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Recovery and Rebirth: Chapter 12 The Age of the Renaissance Name___________________________________Date__________Period__________Score_____ Focus Questions In this chapter, students will focus on: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The characteristics that distinguish the Renaissance from the Middle Ages The major social changes that occurred in the Renaissance The works of Machiavelli, and how they reflected the political realities of Renaissance Italy The chief characteristics of Humanism The chief characteristics of Renaissance art in Italy The “new monarchies” or “Renaissance states” of the late 15th century The policies of the Renaissance popes, and the impact these policies had on the Catholic church How Renaissance art, and the Humanist movement, reflected the political, economic, and social developments of the period Lecture Outline I. Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance A. Renaissance = Rebirth B. Jacob Burkhardt 1. Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) C. Urban Society D. Age of Recovery E. Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture F. Emphasis on individual ability II. The Making of Renaissance Society A. Economic Recovery 1. Italian cities lose economic supremacy 2. Hanseatic League 3. Manufacturing a. Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgy 4. Banking a. Florence and the Medici III. Social Changes in the Renaissance A. The Nobility 1. Reconstruction of the aristocracy 2. Aristocracy: 2-3 percent of the population B. Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529) 1. The Book of the Courtier (1528) 2. Service to the prince 1 IV. Peasants and Townspeople A. Peasants 1. Peasants: 85-90 percent of population 2. Decline of manorial system and serfdom B. Urban Society 1. Patricians 2. Petty burglers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen 3. The poor and unemployed 4. Slaves V. Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy A. Husbands and Wives 1. Arranged Marriages 2. Husband head of household 3. Wife managed household B. Children 1. Childbirth C. Sexual Norms VI. The Italian States in the Renaissance A. Five Major Powers 1. Milan 2. Venice 3. Florence a. The Medici 4. The Papal States 5. Kingdom of Naples B. Independent City-States 1. Mantua 2. Ferrara 3. Urbino C. The Role of Women D. Warfare in Italy 1. Struggle between France and Spain 2. Invasion and division VII. The Birth of Modern Diplomacy A. Modern diplomacy of a product of Renaissance Italy B. Changing concept of the ambassador 1. Resident ambassador 2. Agents of the territorial state VIII. Machiavelli and the New Statecraft A. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) 1. The Prince 2. Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power 3. Cesare Borgia IX. Italian Renaissance Humanism A. Classical Revival B. Petrarch (1304-1374) 2 C. Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy 1. Leonard Bruni (1370-1444) a. New Cicero 2. Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) D. Humanism and Philosophy 1. Marsilio Ficino (143301499) a. Translates Plato’s dialogues b. Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism E. Renaissance Hermeticism 1. Ficino, Coropus Hermeticum 2. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494), Oration on the Dignity of Man X. Education, History, and the Impact of Printing A. Education in the Renaissance 1. Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music 2. Education of women 3. Aim of education was to create a complete citizen B. Humanism and History 1. Secularization 2. Guicciardini (1483-1540), History of Italy, History of Florence C. The Impact of Printing 1. Johannes Gutenberg a. Movable type (1445-1450) b. Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456) 2. The spread of printing XI. Art in the Early Renaissance A. Masaccio (1401-1428) B. Perspective and Organization C. Movement and Anatomical Structure D. Paolo Uccelo (1397-1475) 1. The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian E. Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) 1. Primavera F. Donato di Donatello (1386-1466) 1. David G. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) 1. The Cathedral of Florence 2. Church of San Lorenzo XII. The Artistic High Renaissance A. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) 1. Last Supper B. Raphael (1483-1520) 1. School of Athens C. Michelangelo (1475-1564) 1. The Sistine Chapel XIII. The Artist and Social Status A. Early Renaissance 1. Artists as craftsmen 3 B. High Renaissance 2. Artists as heroes XIV. The Northern Artistic Renaissance A. Jan van Eyck (c. 1380-1441) 1. Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride B. Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) 1. Adoration of the Magi XV. Music in the Renaissance A. Burgundy B. Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400-1474) C. The Renaissance Madrigal XVI. The European State in the Renaissance A. The Renaissance State in Western Europe 1. France a. Louis XI the Spider King (1461-1483) 2. England a. War of the Roses b. Henry VII Tudor (1485-1509) 3. Spain a. Unification of Castile and Aragon b. Establishment of professional royal army c. Religious uniformity d. The Inquisition e. Conquest of Granada f. Expulsion of the Jews XVII. Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires A. Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire 1. Habsburg Dynasty 2. Maximilian I (1494-1519) B. The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe 1. Poland 2. Hungary 3. Russia C. The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire 1. Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory 2. Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453) XVIII. The Church in the Renaissance A. The Problems of Heresy and Reform 1. John Wycliff (c. 1328-1384) and Lollardy 2. John Hus (1374-1415) a. Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy b. Burned at the stake (1415) 3. Church Councils 4. The Papacy B. The Renaissance Papacy 1. Julius II (1503-1513) 3. Patrons of Culture a. “Warrior Pope” a. Leo X (1513-1521) 2. Nepotism 4 CHAPTER 12 SUMMARY Michelangelo Beginning in Italy, the Renaissance (or “rebirth”) was an era that rediscovered the culture of ancient Greece and Rome. It was also a time of recovery from the fourteenth century. The Renaissance had a more secular and individualistic ethos than medieval society. It might best be seen as evolutionary in its urban and commercial continuity from the High Middle Ages. In the North Sea, the Hanseatic League competed with the merchants from the Mediterranean, where the Venetians had a commercial empire. In Florence, profits from the woolen industry were invested in banking. The aristocracy remained the ruling class, its ideals explicated in Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier. Peasants were still the vast majority, but serfdom and manorialism were dying out. An important minority were the inhabitants of towns and cities, with merchants and bankers at the apex and the unskilled workers at the bottom. The father or husband as a dictator dominated the extended family, and marriages were arranged for social and economic advantage. Wives were much younger than their husbands, with their primary function being to bear children; the mortality rate in childbirth and for infants and young children remained high. Italy was dominated by five major states: the duchy of Milan, Florence, Venice, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples. There were also other city-states that were centers of culture and where women played vital roles. At the end of the fifteenth century, Spain and France invaded the divided peninsula. The concept of the new statecraft was exemplified in Niccolo Machiavelli’s (d. 1527), The Prince, which described the methods of gaining and holding political power: moral concerns are irrelevant, for the ends justify the means. There was an increased emphasis upon the human. Among the influential humanists was Petrarch (d. 1374) in his advocacy of classical Latin writers. Civic humanism proposed that the ideal citizen was not only an intellectual but also a patriot, actively serving the state, and humanist education was to produce individuals of virtue and wisdom. The printing press was perfected, mult6iplying the availability of books. In art, the aim was to imitate nature by the use of realistic perspective. Masaccio (d. 1428), Donatello (d. 1466) and Michelangelo (d. 1519) made Florence a focus of the arts. The High Renaissance of Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci (d. 1519) and Raphael (d. 1520) combined natural realism with Platonic idealism. The artisan might become a great artist, and thus transform his social and economic status. It was the era of the “new monarchies.” In France, Louis XI (d. 1483), the Spider, established a centralized state. England’s Henry VII (d. 1509) limited the private armies of the aristocracy, raised taxes, and left a more powerful monarchy In Spain, Isabella (d. 1504) and Ferdinand (d. 1516) created a professional army and enforced religious uniformity by the conversion and expulsion of Jews and Moslems. The Holy Roman Empire remained weak, but the Habsburg emperors created a strong state of their own through numerous marriages. There were no “new monarchies” in eastern Europe, but Russia’s Ivan III (d. 1505) ended Mongol control. Lastly, in 1453 the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople. The church was besieged by problems. John Wycliff (d. 1384) and John Hus (d. 1415) condemned the papacy for corruption, its temporal concerns, and demanded the Bible in the vernacular. The popes reflected their era, and their secular involvements overshadowed their spiritual responsibilities. Some preferred war and politics to prayer and piety, and others ignored their vows of celibacy, ambitiously advancing their families over the needs of the faithful. Most were great patrons of the arts, but religious concerns ranked behind the pleasures of this life. 5 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 1400 1425 1450 1475 1500 1525 ____________________________ ________________ Civic humanism in Florence War of Roses __ Sack of Rome _______Masaccio’s frescoes in Florence __Marriage Ferdinand & Isabella __Machiavelli’s The Prince ____________________________ Rule of Cosimo de’ Medici in Florence _____ Invention of printing with moveable type __Fall of Constantinople ___Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier __Botticelli’s Primavera _____Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper ____ Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel ceiling Time Line Chapter 12 6 7 ESSAY 1. In what ways was the Renaissance truly just a “rebirth,” a rehashing of old knowledge and perspectives. To what extent was the Renaissance a series of original innovations? ANS: 2. In what ways did the European world experience an economic recovery in the fifteenth century? Did the revived economy differ greatly from what it had been? ANS: 3. Discuss he major social changes of the Renaissance era. Were these changes actually a rejection of medieval trends? Why or why not? ANS: 4. Discuss the political development of Italy during the Renaissance. What new political practices (statecraft) did the Italians contribute to Europe? How are these new political practices reflected in the work of Machiavelli? ANS: 5. Compare warfare in the Middle Ages with that of the Renaissance. Consider the differences and the continuities, as regards to causes, aims, financing, and technology, as well as who fought and for what motives. ANS: 8 6. Discuss Italian Renaissance humanism. What does the word humanism mean? Who were the humanists? What were their goals? Did they achieve them? ANS: 7. To what extent did Renaissance artists change society during their own lifetimes, and to what extent were they merely mirrors of changes going on around them? ANS: 8. What were the distinctive characteristics of the Renaissance artists? How does their art reflect the political and social events of the period? ANS: 9. What characterized the relationship between leading Renaissance figures and the aristocrats and monarchs of Italy? ANS: 10. Discuss the major characteristics of the Renaissance papacy. What impact did the policies of the Renaissance popes have on the Catholic Church? ANS: 11. What were the new ideologies in the Renaissance that possibly weakened the primacy of religion? Of the Catholic Church? ANS: IDENTIFICATIONS 1. Renaissance ANS: 9 2. Jacob Burckhardt ANS: 3. Leon Battista Alberti ANS: 4. Hanseatic League ANS: 5. House of Medici ANS: 6. Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier ANS: 7. condottieri ANS: 8. Francesco Sforza ANS: 9. Cosimo de’Medici ANS: 10. the Papal States ANS: 11. Isabella d’Este ANS: 10 12. Peace of Lodi and balance of power ANS: 13. 1527 sack of Rome ANS: 14. Machiavelli’s The Prince ANS: 15. civic humanism ANS: 16. Petrarch ANS: 17. Leonardo Bruni’s The New Cicero ANS: 18. Lorenzo Valla ANS: 19. Marsilio Ficino and Neoplatonism ANS: 20. Renaissance Hermeticism ANS: 21. Pico della Mirandola’s Oration ANS: 11 22. “liberal studies” ANS: 23. Francesco Guicciardini ANS: 24. Johannes Gutenberg ANS: 25. Masaccio ANS: 26. Lorenzo the Magnificent ANS: 27. Botticelli’s Primavera ANS: 28. Donatello’s David ANS: 29. Brunelleschi’s dome ANS: 30. High Renaissance ANS: 31. Leonardo da Vinci ANS: 12 32. Raphael ANS: 33. Michelangelo ANS: 34 Sistine Chapel’s David ANS: 35. Bramante and Saint Peter’s ANS: 36. Giorgio Vasari’s Lives of the Artists ANS: 37. Northern Renaissance ANS: 38. Jan van Eyck ANS: 39. Albrecht Durer ANS: 40. madrigals ANS: 41. “new monarchies” 13 ANS: 42. Louis XI the Spider and Henry VII ANS: 43. Ferdinand and Isabella ANS: 44. Spanish Inquisition ANS: 45. the Habsburgs ANS: 46. Ivan III ANS: 47. Constantinople and 1453 ANS: 48. John Wycliff and John Hus ANS: 49. Pius II’s Execrabilis ANS: 50. Renaissance popes ANS: 14 Isaiah 43:1 Fear not for I have redeemed you: I have called you by name and you are mine Isaiah 43:3 For I am the Lord, your God, the Holy One of Israel, your savior 15 Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 12 AP European History Questions & Ideas Notes 16 Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 12 AP European History Questions & Ideas Notes 17 Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 12 AP European History Questions & Ideas Notes 18 Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 12 AP European History Questions & Ideas Notes 19 Critical Thinking Questions Chapter 12 20 Focus Questions and Answers European History Chapter 12 Name_________________________________________________Period______________Date_____________Score___________ FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. The characteristics that distinguish the Renaissance from the Middle Ages 21 2. The major social changes that occurred in the Renaissance 22 3. The works of Machiavelli, and how they reflected the political realities of Renaissance Italy 23 4. The chief characteristics of Humanism 24 5. The chief characteristics of Renaissance art in Italy 25 6. The “new monarchies” or “Renaissance states” of the late 15th century 26 7. The policies of the Renaissance popes, and the impact these policies had on the Catholic church 27 8. How Renaissance art, and the Humanist movement, reflected the political, economic, and social developments of the period 28 Spill Over Focus Questions and Answers Chapter 12 29