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RESEARCH REPORT
HISTORICAL COMMITTEE
LATIN AMERICAN WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
(CONQUISTADORS VS. LIBERTADORES)
PRESIDENT CHAIRS:
ATA ÖZORUÇ, FIRAT ÇİFTÇİ
VICE PRESIDENTS:
ECE AKÇAY, EREN ŞERBETÇİ
MUNDP 2017 – Commitment to Development – Research Report
Committee: Historical Committee
Agenda Item: Latin American Wars of Independence (Conquistadors vs. Libertadores)
Student Officer & Role: Fırat Çiftçi, Ata Özoruç & Presidents
Eren Şerbetçi, Ece Akçay & Deputy Presidents
Basic Overview of the Issue
The Latin American wars of independence in South America are a group of independence
movements that shook the South American continent at the beginning of the nineteenth century and
put an end to Spanish and Portuguese domination. As a result of the war, which started in 1808, Spain
and Portugal were cut off from its overseas colonies and had no longer stable regional governments, as
well as colonies, in Latin America. The independence wars in Europe and North America persuaded
Hispanic Americans to become independent, and various revolutions broke out across the continent
after 1808.
These conflicts can be considered as civil wars as well as national liberation movements since
the majority of the fighters from both sides were Hispanic American. The objective sought by the
insurgents was the independence of the Spanish colonies. Moreover, these wars can be linked to a
wider scope than just Latin American wars of independence as they also influenced conflicts in
Central America and the Caribbean. Above all, this process of independence takes place in the general
political and intellectual atmosphere that emerged from the Enlightenment and influenced all major
independence movements, including those in France and the United States that opened the path to the
revolution in South America.
Explanation of Important Terms
Conquistadors
Conquistadors are the authorities who represent the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns in
colonies. Conquistadors refer to the officials who run the colonies of Spain and Portugal in Latin
America.
Libertadores
Libertadores usually refer to the leaders of rebellion who try to detach the colonies from the
colonial powers, such as Spain and Portugal, and give them autonomy. Libertadores aim to gain
independence.
Hispanic Americans
When the Conquistadors first came to the Americas, some of them married indigenous
Amerindians; therefore, thousands of Hispanic Americans were born. For decades, they were the ones
who had control over the colonies until the Spanish started to discriminate and humiliate them. Since
then, elites coming from Spain replaced their positions and confiscated all they possessed.
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Peninsulares
Peninsulares were the nobles who were Iberian-born Spaniards. They were most of the time
accredited as the top of the cast in Spanish Colonies.
Criollos (Crioles)
The Criollos, a social class in the hierarchy of the overseas colonies established by Spain since
the 16th century, especially in Hispanic America, comprised of the locally born people of Spanishorigin ancestry. Although Criollos were legally Spaniards, in practice, they ranked below the Iberianborn Peninsulares. Nevertheless, they had preeminence over all the other populations: Amerindians,
enslaved Africans, and peoples of mixed descent.
According to the Casta system, a criollo could have up to 1/8 (one great-grandparent or
equivalent) Amerindian ancestry without losing social place. In the 18th and early 19th centuries,
changes in the Spanish Empire's policies towards its colonies led to tensions between Criollos and
Peninsulares. The growth of local Criollos’ political and economic strength in their separate colonies
coupled with their global geographic distribution led them to evolve a separate organic national
personality and viewpoint. Criollos were the main supporters of the rebellion against Spanish Crown
during the Latin American wars of independence.
Captaincies General
Captaincies General were the administrative divisions for the Spanish Imperial Colonies
overseas, but later, they were incorporated and transformed into major administrations called
"Viceroyalties". However, some of the Captaincies General, such as Venezuela, remained and were
regarded as independent.
Viceroyalties
Viceroyalties were the main administrative units of the Empire for its colonies. These units
were officially representing the highest authorities above the colonial territories.
Juntas
They were the temporary regional governments created by royalists refusing José I’s reign.
Juntas were established in the absence of authority over the Spanish colonies during the period of civil
war in the Iberian Peninsula.
Peninsular Wars
A part of the Napoleonic Wars, at the end of which Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) was
invaded, Portuguese Royal family fled to Brazil and King Carlos of Spain was removed.
Bourbon Dynasty
Spain’s French originated ruling dynasty since 1700s. The dynasty had also been ruling over
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Spanish Empire for decades until the Napoleonic invasions.
