Download Macromolecules!

Macromolecules!
United Streaming Intro Video
Chemistry of Carbon
• Carbon can bond with many elements,
including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous,
sulfur, and nitrogen to form the molecules of
life.
• carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, and sulfur are the main
components of a living cell. CHNOPS
Macromolecules
• Macromolecules are formed by
polymerization (large compounds are built by
joining smaller ones together).
• Small units= monomers
• Monomers join together to form polymers
1. Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are compounds made up of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually
in a ratio of 1:2:1
• Primary Function: Provide and store energy
• Plants, some animals, and other organisms
also use carbohydrates for structural
purposes.
Simple Sugars
• The monomer of carbohydrates=
monosaccharide
• Monosaccharides= a single sugar molecule
– Ex: glucose, fructose, and galactose
• Table sugar, sucrose, consists of glucose and
fructose. It is a disaccharide made by joining
two simple sugars
Complex Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharide= many monosaccharides
– Animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide
called glycogen
– Plants store excess sugar in a polysaccharide
called starch
2. Lipids
• Lipids are made mostly from carbon and
hydrogen atoms.
• Common categories of lipids are fats, oils, and
waxes
• The primary functions of lipid macromolecules
are to insulate, store energy, and make up cell
membranes.
• Lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule
combines with compounds called fatty acids
• There are two groups of fatty acids--saturated
and unsaturated.
• unsaturated refers to the presence of one or
more double bonds between carbons
• saturated fatty acid has all bonding positions
between carbons occupied by hydrogens.
3. Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and phosphorous.
• Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from
individual monomers known as nucleotides
• Nucleotide: 5-Carbon sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base
Nucleotide
• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or
genetic information
– 2 kinds: DNA and RNA
• Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) control cell
activities by directing protein synthesis.
4. Proteins
• Proteins are macromolecules that contain
nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers
• Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino
acids together to form a polypeptide. Protein=
one or more polypeptide
• Protein molecules that are assembled in cells
carry out most of the cells’ work.
• The function of each protein molecule
depends on its specific conformation.
• The sequence of amino acids and the shape of
the chain are a consequence of attractions
between the chain’s parts.
• Some proteins are structural (hair, nails).
Others function in transport (hemoglobin),
movement (muscle fibers and cytoskeletal
elements), defense (antibodies), and
regulation of cell functions (hormones and
enzymes).