Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download A New World of Many Cultures 1491-1607
Transcript
A New World of Many Cultures 1491-1607 Period 1: 1491-1607 | Amsco Chapter 1 Overview Human Migration The land bridge (Bering Sea) C. 40,000 years ago humans crossed into North America The Archaic Period c. 10,000 – 2,500 years ago Human spreading and settling in various climate regions Cultural development based on climate C. 50-100 million people by 1490s Central and South America Concentration in 3 developed civilizations Between 300-800 AD the Maya thrived Advanced cities in the rainforests of Mexico C. 1350 AD the Aztec rose to power Tenochtitlan, population rivaled European cities (200k) Concurrently, the Inca rose to power in Peru All 3 had sophisticated societies, scientific discoveries, et cetera Staple crop: maize North America Smaller, less-sophisticated societies than C/S America Population c. 1-10 million by 1490s Diverse cultures based on location Southwest: Anasazi and Pueblo; limited farming with irrigation Northwest: rich diet based on hunting, fishing, and gathering (totem poles) Great Plains: nomadic hunting and limited farming (teepee) Horses not obtained until 17th century (Spanish) Midwest: rich food supply via farming in river valleys (Hopewell Mounds) Northeast: hunting and farming, like Midwest; Iroquois Confederation Atlantic Seaboard: rich food source, like two former Changes in Europe “Old World” and “New World” disconnect Outside of Viking exploration – no lasting effect Technological advancements (Renaissance) Compass (from Chinese via Arabs) Triangular sail (from Arabs) Gunpowder and printing press (from Chinese) Religious conflict Catholic Reconquista in Spain Catholic wars against Ottoman Empire (Austria and Spain) The Protestant Reformation in Northern Europe (England/Holland) Expanding Trade Increased international trade led to growing competition Venice as European hub Pulled goods from diverse markets in Constantinople and Middle East These goods made the long journey from China The Silk Road network (silk, spices, pottery, cotton) The Ottoman Empire Taxation of Silk Road trade Incentive to find cheaper alternative to Indian/Chinese markets Portugal: Bartolome Dias; Vasco de Gama The Slave Trade A historic norm for all cultures Portugal began buying slaves from West Africa Madeira and Azores: Sugar plantations Empires Nationalism Nation-States and Competition 15th century small-kingdoms were unifying into larger ones Nations, states, and nation-states These were replacing old kingdoms and multiethnic empires Columbus’s journey west Meant to quicken route to East Indies markets Realization of Americas Day 2 A New World of Many Cultures 1491-1607 Columbian Exchange When the “Old World” reunited with the “New World” Humans came into contact that had not for thousands of years Plants and animals were exchanged Goods were exchanged (sugar for maize, et cetera) Diseases spread with no immunity on the receiving end Small pox Would spread naturally and forcibly 90% mortality rate for Native Americans Millions would die; estimates range from 75%-90% of native population Dividing the Americas Spain and Portugal’s lead on colonization Led to competition and demarcation: Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 The Spanish Conquest (continuation of Reconquista) Conquistadores, Hernan Cortez, and Francisco Pizarro Extermination of population for material gain The Encomienda system (state grant) Issues with jurisdiction and neglect (absolute exploitation) Asiento system connected the slave trade in Africa to the Americas The English, French, and Dutch England contracted John Cabot (Venice) for exploration c. 1497 Claims to East Coast were not followed pursued Henry VIII’s reform, succession, and competition with Spain (Sir Francis Drake) Sir Walter Raleigh’s attempt of North Carolina 1587 (failure) France’s attempt to find “Northwest Passage” Jacques Cartier c. 1535 explores the St. Lawrence River Preoccupied with religious unrest (Huguenots) Quebec established 1608 by Samuel de Champlain C. 1680 the French had explored/settled Mississippi River Valley The Netherlands hired Henry Hudson (England) for “N/W Passage” Hudson Bay, up the Hudson River (1609), and later New Amsterdam The Dutch West India Company Spain in North America Florida 1565 – St. Augustine: oldest European city in America New Mexico 1610 – Santa Fe: center of Christianization of region; Pueblo revolt 1680 Texas “Cowboys”; increased settlement in 1700s to resist French Mississippi California 1769 – San Diego in response to Russian movements in N/W 1776 – San Francisco; Franciscan order missions Policies with Natives Generally looked down upon (inferior) and exploited Spanish: large-scale slaughter; exploitation of labor; resource extraction; forced conversion. A policy adopted from Columbus Bartolome de Las Casas: contrasted this view; advocated for better treatment English: relocated entire population to construct new society; viewed natives as useful until no longer useful; conclusion: exterminate/remove French: small, mostly temporary population based upon trade (coureur des bois); usually cooperative with natives and on good terms Native reaction Still divided culturally into tribes Confederacies formed to fight threat of Europeans