Bonaparte Dynasty
After the Peninsular Wars, Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to ensure his country’s influence in
Spain, and he put his brother José on the Spanish Throne. He also wanted to minimize the risks in the
region. Therefore, under his rule, any member of the House Bourbon had been exiled, because
Bourbon family was related with the family of Louis XVI, the overthrown French King.
Detailed Background of the Issue
Causes of the Independence Wars
Several factors contributed to the outbreak of the Latin American wars of independence. First,
the reforms implemented by the Bourbons in the mid-eighteenth century changed the relations of
Hispanic Americans with the Spanish Crown. In an effort to better control the administration and
economy of its colonies, the King of Spain reintroduced the practice of appointing Peninsulares to
official posts. This meant that Hispanic Americans would be losing the benefits they had gained by
occupying and selling various official positions in the course of 150 years.
Although in some places, such as the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, these reforms had
positive effects, such as improving the local economy and the efficiency of the government. The
reforms often cause the tensions with the inhabitants and sometimes even revolts. These reforms and
revolts were not direct causes of the wars of independence, which broke out decades later, but they
were important elements of the political situation in which these conflicts took place.
Other factors were the development of the progressive ideas of the Enlightenment and the
examples of the French and American revolutions. In particular, one of the main libertadores of Latin
America, Simón Bolívar, was educated by a tutor influenced by the ideas of Rousseau, and then,
Bolívar traveled to Europe and was inspired by Rousseau’s literary work “The Social Contract”. New
ideas such as free trade and physiocracy spread and gave rise to social and economic reforms
throughout Latin America. The political reforms established and the constitutions written during the
wars of independence by the Libertadores were all influenced by these factors.
The collapse of the Bourbons
The war of Spanish independence against the troops of Napoleon I is the principal cause of
Latin American independence movements. This conflict marks the beginning of a long period of
instability for the Spanish monarchy, a period that lasts until 1823. In 1808, the fall of the Bourbon
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dynasty due to the provocation of Napoleon, which offered the Spanish crown to his brother Joseph
Napoleon, triggered a political crisis in South America, because although the Hispanic world as a
whole was almost unanimously rejecting the new rule, no real alternative was presented.
Spanish provinces responded to the crisis by establishing junta regimes. However, this
movement brought even more confusion, because there was no central authority and most of the juntas
did not recognize the claims of the other juntas to represent the monarchy as a whole. The junta in
Seville, in particular, claimed all authority over the colonial empire in Latin America because of the
historical role of this province as an exclusive warehouse of colonial commerce.
Creation of new governments
This impasse was resolved through negotiations between the juntas and the Council of Castile,
which lead to the creation of a central supreme junta on September 25, 1808. Through this, it was
concluded that the traditional provinces of the Peninsula would send two representatives each to this
junta, while the overseas colonies would only send one. These colonies are organized in four
viceroyalties: New Spain, New Granada, Peru, and the Río de la Plata, and in six general captaincies:
Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Chile, Venezuela, and the Philippines.
This project was criticized because it provided unequal representation for the colonies, but in
spite of this, the provincial capitals of the Peninsula-elect candidates’ names were sent to the capitals
of the viceroyalties and general captaincies at the beginning of the year 1809. Several important cities
of the South American continent were left without any representative to the central junta, especially
Quito and La Plata, who were indignant to be included in the viceroyalty of Peru. This agitation leads
to the establishment of juntas in these cities in 1809, but these movements were oppressed by the
authorities by the end of the year.
The dissolution of the central junta on January 29, 1810 because of the reverses suffered by the
Spanish troops in the war against Napoleon triggered a new wave of junta, which were setting up in
South America. The French army invaded southern Spain and forced the central junta to take refuge in
Cadiz, which was in a state of siege. Most Hispanic Americans saw no reason to recognize the validity
of a government that was under threat of being captured by the French at that time, and they were
beginning to work on the creation of local juntas to preserve the independence of the region. Juntas
were successfully established in Caracas, Buenos Aires, Bogotá, and Santiago de Chile but failed to
establish themselves in Peru, Upper Peru (now Bolivia), and Quito, which remained under royalist
control throughout the decade. The creation of these juntas was the decisive step towards the conflicts
that was going to rage across the continent for nearly 15 years.
