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Do Now • With the person sitting next to you, take out your review cards and spend five minutes quizzing each other about the Renaissance. Renaissance Review Chapters to Study: Chapter 13 Sections 1 & 2 The primary reasons that the Renaissance began in Italy are: 1. Cultural remnants from ancient Greece and Rome 2. Emphasis on the individual 3. Impact of the Crusades 4. A central location between Europe and the Middle East WHAT WERE THE FACTORS THAT CAUSED THE RENAISSANCE TO BEGIN IN ITALY? Humanism/Secularism, Individualism, Classicism THE RENAISSANCE WAS PRIMARILY FOCUSED ON…? WHAT WAS HUMANISM? Humanism was an intellectual movement that emphasized the role of the individual and individual achievement and was the fundamental shift in thinking brought about by the Italian Renaissance. It is best characterized by: Reading classical writings of Greece and Rome, developing skills of rhetoric (speaking / writing clearly), pursuing perfection through philosophy and a life of solitude (this is a characteristic of early humanism according to Petrarch). 1. Black Plague caused a “clearing out” of society causing political disorder and economic recession. 2. Political Disorder as the Feudal System and feudal relationships disintegrated during the late Medieval Period. 3. Economic Recession paved the way for new trade routs (established by the Crusades) and an influx of new products / business practices. 4. The Crusades brought new ideas into Europe and sparked a new curiosity about the world. WHAT WERE THE PRIMARY CAUSES OF THE RENAISSANCE? After the Spanish king Charles I failed to pay his troops they sacked the city and caused an end to the Italian Renaissance. The Northern Renaissance would continue for about another 100 years. THE SACKING OF ROME WAS SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE? The Printing Press (invented by Johann Guttenberg in 1445) allowed for the mass production of written materials (such as books and pamphlets) and acted as one of the most significant influences on the spread of Renaissance ideals to other parts of Europe allowing for the movement to become spread throughout the continent. WHICH INVENTION WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RAPID SPREAD OF KNOWLEDGE AND IDEAS DURING THIS ERA? Renaissance curiosity about the natural world. LEONARDO DAVINCI DISSECTING HUMAN CADAVERS TO LEARN ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY IS AN EXAMPLE OF…? 1. Creating a library of classic Greek and Roman literature. 2. Writing poems about love 3. Being considered the “Father of Renaissance humanism” FRANCISCO PETRARCH IS BEST REMEMBERED FOR…? The point in a painting your eye is drawn to. This helps give the painting the illusion of depth, a new technique to art developed during this period. DEFINE VANISHING POINT Niccolo Machiavelli in The Prince “IT IS MUCH BETTER TO BE FEARED THAN TO BE LOVED” WOULD MOST LIKELY HAVE BEEN STATED BY_____ IN THE BOOK _____. The status of artists significantly increased as their work became symbols of status for upper class individuals seeking to earn a reputation as patrons of the arts. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE STATUS OF ARTISTS DURING THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD? 1. Pieter Bruegel 2. He is known as Peasant Bruegel because of his focus on ordinary people and surroundings. WHO WAS CONSIDERED THE “PEASANT ARTIST” AND WHY? The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione was a self help manual for nobles that defined how to be the perfect courtier. WHAT WAS THE PRINCIPLE IDEA BEHIND THE BOOK OF THE COURTIER? Known as the “German Leonardo” Durer was a skilled painter, sculpture, engraver, and writer. He even produced a book on using mathematical formulas in artwork. WHAT IS ALBRECT DURER MOST FAMOUS FOR? 1. The School of Athens was painted by Raphael Santi 2. It demonstrated humanism because it focuses on important figures of classical philosophy. WHO PAINTED THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS AND HOW DOES IT DEMONSTRATE HUMANISM? William Shakespeare PLAYWRIGHT WHO DEMONSTRATED HUMANISM IN HIS WORK BY WRITING ABOUT HUMAN EMOTION AND THE HUMAN CONDITION A relaxed positioning of the body. This helps give movement into figures adding to their realistic portrayal. DEFINE CONTRAPPOSTO Each used vernacular in their writing and thus increasing the common person’s access to Renaissance ideas. DANTE, CHAUCER, AND RABALIS WERE ALL IMPORTANT BECAUSE…? While in Italy humanism focused on portraying the ideal individual, in Northern Europe humanists focused on applying concepts of humanism to stress social change based on Christian principles WHAT ARE SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NORTHERN AND ITALIAN HUMANISM? There were several factors: 1. Italy lacked a single ruler and as a result the city states remained independent to develop on their own. 2. These city states were at the center of trade routes and prospered from the Crusades by setting up new trading ports. 3. Northern city states began trading high quality cloth which brought more commerce into the region. 