Download 164 Study Guide chem

Biology 164 – Study Guide
Chemistry (Chapter 2)
Know the definition and significance of the following terms:
acid and base, acidic and basic, anabolic and catabolic reactions, anion, atom,
atomic number, atomic weight (mass), buffer, cation, covalent bond, dehydration
synthesis reaction, deoxyribose, disaccharide, electron, endergonic and
exergonic reactions, enzyme, hydrogen bond, hydrolysis (decomposition)
reaction, ionic bond, monosaccharide, neutral pH, neutron, Octet Rule (Rule of
Eight), peptide bond, pH (know the formula for this), phospholipids, polar and
nonpolar covalent bonds, polysaccharide, proton, ribose, saturated and
unsaturated fats, single and double covalent bonds, steroid, triglyceride, weak
acid and weak base
Be able to recognize (not draw) the general chemical formula (e.g. (CH2O)n ) for
the following classes of macromolecules:
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
Know several functions for the following classes of macromolecules:
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
Know the class of macromolecule to which each of the following belongs:
adenine, amino acid, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), cellulose, cholesterol,
cytosine, enzymes, estrogen and testosterone, fatty acid, fructose, glucose,
glycogen, guanine, hemoglobin, starch (amylose), thymine, uracil
Be familiar with the following chemical equation and its significance:
H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3(carbonic acid ↔ hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion)
What could cause this reaction to go to the left?
What could cause this reaction to go to the right?
Practice questions:
1. The recently discovered (hypothetical) atom, Rauschium, has 448 electrons. How
many protons does an ATOM of Rauschium have?
a. 0
b. 224
c. 448
d. 896
e. not enough information is given to answer this question
2. What is the charge on an ATOM of Rauschium?
a. –2
b. –1
c. 0
d. + 1
e. +2
3. Rauschium has 6 electrons in its outermost shell. Assuming that Rauschium obeys
the Octet Rule, what is the most likely charge on an ION of Rauschium?
a. –2
b. –1
c. 0
d. + 1
e. +2
4. Based on the correct answer to the previous question, a Rauschium ion is a(n):
a. anion
b. cation
c. dogion
d. onion
5. The weakest type of chemical bond in biological systems that we discussed in class
is the __ bond.
a. covalent
b. hydrogen
c. ionic
d. Savings
6. Most of the energy we derive from food is the result of breaking the strongest type of
chemical bond. These bonds are ___ bonds.
a. covalent
b. hydrogen
c. ionic
d. Barry
7. Ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water. This is true because low
temperature stabilizes __ bonds which push individual water molecules farther apart.
a. covalent
b. hydrogen
c. ionic
d. James
8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which of the following is most acidic?
blood (pH 7.35 - 7.45)
gastric juice (pH 1 - 3)
household ammonia (pH 10.5 - 11.9)
seawater (pH 7.8 - 8.3)
urine (pH 5.0 - 7.0)
•
The chemical formula below illustrates a buffer system. Use the formula to answer
questions 9 and 10:
H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3(carbonic acid ↔ hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion)
9. Which element of the formula is a weak base?
a. H2CO3
b. H+
c. HCO310. If hydrochloric acid (HCl) were added to a beaker containing this buffer system, the
reaction would initially:
a. go to the right (H2CO3 → H+ +
HCO3-)
b. go to the left (H2CO3 ← H+ + HCO3-)
•
Use the following to answer questions the next three (3) questions:
a. a string of covalently bonded amino acids
b. (CH2O)n
c. glycerol + three fatty acids
d. sugar⎯phosphate⎯sugar⎯phosphate⎯sugar⎯phosphate⎯
⎥
⎥
⎥
base
base
base
11. Which general formula or description refers to nucleic acids?
12. Which general formula or description refers to proteins?
13. Which general formula or description refers to carbohydrates?
• Use the following to answer the next four (4) questions:
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. nucleic acids
d. proteins
14. Almost all enzymes (that you need to know about) are this type of macromolecule.
15. Cell membranes are predominantly composed of proteins and ___.
16. These are the most efficient energy storage molecules. Unlike some energy
storage molecules, these are not stored with water.
17. Hereditary information is stored in the form of genes in one type of these
macromolecules.
18. Hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying molecule, is one of these.
19. In DNA, adenine (A) is complementary to ___.
a. A
b. C
c. G
d. T
e. anyone with a box of candy
DON’T LOOK AT THE ANSWERS NOW!! WAIT UNTIL YOU’VE TRIED TO
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.
1 C
2 C
3 A
4 A
5 B
6 A
7 B
8 B
9 C
10 B
11 D
12 A
13 B
14 D
15 B
16 B
17 C
18 D
19 D