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First phase: 1810 - 1813
In Venezuela, the Captain-General was overthrown on April 19, 1810, and under the influence
of leaders, such as Francisco de Miranda and Simón Bolívar, the congress gathered by the Caracas
junta proclaimed independence on July 5, 1811. Provinces of the country (like Coro and Maracaibo)
remained faithful to the Spanish Crown and the new government, which was experiencing great
financial difficulties. On March 26, 1812, a devastating earthquake shook the Caracas region, killing
thousands of people and was considered by many to be a sign of divine fury toward the Libertadores.
A royalist army was formed, there have been several triumphs over the forces of Miranda, and
Libertadores had a severe defeat on 25 July 1812. After this defeat, Bolívar delivered Miranda to the
royalists before taking refuge in New Granada. That time, according to most, he committed an
unforgivable betrayal against his cause.
New Granada (which corresponds to the present states of Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama)
overthrew its viceroy in 1810, and a congress of representatives proclaimed the "United Provinces of
New Granada" on November 27, 1811. However, the central authority of this new entity was weak,
and the provinces governed themselves more or less, not counting those that have remained faithful to
Spain (like that of Quito). Bolívar obtained the support of the congress of New Granada to fight
against the threat posed by the royalists of Venezuela, and after February 1813, Bolívar led what
would later be called the Admirable Campaign. During the campaign he won several battles, and
entered Caracas on 6th of August of 1813 and stabilized the Republic of Venezuela. It was during this
campaign that Bolívar proclaimed the "war to death" (Decreto de Guerra a Muerte) where he promised
death for any native of Spain who would not support the cause of independence, which was a measure
taken to create a difference between Spanish people and Hispanic Americans and to respond to the
atrocities committed by the Spaniards after the fall of the First Republic of Venezuela.
In Chile, the governor had to resign in 1810 and a national congress governed the country
autonomously. The viceroy of Peru, Jose Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, anxious about the progression
of the independence ideas within the congress, sent a military expedition to Chile by sea in February
1813. This expedition landed at Concepción, but after some initial successes, the royalists trampled
and settled in Chillán where they remained inactive for several months. In Buenos Aires, the junta
dismissed the viceroy of the Río de la Plata during the revolution of May 1810 and took firm control
of the region. In the Banda Oriental region (the present-day Uruguay), the insurgents commanded by
José Gervasio Artigas won a decisive victory at the Battle of Las Piedras on May 18, 1811 and laid
siege to Montevideo, where the viceroy had refuged. On the other hand, the junta failed at the
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beginning of 1811 in its attempt to invade Paraguay, but a few months later, on May 17, 1811,
Paraguay broke its ties with Spain and declared itself independent. The army of the North of the
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata invaded the plateaus of Upper Peru but was severely beaten on
June 20, 1811 at the battle of Huaqui by the troops of José Manuel de Goyeneche y Barreda and had to
regain the plains of northern Argentina.
Manuel Belgrano was appointed as the Head of the Army of the North and reorganized the
army. He saved northern Argentina from an invasion by triumphing over the royalists during the Battle
of Tucumán on September 24, 1812 and carried out a counter-attack with the aid of the equipment
taken from the enemy. On February 20, 1813, Belgrano's army was victorious during the Battle of
Salta, where nearly 3,000 enemy soldiers were captured. As a result of this great victory, a second
invasion of Upper Peru was launched, but Belgrano was beaten by the royalists at the Battle of
Ayohuma on November 14, 1813, and the Army of the North had yet to regain control. Shortly after,
Belgrano was dismissed from his command and replaced by José de San Martín.
Royalist Reconquest and Progress of the Insurgents: 1814 - 1819
In 1814, Ferdinand VII was re-claimed the throne of Spain and a military expedition of 10,000
men was set up at the beginning of the following year with the aim of regaining New Grenada. But
even before that date, Venezuela returned under Spanish control following a merciless war waged by
the irregular troops of José Tomas Boves, who hate the South American elite. In June 1814, the second
republic of Simón Bolívar underwent a decisive defeat at La Puerta and Caracas, and the greater part
of the country returned under royalist domination. As for Bolívar, he was once again obliged to exile
in Jamaica and then Haiti.
In April 1815, the Spanish military expedition under the command of Pablo Morillo laid siege
to Cartagena, which surrendered in December after five months. Morillo’s Army, with the help of the
forces of the Viceroy of Peru, re-conquered New Granada in a few months, which is followed by
Bogotá on May 6, 1816. The north of the continent was once again under Spanish control and
remained so until 1819.
At the south of the continent, things were not better for the insurgents at the beginning.
