Download Biology EOC Review Sheet 1 Supernavage 2012

Biology EOC Review Sheet 1
Supernavage 2012
1) Steps of the Scientific Method

What if your experimental data DOES NOT support your hypothesis?

You are testing different amounts of fertilizers to see how it affects grass growth. What is the…
a. Control?
b. Independent variable?
c. Dependent variable?

In 1887 a strange nerve disease attacked the people in the Dutch East Indies. The disease was
beriberi. Symptoms of the disease included weakness and loss of appetite, victims often died of
heart failure. Scientists thought the disease might be caused by bacteria. They injected chickens
with bacteria from the blood of patients with beriberi. The injected chickens became sick.
However, so did a group of chickens that were not injected with bacteria. One of the
scientists, Dr. Eijkman, noticed something. Before the experiment, all the chickens had eaten
whole-grain rice, but during the experiment, the chickens were fed polished rice. Dr. Eijkman
researched this interesting case and found that polished rice lacked thiamine, a vitamin
necessary for good health.
a. State the problem.
b. What was the hypothesis?
c. How was the hypothesis tested?
d. Should the hypothesis be supported or rejected based on the experiment?
e. What should be the new hypothesis and how would you test it?
2) Characteristics of Life
3) Biochemistry
 What is an organic compound? ___________________________________
 Give the monomer , the function and an example of each organic molecule:
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Protein
 Which picture is which on the right?
4) Levels of Organization of Life

What does it mean when cells are specialized? ______________________________________
5) A special type of protein called an _____________________ catalyzes (speeds up) chemical
reactions.
 T/F: Enzymes return back to normal when the chemical reaction is complete and are reusable.
 Enzymes are _________________ specific.
 What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?
 T/F: pH and temperature changes can denature enzymes.

Label the enzyme, the substrate(s), the active site,
the enzyme-substrate complex & the product(s) in the diagram.
 Breaking down chemicals = catabolic or anabolic?
 Putting together chemicals = catabolic or anabolic?
6) Prokaryotic Cell vs. Eukaryotic Cells
7) Cell Structure
Cell
Organelles
Function
Plant Cell,
Animal Cell or
Both
Cell
Membrane
Cell
Wall
Nucleus
Plant or animal
cell? Label the
organelles.
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Ribosome
Vacuole
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
8) Cell structures found in ALL cells?
9) Why would a cell have more mitochondria?
10) The cell structure below is the __________________________
which regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Identify molecules A, B, C, D and E.
11) How do cells communicate with each other?
 antigens =
12) Cell Transport
 Diffusion =
What type of solution is each below?
(big dots = starch, small dots = water)
 Osmosis =
 Passive Transport =
 Active Transport =


A bigger vacuole means _________________________________________
Which way will the water move through this semi-permeable membrane?
Hint: The dots represent starch and they cannot diffuse.
Biology EOC Review Sheet 2
Supernavage 2012
13) Cell Energy: products of one are the __________________________ for the other!!
 Photosynthesis equations

Cellular Respiration equations

What is energy small enough for cells to use? ________When is its energy released?

Where does photosynthesis take place in cells? __________________

Where does cellular respiration take place in cells? __________________

Which process is the most efficient in creating ATP? _________________________

Fermentation takes place when _______________________________. This causes the release of
which waste products?
14) DNA Structure? ______________________________________________________________
 Scientists credited with discovering the structure.

Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells? _____________ Prokaryotic cells? ________________

If a molecule of DNA is made up of 10% thymine, how much of the DNA molecule is cytosine?


Label the DNA molecule on the right (#s1 – 6).
Complementary strand of ATA GGC CCG CAT TGC AAA GGT

DNA vs. RNA
15) Protein Synthesis = the making of _______________
by putting _____________________ together.

Occurs in what organelle?

Two stages = 1) __________________________ 2) __________________________

Transcribe DNA from above into mRNA

Use mRNA codon chart to determine amino acid sequence:

Main function of tRNA? What does this molecule look like?
16) Chromosomes
 Humans have ________ chromosomes or ________ homologous pairs.

Sex chromosomes are ________________. Males = ________ Females = ________

Where are chromosomes found in cells?

Non-disjunction =
17) Mitosis is considered ________________________ reproduction

takes place in _____________________ cells


_____ new cells are ______________________ to the parent cells.
Diploid or haploid?

Reasons mitosis occur?

If uncontrolled, what can occur? __________________

If the parent cell has 8 chromosomes, then the daughter cell has _______ chromosomes.
18) Meiosis is considered ________________________ reproduction


Produces _____________________ cells (also called _________________________)
Diploid or haploid?

Male gamete? _________________ Female gamete? _________________

If the parent cell has 8 chromosomes, then the daughter cell has _______ chromosomes.

How many divisions? _______

How many cells are created? _______
Which is which?
19) Genetics
Who is the father of Genetics? ______________________________________________
 Heterozygous vs. Homozygous – TT vs. Tt vs. tt
 Deafness is recessive in dogs and follows Mendel’s Law of Dominance. How would you
know if a hearing dog was homozygous or heterozygous dominant?