4. Strong leaders and economic policies allowed governments to thrive. WHAT WERE THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WEALTHY MERCHANT CLASS IN THE ITALIAN CITY STATES? HOW DID NEW ARTISTIC TECHNIQUES (CONTRAPPOSTO, CHIAROSCURO, FRESCOES, LINEAR PERSPECTIVE, SFUMATO) AFFECT A CHANGE IN ART FROM THE EARLIER MEDIEVAL PERIOD? Medieval • Two Dimensional • Distorted proportions • Lacking perspective • Religious • Hieratic Scale •Uses symbolism to represent religion Renaissance • Three Dimensional • Realistic • Glorifies Individual • Uses mathematics to create scale / perspective • Humanism •Represents visible world 1. Nobility: Landowners; Incomes declined but they still managed to dominate society by holding important political positions 2. Clergy: Church members; Had grown corrupt during Middle Ages and people began to challenge its authority 3. Third Estate: Peasants; Social distinction within the Third Estate grew new social classes including – Patricians (wealthy merchants who dominated communities due to success in trade and business), Townspeople (merchants / artists of the middle class), Petty Burghers (shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters/members who provided goods/services), and Workers / Unemployed (urban poor) DESCRIBE THE THREE ESTATES OF SOCIETY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES AND HOW THEY CHANGED DURING THE RENAISSANCE Utopia was written by Thomas More in order to criticize society and emphasize the idea that social order is an unobtainable ideal. WHO WROTE UTOPIA Common language DEFINE VERNACULAR Vernacular allowed the ideas of the renaissance to spread throughout Europe by giving individuals increased access to writings in their own language and increasing literacy rates among the population. Works like those of Dante (Devine Comedy), Chaucer (Canterbury Tales), and Rabelais (Pantagruel and Gargantua) significantly aided in the spread / use of vernacular writing. WHY WAS THE USE OF VERNACULAR SIGNIFICANT? Miguel de Cervantes WHO WROTE DON QUIXOTE Chiaroscuro: Use of Light and Shadow Sfumato: Blending of color Both help to add realism into a painting. DEFINE CHIAROSCURO AND SFUMATO The Prince, written in 1513, was written by Niccolo Machiavelli as a manual for rulers to gain and maintain power and served as a secular handbook on modern statecraft. Machiavelli’s central premise (it is better to be feared than loved as a ruler) has served as a basic principle for rulers through today. WHO WROTE THE PRINCE? Renaissance humanism emphasized the goodness of the present and the power of man and human accomplishment, whereas the Middle Ages stressed religion and living your life in a way that would please God. HOW DID RENAISSANCE HUMANISM CONTRADICT WITH THE MIDDLE AGES? A condotierri, such as Francisco Sforza of Florence, was a leader of a band of mercenaries or hired soldiers. Sforza used his hired army to consolidate power and become the duke of the city. WHAT DOES THE TERM “CONDOTIERRI” REFER TO? While women played an important role in bringing the ideas of the renaissance into the household and society, they were still expected to be subservient to men, thus limiting their active participation in the movement. THE RENAISSANCE MAN’S VIEW OF RENAISSANCE WOMEN WAS? A renaissance man is someone who is increasingly secular and focuses on glorifying human accomplishment. This individual is learned in a variety of subjects, including the classics, grammar, rhetoric, and history. One example of someone who is considered this type of person is Leonardo Da Vinci because he was talented in several areas including painting, science, and technology / inventions. WHAT DEFINES A RENAISSANCE MAN? As a Christian humanist, Erasmus advocated for reform within the Catholic Church and sought to make religion more accessible to the everyday individual. One way in which Erasmus worked to achieve this goal was through his writing of A Praise of Folly and translation of the New Testament of the Bible into Greek vernacular. WHAT IS ERASMUS MOST KNOWN FOR? The Medici family dominated the city of Florence through the establishment of a strong banking and trading network. THE MEDICI FAMILY / FLORENCE GAINED MOST OF IT’S WEALTH FROM? Not in vernacular… hence only the rich could read it.. i.e. rulers and priests. WHY IS THE USE OF LATIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES FOR THE PUBLICATION OF BOOKS SUCH AS THE BIBLE EXCLUSIONARY TO THE THIRD ESTATE? The David focuses on glorifying the human figure and showing the natural beauty of man. Additionally, David, while a biblical figure, is portrayed as a realistic person. HOW DOES MICHELANGELO’S DAVID DISPLAY HUMANISM? Someone who supported/financed the arts was called a Patron. During this time, the Catholic Church acted as the largest patron, commissioning master artists like Michelangelo or Da Vinci to create work that glorified religious themes and images. Further, patrons stimulated the spread of humanism as artists from around Europe traveled to Italy to learn new artistic techniques and then returned to teach others in different parts of Europe. WHO ACTED AS THE PRINCIPLE SUPPORTER TO THE ARTS DURING THE RENAISSANCE AND WHAT IS THIS CALLED?