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■Essential Question: –What were the global impacts of the European Age of Exploration? ■Warm-Up Question: –What was the Columbian Exchange? –What is mercantilism? –What is capitalism? The Impact of the Age of Exploration: Europe Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Official European Colony! Europe was greatly impacted by the Age of Exploration Overseas colonies increased the wealth of European nations, the power of kings. This was especially true in Spain where the influx of gold turned Spain into one of the wealthiest & most powerful nations in Europe King Philip II The increase in trade led to the growth of capitalism, especially in England & the Netherlands Capitalism is a system in which merchants trade & invest money in order to make a profit; Prices are determined by supply and demand Citizens can invest money in companies like the British East India Company & share in the profits Nations developed an economic policy called mercantilism basedMercantilism upon the idea that national power comes from a favorable balance of trade As a result, colonies are needed to supply the mother country with cheap raw materials Due to mercantilism, a “triangular trade” developed between Europe, their overseas colonies, & Africa The Impact of the Age of Exploration: Asia, America, Africa Asia was greatly The Portuguese & Dutch seized impacted by the trade ports in the Spice Islands Age of Exploration & in India in order to gain exotic European merchants goods like cotton & spices began to dominate trade in China & Japan & converted many people to Christianity Catholic missionaries introduced Christianity to the American Indians America was greatly impacted by the Age of Exploration The introduction of new foods, plants, & animals between America & Europe was called the Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans. The introduction of potatoes The introduction The introduction of & corn helped improve the Europeanof grains, European horses, diets & life expectancy of & cattlediseases transformed like people throughout the world many Indian smallpox cultures & influenza killed as many as 90% of Native Americas Europeans introduced the plantation system in America; These large cash crop farms were called encomiendas Encomiendas required a large supply of workers which increased the need for slaves The demand for workers on American plantations, especially in the Caribbean & Brazil, led to the African slave trade Africa was greatly impacted by the Age of Exploration The majority of African slaves worked in harsh conditions on sugar & indigo plantations or in gold & silver mines For 300 years, slaves were sold in West Africa & brought to America along a route across the Atlantic Ocean known as the Middle Passage The Middle Passage What does this tell about the motives of the slavers? HEIGHT OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE SLAVE ROUTES OUT OF AFRICA STATISTICS OF THE SLAVE TRADE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE CARRIERS DESTINATIONS PORTUGAL 4.7 million BRAZIL 4.0 million BRITISH NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING THE USA 2.9 million SPANISH EMPIRE 2.5 million SPAIN 1.6 million BRITISH WEST INDIES 2.0 million FRANCE 1.3 million FRENCH WEST INDIES 1.6 million NETHERLANDS 0,9 million BRITISH NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING USA 500,000 DUTCH WEST INDIES 500,000 DANISH WEST INDIES 28,000 EUROPE AND ATLANTIC ISLANDS 200,000 SOURCE: “THE SLAVE TRADE” BY HUGH THOMAS African Slave Captives auction Sugar Position plantation upon Beingarrival Thrown in Haiti in Overboard America The “Coffin” Used Below Desk The Columbian Exchange Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans. The Columbian Exchange New crops like potatoes and beans spread and improved nutrition worldwide. Luxury products like coffee, chocolate, tea, tobacco, and spices meant new cultural habits for those with money to spend. Environmental changes resulted from introducing new species & over-hunting Global cash crops were grown on large plantations with slave labor. Caribbean sugar plantation 1600s Livestock introduced to the Americas changed indigenous groups’ ways of life. Plains woman hunting buffalo 1800s Overhunting of foxes, beavers, and minks occurred because of the fur trade. Deforestation intensified with growth in mining, shipbuilding, and plantation agriculture. mining boiling sugar