Black fur is dominant over grey fur. Cross a purebred black guinea pig with a guinea pig
heterozygous for fur.
Phenotypic ratio: ______________________ Genotypic ratio: ______________________
What percentage of dogs would be expected to be black? _________
20) Blood Types
 Which two alleles are co-dominant? ______________ What does this mean?



Which allele is recessive? _________
How many blood types can you get from those 3 alleles? _________
Possible Genotypes?
Type A:
Type B:
Type O:

Type AB:
Cross a heterozygous Type A person with an O person. What types of blood are possible in
the offspring?
21) Incomplete Dominance: The heterozygous is a ____________________ of the dominant and
recessive allele.
Biology EOC Review Sheet 3
Supernavage 2012
22) Sex-linked Traits are carried on the ______ chromosome and affect mostly _________________
 Examples:

Cross a carrier female with a normal man. Explain results.
23) Pedigrees
 Circles = _________ Squares = _________

Shaded in= __________________________

If individuals either have a trait or they don’t,
is it recessive or dominant?
If you can point out normal individuals who are
carriers of the trait, is it recessive or dominant?
If mostly males are affected, then the trait is what?
If parents are normal, but children are affected with
the trait, is it recessive or dominant?



24) Genetic Disorders
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Sickle Cell Anemia
Match Hemophilia
Down Syndrome
Turner’s Syndrome
Patau’s Sydrome
Dominant or recessive?
Sex-linked or autosomal?
a. Abnormally shaped red
blood cells
b. Trisomy 13, usually fatal
c. Trisomy 21
d. Extra sex chromosome, XXY
e. Blood does not clot well
f. Missing sex chromosome, X0
25) Biotechnology
 Prenatal test where fluid surrounding baby is
extracted and tested = _______________________
o Karyotypes can then be made. What two things
can be identified about a baby in a karyotype?
o Identify the genetic disorder and sex of this
karyotype.
o How did this disorder come about?

DNA fingerprints
o What cuts the DNA into pieces? ___________________________
o Which of the males could be the child’s father in this 1st fingerprint?
o Who committed the crime in the 2nd fingerprint?

Recombinant DNA = ___________________________________

Transgenic Organism (also called ___________________________)
o Use circular DNA found in bacteria called:
o Why are bacteria used in this process?

For what is gene therapy used?

Cloning: know the 4 steps!!
PRACTICE PROBLEM: Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a recessively inherited eye disease of the retina in
dogs. The eyes literally are programmed to go blind. PRA occurs in both eyes simultaneously and is not
painful. Below is a list summarizing a few scenarios of crosses between dogs and their expected offspring.
Which group of parents are likely to have the genotype Rr X rr?
 Parents 1: Mom and Dad are both normal; Offspring = 100% normal
 Parents 2: Mom and Dad are both normal; Offspring = 50% normal; 50% PRA
 Parents 3: Mom = normal; Dad = PRA; Offspring = 50% normal; 50% PRA
 Parents 4: Mom = normal; Dad = PRA; Offspring = 100% normal
26) History of Life: Early earth lacked __________________________________________
 First cells
evolved into
by the process of
which produced

What happened that created oxygen in the atmosphere? ____________________________________
27) Evolution
 Speciation is __________________________________________________________________________

Organisms need to ___________________ to their changing ___________________________.
o
Survival of the fittest = __________________Who? ____________________ studied finch beaks
 Plants containing nectar VS. Seeds that need to be crushed: what type of beaks?
o
4 Principles?? _______________________________________________________________________
o
3 Types of Natural Selection (study graphs):
 Favors average individuals in population _____________________________________
 Favors both extremes in population _____________________________________
 Favors one extreme in population _____________________________________


3 Types of Evolution: (divergent, convergent, parallel or co-evolution)
Evidence for Evolution:
o Biochemicals
o Anatomy
o Embryology
o Fossils (two types of dating; how are fossils made?)
28) Classification
 Hierarchy of Taxa: Diseased King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup (broadest to most specific)


Naming system = _____________________________ developed by __________________________

Scientific name (Homo sapiens) = _______________________________________________
Australia has unique mammals: they are
egg-laying and raise their young in pouches.
Both platypus and echidna are known as
monotremes (egg-laying mammals). Why
are they considered mammals???
Phylogenetic Trees
show evolutionary
relationships.
1) To whom is the
human most similar?
2) Who speciated
soon after archaea
evolved?
Biology EOC Review Sheet 4
Supernavage 2012
29) Study your DIVERSITY DIARY!
30) ECOLOGY!
More to come!
Other things to note:
 Bacteria are simple prokaryotes with no membrane-bound organelles.
 Mammals nurse their young and are placental.
 Leaves are the main site for photosynthesis.
 If two individuals have same phenotype for a trait but different genotype, it is because one is homozygous
dominant (TT) and the other is heterozygous dominant (Tt).
 UV radiation negatively affects cells because it messes with their control of cell division.
 Some people can’t digest the lactose in milk because they do not have enough of the enzymes that help to break
it down fast enough.
 Down Syndrome is caused by non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis.
 Scientists use the inactive/dead form of viruses to create vaccinations against them.