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Transcript
AP Biology Darwin and the History to his Theory of Natural Selection • • • • What are traits? The expression of nucleotide sequences What do nucleotide sequences compose? Genes • • • • How does an organism get genes? They are inherited From where do organisms get genes? From the previous generation (the parents) • • • • What are the components of the Cell Theory? The cell is the basic unit of life All living things are made of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells Pre-existing Cell • What influences an ecosystem? • Biotic and abiotic factors What brought Charles Darwin into the forefront of science? The publishing of his book in 1859 – On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection What was the book mainly about? The biodiversity on the earth • What were the three main themes of Darwin’s book? • Species similarities and differences • Adaptations for survival • Geographic distribution They look almost like humans They look almost like apes • What is the Theory of Natural Selection? • Natural selection and competition are the driving forces of evolution • How well organisms are able to respond to competition will determine their survival • Organisms with traits favorable to the environment will survive and reproduce • Organisms with traits unfavorable to the environment will struggle, die out, adapt, or move to another place • What did Carolus Linnaeus contribute to the field of biology? • He developed the modern classification system that we use today for studying organisms • What title is Linnaeus give? • The Father of Taxonomy • What is taxonomy? • The science of species classification • Before Linnaeus how were organisms classified? • Into 2 kingdoms – Plants & Animals • Aristotle devised this classification system • How did Linnaeus name organisms? • He used a two-name naming system • What is this system called? • Binomial nomenclature • How does the system work? • The genus name is written first and is capitalized • The species name is written second and is not capitalized • Why is a scientific name always written in italics? • Because the Latin language is used for these names • Why is it written in Latin? • Because Latin is a dead language (not used as a conversational language by any group of people); therefore, it will not change over time • Scientists anywhere in the world can use it, and everyone will be using the same words • • • • • • • • • • What are the levels of classification used today? Domain Similar kingdoms Similar phyla or divisions Kingdom Similar classes Phylum Similar orders Class Order Similar families Family Similar genuses (genera) Genus Similar species Organisms that can interbreed and Species produce fertile offspring What is each level composed of? • What is a taxon? • The term used for any level in the classification system • Which taxon is the most inclusive and the least specific? • Domain • Which taxon is the least inclusive and the most specific? • Species • What is a breed? • A sub category of species • Different breeds of dogs, cats, horses, etc. • What is an easy way to remember the classification taxons in the correct order? • Use a mnemonic • This is a silly sentence or phrase in which the 1st letter or each word is the 1st letter of the word you wish to remember • Example: Dominating King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad • How was Cuvier important to the study of taxonomy? • He was a paleontologist • What is a paleontologist? • Someone who studies fossils • What does this term mean? • Old bones • What was Cuvier’s contribution to taxonomy? • He proposed the Theory of Catastrophism • Some organisms seemed to suddenly disappear from the earth (such as dinosaurs) due to some catastrophic event (like a meteor hitting the earth) • How do fossils form? • Plants or animals get buried under layers of sediment in a body of water • Over time the weight of the layers preserve the organism in a fossilized form • What kind of rock are most fossils found in? • Sedimentary • What does the term strata mean? • Layers • • • • How can we tell the age of fossils? By the layer of rock in which they are found Older layers are on bottom Younger layers are on top • What did James Hutton contribute to the classification of organisms? • He was a geologist • He studied rocks and the processes that formed them • He proposed the Theory of Gradualism • He proposed that the earth had to be millions of years old, because it would take that long to form mountains, canyons, etc. • What did Charles Lyell contribute to the classification of organisms? • He wrote the book Principles of Geology, which proposed the Theory of Uniformitarianism. • “The present is the key to the past” • Everything we see occurring today also occurred in the past • It took millions of years for the geologic formations we see today to be created • What did Lamarck contribute to the classification of organisms? • He proposed the theory of evolution the year Darwin was born • His theory was called Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics by Means of Use versus Disuse • If a body part is not used, it will disappear in future generations • If a body part is used, it will be inherited in future generations • • • • What was the fallacy of Lamarck’s theory? Traits are the expression of genes Genes are inherited Unless the gene changes, the trait will not change • What did Thomas Malthus contribute to the classification of organisms? • He was an economist (studied business and money) • He wrote the essay “Principles of Population”, which stated that more organisms are produced than are able to survive in nature • Life becomes a struggle for existence • A psychologist actually came up with the term “survival of the fittest”----not Darwin • What is social Darwinism? • The idea that “survival of the fittest” be used as an excuse to practice eugenics • What is eugenics? • The killing off of genetically inferior individuals • The criteria for this decision might be race, color, religious beliefs, nationality, or genetic problems, such as mental or physical deformities Darwin’s Book Carolus Linnaeus Father of Taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature Example: Humans Homo sapiens Homo is the Genus part. sapiens is the Species part. Taxonomy of Life Georges Cuvier Theory of Catastrophism Examples of fossils Fossil Formation using water, sediment, and long periods of time James Hutton Theory of Gradualism Charles Lyell Theory of Uniformitarianism Jean Baptiste Lamarck Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Thomas Malthus Principles of Population Malthus’s Hypothesis Life is a struggle to exist