle Trade and the “Middle Passage” a. Slave trade consisted of _____________ parts i. First, . . . ii. Second, … iii. Third, … b. Second leg of journey called “_____________________ ________________________” IX. The Slave Trade a. The slave trade existed in Africa before . . . i. African vs. ___________________ ii. Muslims vs. ___________________ b. In New World, Portuguese replaced ______________________ slaves with _______________ i. Sugar cane => ii. First boatload of African slaves . . . c. Between 1500-1800s, over ____________________ Africans were taken, as slaves d. Where did the slaves go? i. Most slaves went to _________________ ii. _________________ went to the West Indies (Caribbean islands) iii. ________________ went to British North America e. Slave ships => i. Coffin position => ii. Africans who died during Middle Passage … X. Competition in the Colonies a. Asia / India i. Portugal lacked the ___________________________ and __________________ to dominate trade in … ii. Spain conquered ____________________________ iii. First English expedition to India in ___________ 1. English arrived in NW India in _____________ 2. Dutch arrived in India in ______________ b. New World i. North America => ii. Central / South America => XI. Impact of European Expansion a. Native populations ravaged by disease => b. Influx of gold and silver into Europe created … c. New products introduced across the continents => d. Deepened rivalries between …
