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Body Systems
• Digestive
• Nervous
• Urinary
• Respiratory
• Endocrine
• Circulatory
• Musculoskeletal
Section 1: The Body’s
Transport System
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
What is the function and structure of the heart?
What path does blood take through the
cardiovascular system?
What are the functions and structures of arteries,
capillaries, and veins?
The Cardiovascular System
• The cardiovascular
system carries
needed substances to
cells and carries
waste products away
from cells. In
addition, blood
contains cells that
fight disease.
The Heart
• The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that
pumps blood throughout the body. The right
side of the heart is completely separated from
the left side by a wall of tissue called the
septum. Each side has an upper chamber, or
atrium, and a lower chamber, or ventricle.
The Heart
• As blood flows out of the heart and toward
the lungs, it passes through a valve like the
one here.
Two Loops
• Blood circulates
through the body in
two loops, with the
heart at the center. In
the first loop, blood
travels from the heart
to the lungs and then
back to the heart. In
the second loop,
blood is pumped from
the heart throughout
the body and then
returns to the heart.
Blood Vessels
• The walls of arteries and veins have three
layers. The walls of capillaries are only one cell
thick.
Artery and Vein
• In this photo, you can compare
the wall of an artery with the
wall of a vein.
Section 2:
Blood and Lymph
What are the components of blood?
What determines the type of blood
that a person can receive in a
transfusion?
What are the structures and
functions of the lymphatic system?
Blood
• Blood consists of liquid plasma and three
kinds of cells—red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets.
Blood
Blood Types
• The marker molecules on your red blood cells
determine your blood type and the type of
blood that you can safely receive in
transfusions.
Blood Type Distribution
• The circle graph shows
the percentage of
each blood type found
in the U.S. population.
The Lymphatic System
• The lymphatic system is a
network of veinlike vessels that
returns the fluid to the
bloodstream.
Section 3: The Respiratory
System
What are the functions of the respiratory
system?
What structures does air pass through as it
travels to the lungs?
What happens during gas exchange and
breathing?
The Air You Breathe
• The air you breathe in
contains several
different gases, shown
in the circle graph on
the left. The air you
breathe out contains
the same gases, but in
the amounts shown in
the circle graph on the
right.
The Air You Breathe
Respiratory System Functions
• Oxygen from the air and glucose from
digested food are both carried to the
cells by the blood. During respiration,
oxygen reacts with glucose to release
energy.
The Path of Air
• As air travels
from the outside
environment to
the lungs, it
passes through
the following
structures: nose,
pharynx, trachea,
and bronchi.
Gas Exchange
• After air enters an alveolus, oxygen
passes through the wall of the alveolus
and then through the capillary wall into
the blood. Carbon dioxide and water
pass from the blood into the alveoli.
Gas Exchange
How You Breathe
• When you breathe, the
actions of your rib
muscles and diaphragm
expand or contract your
chest. As a result, air
flows in or out.
Breathing and Speaking
• Two vocal cords, folds of
connective tissue that
produce your voice,
stretch across the opening
of the larynx. Air moving
over the vocal cords causes
them to vibrate and
produce sound.
Section 4: Cardiovascular
and Respiratory Diseases
What are some diseases of the cardiovascular
system?
How may tobacco smoke affect the body?
What are some respiratory diseases that result
from infections or other physical conditions?
Health Problems and Smoking
• Tobacco smoke damages the respiratory
system and strains the circulatory system,
resulting in such diseases as emphysema,
cancer, and chronic bronchitis.
Health Problems and Smoking
Respiratory Diseases
• During an asthma attack, air passages narrow
and breathing is more difficult.
Section 1:
How the Nervous
System Works
What are the functions of the nervous system?
What is the structure of a neuron and what
kinds of neurons are found in the body?
How do nerve impulses travel from one neuron
to another?
The Neuron
• A neuron has a large cell body that
contains the nucleus, threadlike
extensions called dendrites, and an
axon.
How a Nerve Impulse Travels
• For a nerve impulse to be
carried along at a synapse, it
must cross the gap between
the axon and the next
structure. The axon tips
release chemicals that carry
the impulse across the gap.
Section 2: Divisions of the
Nervous System
What are the structures and functions of the
central nervous system?
What are the structures and functions of the
peripheral nervous system?
What is a reflex?
What are two ways in which the nervous system
can be injured?
Central Nervous System
• The central nervous system is the
control center of the body. It
includes the brain and spinal
cord.
The Brain
• There are three
main regions of the
brain that receive
and process
information. These
are the cerebrum,
the cerebellum, and
the brain stem.
Peripheral Nervous System
• The peripheral nervous system consists of a
network of nerves that branch out from the
central nervous system and connect it to the
rest of the body. The peripheral nervous
system is involved in both involuntary and
voluntary actions.
Reflexes
• A reflex is an automatic response that
occurs very rapidly and without conscious
control.
Reflexes
Reflexes
• A reflex is an automatic response that
occurs very rapidly and without conscious
control.
Section 3:
Sight and Hearing
How do your eyes enable you to see?
How do you hear and maintain your sense
of balance?
Vision
• You eyes respond to the stimulus of light. They
convert that stimulus into impulses that your
brain interprets, enabling you to see.
Vision
Vision
• Light coming from an object enters your eye and is
focused by the lens. The light produces an upsidedown image on your retina. Receptors in your retina
then send impulses to your cerebrum, which turns
the image right-side up.
Section 4: Smell, Taste, and
Touch
What are the functions of the nervous system?
What is the structure of a neuron and what
kinds of neurons are found in the body?
How do nerve impulses travel from one neuron
to another?.
Smell and Taste
• The senses of smell and taste work closely
together. Both depend on chemicals in food or
in the air. The chemicals trigger responses in
receptors in the nose and mouth.
Alcohol
• Alcohol is a drug
found in many
beverages,
including beer,
wine, cocktails,
and hard liquor.
Alcohol is a
powerful
depressant and
affects every
system of the
body.
Section 1:
The Endocrine System
How does the endocrine system control body
processes?
What are the endocrine glands?
How does negative feedback control hormone levels?
Functions of Endocrine Glands
• The endocrine glands include the
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal, thymus, and pancreas.
Functions of Endocrine Glands
• The ovaries in females and testes in males are
also endocrine glands.
Functions of Endocrine Glands
• The pituitary gland communicates with the
hypothalamus to control many body activities.
Functions of Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback
• Through negative
feedback, when the
amount of a
particular hormone
in the blood reaches
a certain level, the
endocrine system
sends signals that
stop the release of
that hormone.