However, in Montevideo, the Spanish fleet, which was also dominant on the sea, was completely
destroyed by insurgent admiral Guillermo Brown Wing, and this naval victory led to the fall of the
city.
On June 20, 1814, in Chile, after a period during which several battles took place, none were
decisive and a truce was signed in May 1814, but it did not last very long. The Viceroy of Peru
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established a new military campaign, consisting of 5000 men and commanded by Mariano Osorio.
Taking advantage of serious disagreements dividing the insurgents, Osorio’s army won October 2
Battle of Rancagua against the troops of Bernardo O'Higgins. Shortly afterwards, Santiago was taken
over by the royalists and Chile returned to the bosom of the Spanish Crown.
The United Provinces of Río de la Plata had their own internal conflicts, because the central
government of Buenos Aires was disagreeing with the federalists of the Oriental Banda and decided to
impose its authority on them by using mere force. However, the federalists of José Gervasio Artigas
declared independence in 1815, frightening both Buenos Aires and Portugal. In August 1816, the
forces also invaded the Banda Oriental of Brazil with the tacit complicity of the United Provinces of
Río de la Plata. After a long alternating loop between wins and losses, the federalist forces were
finally defeated decisively at the Battle of Tacuarembó on January 22, 1820, and the Banda Oriental
was founded in Brazil (it regain its independence until 1828, at the end of the Cisplatin War).
To complete this series of disasters for the insurgents, the Northern Army defeated Upper Peru
at the battle of Sipe-Sipe on 28 November 1815, where the Northern Army lost about 2000 soldiers.
At that time, the independence of South America could not be truly promoted, despite the
proclamation of the independence from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata on July 9, 1816. It
was then that Jose de San Martín, an Argentinian general, then Governor of the province of Cuyo,
developed a new plan to defeat the royalist armies of Peru. Instead of passing through Upper Peru,
where the insurgents were defeated each time, with the help of the remains of the Chilean army of his
friend Bernardo O'Higgins, he decided to organize an army of the Andes whose aim was to cross the
Andean Cordillera and Enter Chile benefitting from the surprise element. He obtained the support of
the Supreme Director Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, and on January 12, 1817, he began with an army of
more than 5000 men divided into four columns an incredible crossing of nearly 500 kilometers
through the Cordillera on 8 February. The Andean Army lost nearly a third of its troops on the
crossing, but it was totally surprising for the royalist troops who were defeated on 12 February during
the Battle of Chacabuco. At the next day, the Andean Army entered triumphantly in Santiago de Chile,
and the royalists were pushed back to the south of the country. Bernardo O'Higgins is placed at the
head of the country whose independence he proclaims one year to the day after the battle of
Chacabuco. Soon after, on April 5, 1818, the army of José de San Martín definitely assured this
independence by successions against the forces of Mariano Osorio at the Battle of Maipú where about
3,500 royalists were either captured or killed. Valdivia, the last Spanish possession in Chile, was
captured on 4 February 1820 by Admiral Thomas Cochrane.
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Meanwhile, thousands of kilometers farther north, Simón Bolívar did not give up his plan to
liberate the north of the continent. After an initial abortive attempt to land in Venezuela in 1816, he
organized, with the help of the Haitian government, a new expeditionary force of more than 4000 men
disembarking near the mouth of the Orinoco River in January 1817. Then, the siege in front of
Angostura ended and the town eventually fell in August 1817. After securing his positions in
southeastern Venezuela, Bolívar devised a bold plan to seize New Granada by attacking during the wet
season surprisingly. In June 1819, he marched with his army (including a British legion) near the
Orinoco River passing a mountain that was reputed to be impassable across the eastern Cordillera, and
despite heavy losses, the Bolívar-led armies succeeded in passing. On 7 August, Bolívar won the
battle of Boyacá over the royalists, a decisive victory that opened the gates for Bogotá and enabled the
liberation of New Granada. The independence of Grande Colombia was proclaimed on 17 December
1819, and Simón Bolívar became its president.
Major Parties Involved
Kingdom of Spain
The Kingdom of Spain is an important player in the race
for colonialism (Age of Discovery) in the Americas. Established
through the dynastic union between the crowns of Castile and
Aragon in 1492, the Kingdom of Spain was the first country to
be described as ‘the empire on which the sun never sets’. From
early 16th century, the Kingdom colonized most of South
America and nearly all of Central America. The Kingdom’s
‘conquistadors’ were the main conquerors of such lands. Their
main advantage regarding their colonialism efforts was the
technological advantage they had against the Native American
tribes and confederations, letting them easily exterminate
countries such as the Aztecs, Incas, and several other Northern
American tribes.
