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Chapter 2: Minerals Elements and the Periodic Table An element is a substance that can not be broken down into simpler substance by chemical or physical means. Atoms An atom is the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element. Protons & Neutrons A proton has about the same mass as a neutron. Hydrogen atoms have only a single proton in their nuclei, while some other atoms contain more than 100 protons. Atomic Number The number of protons in a nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number. Atomic Mass = The combined number of protons and neutrons Electrons An electron is the smallest of the three fundamental particles in an atom. An electron has the mass of about 1/1836 the mass of a proton or a neutron. Electrons move about the nucleus sp rapidly that they create a sphereshaped negative zone. Why Atoms Bond Most elements exist combined with other elements to form substances with properties that are different from the elements themselves. Sodium is often found combined with the element chorine as the mineral halite. Rock Salt Why Atoms Bond Most elements exist combined with other elements to form substances with properties that are different from the elements themselves. Sodium is often found combined with the element chorine as the mineral halite. Rock Salt Let’s Review element 1. An __________ is a substance that can not be broken down into simpler substance by chemical or physical means. atom is the smallest particle of matter that contains the 2. An _____ characteristics of an element. protons 3. The number of __________ in a nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number. 4. The combined number of protons and neutrons in an atom is mass called the atomic __________. Chapter 2.2 Minerals Learning Outcomes: o Students will be able to… List five characteristics of minerals Describe the process that result in mineral formation Explain how minerals can be classified List three of the major groups of minerals Vocabulary: o mineral = A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition o silicate = Any one of numerous minerals that have the oxygen and silicon tetrahedron as their basic structure o silicon-oxygen tetrahedron = A structure composed of four oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom, which constitutes the basic building block of silicate minerals Tetrahedron = Tetra comes from the Greek word for “four” The part hedron comes from the Greek word for “face” So a tetrahedron is a shape that has four faces Interesting Fact Judging from the enormous number of known minerals (over 3800), one might think that a large number of elements are needed to make them. Surprisingly, the bulk of all minerals are made up of only eight elements. These elements, in order of abundance, are 1. Oxygen (O) 2. Silicon (Si) 3. Aluminum (Al) 4. Iron (Fe) 5. Calcium (Ca) 6. Sodium (Na) 7. Potassium (K) 8. Magnesium (Mg) Interesting Fact Minerals are classified according to: 1. Color 2. Streak 3. Luster 4. Crystal Form 5. Hardness 6. Cleavage 7. Fracture 8. Density Mineral Classification Minerals are classified according to: 1. Color Small amounts of different elements 2. Streak can give the same mineral different 3. Luster colors 4. Crystal Form 5. Hardness 6. Cleavage 7. Fracture 8. Density Mineral Classification Minerals are classified according to: 1. Color The color of the mineral in its powder 2. Streak form 3. Luster 4. Crystal Form 5. Hardness 6. Cleavage 7. Fracture 8. Density Mineral Classification Minerals are classified according to: 1. Color 2. Streak Term used to describe how light is 3. Luster reflected from the surface of the 4. Crystal Form mineral 5. Hardness 6. Cleavage 7. Fracture 8. Density Mineral Classification Minerals are classified according to: 1. Color 2. Streak 3. Luster 4. Crystal Form Visible expression of a mineral’s 5. Hardness internal arrangement of atoms (i.e., 6. Cleavage cubic, hexagonal, etc.) 7. Fracture 8. Density Mineral Classification Minerals are classified according to: 1. Color 2. Streak 3. Luster 4. Crystal Form 5. Hardness Measures the resistance of a mineral 6. Cleavage 7. Fracture It’s one of the most commonly used 8. Density properties to identify a mineral Uses the Mohs scale PDF file on Canvas Mineral Classification Minerals are classified according to: 1. Color 2. Streak 3. Luster 4. Crystal Form 5. Hardness 6. Cleavage The tendency of the mineral to cleave, 7. Fracture or break, along flat, even surfaces 8. Density Mineral Classification Minerals are classified according to: 1. Color 2. Streak 3. Luster 4. Crystal Form 5. Hardness 6. Cleavage Minerals that do not show cleavage 7. Fracture when broken are said to fracture 8. Density Fracture is the uneven breakage of a mineral Mineral Classification Minerals are classified according to: 1. Color 2. Streak 3. Luster 4. Crystal Form 5. Hardness 6. Cleavage 7. Fracture 8. Density A property of all matter that is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume Section 2.2 Minerals “Worksheet” Let’s Review 1. Tetrahedron comes from two Greek words, tetra meaning “four” ____ “face” and hedron meaning ______ 2. Describe the processes that result in mineral formation. 3. Explain how minerals can be classified. 4. List three of the major groups of minerals 5. List five characteristics of minerals