The Kingdom of Spain was the most significant cobelligerent in the Latin American wars of independence. Nearly
all acts of rebellions, junta formations, and acts of independence
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were against the Spanish rule in the region. Utterly shattered because of the Napoleonic wars in
Europe, the Kingdom of Spain could not resist against the numerous Hispanic American rebellious
colonies, such as Gran Colombia, United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, Chile, Venezuela, the
Mexican Empire, and the Republic of Peru. Stuck in an endless state of war from 1808 until 1833, the
Spanish Kingdom eventually had to grant all of its Latin American colonies independence and lost its
grip on the American continent, which led to the country’s disappearance from the world arena as a
major political, economical, and military power.
First French Empire
The First French Empire was established after
the French Revolution. The successor state of the
Bourbon Kingdom of France, the First French
Republic, was ended after the French senate granted
emperorship powers to Napoleon Bonaparte. Even
though the Kingdom of France had been an ally of the
revolutionary movements in the Americas, most
notably the American Revolution (in the United
States of America), one of Napoleon’s first moves
was to invade the Kingdom of Spain, dethroning the
current Spanish king and installing his brother Joseph
Bonaparte.
By putting the Kingdom of Spain and its
colonies into a turmoil, Napoleon indirectly initiated
the Spanish American wars of independence. Because
of the French occupation of Spain, the colonies were
not under the influence of the former Spanish king and the successor Spanish royal juntas anymore, as
the Spanish royal family was under a heavy siege by the French army. This caused the colonies to take
a different approach: All independist states agreed to form a new junta named the “Supreme Junta,”
which initiated the independence movements across Spanish America. The Supreme Junta initially
was against the acts of independence planned by Simón Bolívar; however, due to the wealth the
Bolívar family possessed, the Junta allowed Simón to join the committee ruling the newlyindependent colonies.
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United States of America
United States of America’s connection to
the Spanish American wars of independence
initiates with the “Seven Years’ War.” During this
war, all European Great Power states, apart from
the Ottoman Empire, were involved in
geographically separate yet politically connected
wars. At one side, there was Great Britain and its
American colony; and in the other side, there was
the French and Spanish kingdoms. The Seven
Years’ War was concluded with a British victory,
which forced nearly all North American territories
to be ceded to Great Britain. However, this
victory brought a massive problem for the
Empire: “Taxation without representation”. The
British Empire was planning on increasing the taxation on its American colony without giving them
representative powers in its government body. This increase in taxation was mainly because of the
war’s effect on the army, which needed much reparation. Ultimately, this situation spiraled into the
American Revolution, in which the United States of America gained its independence from Great
Britain. However, the American revolutionaries were not alone; the Spanish and French kingdoms
were also helping them against the British. Due to this, the two co-belligerents were also in need of
increasing taxation amongst their American colonies. Similar to United States of America’s situation,
the Spanish and French American colonies were not pleased with this situation; thus, riots started to
break out all over the continent, the first one being the Haitian revolution.
United States of America also played an important role in the life of Simón Bolívar. In his
youth, Bolívar travelled to Spain, France, and the United States of America. He both got education and
also experienced how democracy, rationalism, and liberalism were starting to take place around the
world. The United States was a great example of how a rational democracy and proper congress
system should work; however, Bolívar was not aiming to take the United States as a template for the
Spanish American independence movement he had in his mind.
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland played an integral role in the initiation of
the Spanish American wars of independence.
After the Seven Years’ War and the American
Revolution, the United Kingdom was
experiencing a grim era in which the Empire was
starting to lose its grip in the Americas.
Furthermore, with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
and his Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the United
Kingdom, which was an ally of the Kingdom of
Spain at that time, was in a dire situation. The Kingdom’s first main connection with the independence
movements occurred after the Supreme Junta’s delegation that was sent to London with the aim of
gaining recognition and settling trade agreements. Simón Bolívar was also amongst this group of
delegation, and it was his errors which failed the delegation to appeal to the British government: The
Supreme Junta’s main purpose was to restore the former Spanish king’s rule in Spanish America, but
Bolívar failed to address this situation and rather incorporate his own ideals into the negotiations.
Chronology of Important Events
Date
Description of Event
1775 - 1781
The American Revolution sparked; the United States of America
declared its independence and seceded from the Kingdom of Great
Britain.
1789
The French Revolution occured; the French Monarchy was
overthrown and replaced by a secular, democratic republic.
1799-1815
Napoleonic Wars took place.
1808
Napoleon captured Carlos IV and King Fernando VII of Spain.
Napoleon’s brother Joseph Bonaparte claimed the Spanish Throne,
which lead to the forming of ruling local elites (Juntas) in Spain and
Latin American colonies.
1808 - 1821
Mexican War of Independence took place.
1812
Cadiz Constitution formed Spain’s first national sovereign assembly.
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1821
Portugal annexed Uruguay into Brazil.
September 7,
1822
Prince Dom Pedro declared Brazil's independence from Portugal.
Relevant Treaties
•
Treaty of Lircay, 1814
The Treaty of Lircay was a truce treaty agreed between the Royalist and the Patriot forces
during the Chilean War of Independence.
•
Adams–Onís Treaty, 1819
The Adams-Onis Treaty was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded
Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It was considered as a
triumph of American diplomacy and an example of failure of the Spanish Monarchy.
•
Treaty of Benegas, 1820
The Treaty of Benegas was a peace treaty signed by the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires
and Santa Fe on 24 November 1820. It strengthened the Libertador fron,t because it was unifying and
ended an internal conflict.
•
Quadrilateral Treaty, 1822
The Quadrilateral Treaty was a pact among the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe,
Entre Ríos, and Corrientes, signed on 25 January 1822. The treaty was intended to be an offensivedefensive pact between the provinces.
•
Anderson–Gual Treaty, 1824
The Anderson-Gual Treaty was an 1824 treaty between the United States and Gran Colombia.
It is the first bilateral treaty that the United States concluded with another American country.
•
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom,
1825
With this treaty, the United Kingdom accepted the 1816 Argentine Declaration of
Independence. As the United Kingdom was the most powerful world power at the time, this treaty
limited the chances of Spain to reconquer its former colony.
•
Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, 1825
The Treaty of Rio de Janeiro is a treaty between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Empire of
Brazil, signed August 29, 1825, which recognized Brazil as an independent nation, formally ending
Brazil’s war of independence.
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•
Treaty of Montevideo, 1828
The Treaty of Montevideo, signed on 27 August 1828, after British mediation, Brazil and
Argentina recognized the independence of Uruguay.
•
The Cañuelas Pact, 1829
The Cañuelas Pact was an agreement signed on 24 June 1829 between generals Juan Lavalle
and Juan Manuel de Rosas, with the aim of ending the civil war in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina,
which was on-going since the revolution of December 1828.
Territory Map
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Character List
Conquistadors
Libertadores
King of Spanish Empire
Juan Germán Roscio
King of Portuguese Empire
José Félix Ribas
Pedro IV of Portugal
Simón Bolívar
Félix María Calleja
Francisco de Miranda
Pablo Morillo
José de San Martín
Santiago de Liniers
Antonio José de Sucre
José Fernando de Abascal
José Antonio Páez
Juán O'Donojú
Francisco de Paula Santander
Isidro Barradas
Bernardo O'Higgins
Juan de Samanó
Gregor MacGregor
Miguel de la Torre
Manuel Belgrano
Antonio Vacaro
Manuela Sáenz
Francisco Javier de Elío
Mariano Moreno
Jorge Avilez
Alexandre Pétion
Miguel I
Bibliography
"What Caused the Latin American Wars of Independence?" Reference. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
<https://www.reference.com/history/caused-latin-american-wars-independence377828363deb1f41>
"Spanish American Wars of Independence." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 10 Jan.
2017.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence>
"Latin American Wars of Independence." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_wars_of_independence>
"Latin American Independence." Freemanpedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.freeman-pedia.com/latin-american-independence/>
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"'latin+american+revolution' on SlideShare." 'latin+american+revolution' on SlideShare. N.p., n.d.
Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
<www.slideshare.net/albano/latin-american-revolution?next_slideshow=1>
<http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=49c3105
e681ea9dd383fe7297ca1662c&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3401802323&u
serGroupName=dist214&jsid=6b94fa8a43eb2295940a84c6f66a1205>
Useful Links
•
Crash Course on Latin American Wars of Independence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBw35Ze3bg8&t=611s
•
Prezi Presentation on Latin American Wars of Independence
https://prezi.com/2u6gueasgabv/latin-american-wars-for-independence/
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