Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Spartan army wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek literature wikipedia , lookup
Acropolis of Athens wikipedia , lookup
Economic history of Greece and the Greek world wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek cuisine wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek architecture wikipedia , lookup
Peloponnesian War wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Olympic Games wikipedia , lookup
Athens This scroll contains information about your role as Athenians. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is, and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Athenians is to force another team to decide as a group what to do in 20 seconds instead of a leader deciding; if they can’t all say what they want to do in unison, they forfeit their action the leader would do. This requirement must be explained in detail before the 20 seconds starts. You can do this once per turn. Athens is one of the most powerful city-states in all of Greece. The city is named after Athena, the goddess of wisdom. Because of this, education and the arts are greatly valued. Boys go to school to learn reading, writing, arithmetic, music, arts, and physical fitness. Theaters, pottery workshops, athletic events, religious festivals, and great thinkers all come together in Athens. Athens’ location on the coastal flatlands of Greece allows it to be the center of trade and culture in the ancient world. Merchants trade goods in the harbor and spread knowledge all around the Aegean Sea. Athens also has a fine army. Women are not given equal rights in Athens. They are not educated and are married in their early teens. They wear long heavy clothes to cover their bodies and are rarely seen outside of their homes. Women are not allowed to take part in the government. Athens is unique during this time for having a democracy instead of a king. All citizens are required to debate and vote on the laws. However, only adult men are considered citizens. Athens is the most important city in Greece, and shipping is one of the most important operations, so merchants are one of the most important people in the Greek world. Without the shipping trade bringing food and lumber and crafts between the city-states around the Aegean Sea, people would starve or die from the elements. Of course, their success is due to the sea god Poseidon and the wind god Aeolus for allowing merchants to have speedy passage between ports. From the mainland, merchants bring amphorae of wine, honey, and olive oil. From the lands of Ionia, they bring timber and gold. From the southern Mediterranean, they bring linen, grain, and jewelry. Student children in the city-state of Athens go to primary school to learn reading and writing, mathematics, music, and physical education. In secondary school, they study philosophy, drama, poetry and learn about the cosmos. They also must continue physical training, so some students run up and down the giant rock hill next to the city in their spare time. The fastest ones might compete in the Olympic Games one day. After their studies, some might enter military school. Only males attend school in Athens. The style of ceramics that is popular right now is for potters to make the background of the pot black and paint human figures in red. They paint scenes like athletes performing in the Olympic Games. They do this by drawing onto unfired clay with charcoal. Then, they paint over the background with a special mix of clay water. When the pottery is fired, the background portions turn black, while the charcoal is wiped off and the figures they drew remain red. Athenian pottery is exported all around the Mediterranean. Builders in the city-state of Athens are incredibly busy, as the city has undertaken an enormous construction project in the past few years. Athens is situated between the Mediterranean Sea and a giant, flat rock. Previous generations have built temples to the goddess Athena atop that rock, but they were destroyed in the Persian wars. They are now helping to erect new structures on top of the rock, buildings that will be larger and more elaborate than was there before. Plans include several temples for the gods Athena, Poseidon, Demeter, and Zeus, plus a larger temple dedicated to Athena, patron god of Athens. Soldiers in Athens begin training in military school when they turn 18. Since Athens is at peace, they get to spend their days in the city and take part in the government. The government of Athens is a democracy, which means that all male citizens get to vote on legislation and select local leaders. The Assembly, as it is called, is held every month, and thousands of men participate. A police force of slaves patrols the agora on Assembly days. They carry ropes dipped in red paint to stain the clothing of men who try to avoid participating. If they catch someone, the person is embarrassed in front of the community and forced to pay a fine. An actor in Athens might be a comic poet, which means they deliver humorous poems and speeches about the goings on in the city. Most of their material revolves around the politics of the city. Athena’s laws are decided on by the Assembly, which is made of up all of the adult male citizens. They decide on issues with a majority vote. The comic writes poems and performs short skits near the agora to persuade people to think a certain way. If they are entertaining, they might influence people’s opinions. Vocabulary Lumber - wood for building Ports - place where ships and boats can dock Amphorae (picture) Ionia - An ancient region of western Turkey Timber - wood Linen (picture) Philosophy - examination of basic concepts such as truth, existence, reality, causality, and freedom Cosmos - whole universe Ceramics - hard fired clay Charcoal (picture) Fired - cooked with fire Exported - ship goods abroad Patron - protector Legislation - laws Agora - marketplace Sparta This scroll contains information about your role as Spartans. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is, and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Spartans is to hold fast and retaliate. If anyone tries to dislodge your columns, you can discard two Statue cards (they are not used) and resist the displacement. The other group loses their column. Furthermore, you can then take away any column from the other group (they can resist that with a Statue Card, but an advanced crane does not count). Both effects and cards must be spent at once, this cannot be split into two abilities. Sparta is located in the mountains of southern Greece, and does not have easy access to a harbor. Because they are somewhat cut off from trade, their economy revolves around physical power. Spartans are strong warriors. They train their bodies from childhood and are the most powerful soldiers in the land. They conquer many others for food and goods, and use prisoners of war as slaves. Instead of coins, they use heavy iron bars as money so it is difficult to steal. They suffer a high death rate because of their lifestyle. Women have more rights in Sparta than in any other city. They go to school and can read and write. They are fed the same nutritious food as men, and are encouraged to be strong and athletic. They even compete in sporting events! Women in Sparta are allowed to walk around the city by themselves. They wear knee-length skirts that allows them to run. They are permitted to own land and often control the wealth of their husbands. Famous Spartans include King Menelaus and Helen of Troy, the face that launched 1,000 ships. Vocabulary Harbor - water where ships anchor Sparta has the most powerful military in all of Greece. That is because both boys and girls receive physical education in primary school. Boys begin their army training at the age of seven. The city-state of Sparta is located in a very mountainous region. It is hard to farm and it is hard to access the harbor. Spartan soldiers are very good at conquering and taking food from other cities. Soldiers wear a red cloak to show off how great the military is. They make offerings to Sparta’s patron, Ares, god of war. Cloak - outer clothing There is a Council of Elders in the city-state of Sparta. Sparta has two kings who are in charge of the army. The kings and the Council of Elders write the laws together. The Council is made up of 28 citizens over the age of 60. The laws are then either passed or vetoed by a vote from the citizens of Sparta, called the Assembly. Elder Councilmen are elected to the Council and serve until they die. Spartans worship the gods Ares and Artemis. Ares is the god of war, and Artemis is the goddess of the hunt. Some of them, in their spare time, practice throwing the discus. . Wrestling - martial art spot There are five ephors, or overseers, in Sparta, each in charge of a different village. Because the two kings of Sparta are often away at war, the ephors are necessarily to enforce order at home. They are elected by the Assembly, which is made up of all male citizens of Sparta. They only serve for one year, but during that year, they probably have more power than any other person in the city. Every autumn, the ephors help control the native population of Sparta by allowing people to kill helots. Helots are slaves who were taken from conquered cities. A perioikoi in Sparta is someone who is not a citizen, but who is free. While they cannot vote in the Assembly, they are allowed to own land, serve in the army, and travel to other cities. They help control the helots and make sure that they do not escape. The helots are conquered people. They are slaves to the Spartans and do agricultural work. There are far more helots than there are citizens, but the perioikoi help make sure that they do not revolt. Spartans believe that all citizens should be strong and healthy and educated. Both men and women are taught how to read and do arithmetic, but the focus of education is in strengthening your bodies. Some people teach physical education, which includes running, wrestling, and boxing. Spartans are the strongest in the land! Everyone knows that if Spartan women give birth to a sickly baby, they will leave it to die on the hillside. No one wants to raise a weak child. Sparta is located in a very mountainous region. Therefore, farmers can only sustain small animals like chickens, goats, and pigs. Chickens provide the city with eggs and goats provide the city with milk. All of these animals also provide meat when they are slaughtered. Eggs are used in funeral offerings. Patron - protector Discus - disk thrown in track-and-field Assembly - government meeting revolt - rebel against government Boxing - martial art spot Sustain - support Funeral offerings - gifts brought to funeral Corinth This scroll contains information about your role as Corinthians. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is, and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Corinthians is to force a blind trade of Statue cards with any other group during the Civilization Game. You must have one to give them, and they must have one to give you. You can pick which one of yours to trade, but you must randomly pick one of theirs. You can only trade with one group per turn. Corinth is a wealthy city located in the very center of the Greek world. The city is on a tiny strip of land, called an isthmus, situated between the Ionian and Aegean Sea, and between the Peloponnesus and mainland Greece. Poseidon is their patron god. They are an ally to Sparta. Corinth has a large army and a huge fleet of ships, owing to its position next to both the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea. This army created the Corinthian helmet, which is used by Greek troops all over the region. The engineers in the city also created the first trireme, which is a warship. The trireme has three levels and requires 170 rowers to man the oars. The front of the trireme has a metal battering ram jutting out that can bash enemy ships. Corinth is located on a skinny strip of land connecting the Peloponnesus to mainland Greece. It has two harbors, one on each side of the city. Because the people of Corinth depend on shipping trade for their wealth, the priests worship Poseidon, god of the sea. They visit the temple of Poseidon daily, and make libations by pouring wine onto his altar. The other temple in the city is dedicated to Aphrodite, goddess of love. Merchants and sailors doing business in the city often visit Aphrodite’s temple to find a female companion. Vocabulary Corinthian helmet (picture) Corinth has two harbors, one that leads to the east and one that leads to the west. There is a track that connects the two harbors, so ships can be pulled over land from one side to the other. Laborers pull the ships on wheeled sleds, using animals and pulleys to make it easier. The city charges a fee for ships to pass through, which is one reason why Corinth is so wealthy. Trireme (picture) Corinth is famous for exporting clay perfume pots in interesting shapes. These vessels are then shipped to various city-states around Greece. Corinth hosts the Nemean Games every two years in honor of the gods Zeus and Heracles. Athletes from around Greece compete in various contests, such as archery, foot racing, and discus. The winner of each event is given Altar - raised table where ceremonies are performed wild celery. Corinth is a busy trading port. There is a harbor on either side of the city, bringing merchants and goods all the time. Corinth’s coins have a Pegasus on one side and a soldier wearing a Corinthian helmet on the other. Corinthian soldiers model themselves after the strength of the Spartan soldiers, their allies. They have the best military in the land, and they were the main reason the Greeks won the Persian Wars years ago. Corinth is known for creating the style of Greek helmets that everyone wears nowadays. Made out of bronze, it covers a soldier’s head from the top down to the chin. Unlike other helmets, it protects the cheekbones. Before leaving for battle, soldiers make sacrifices to all of the gods by leaving food and wine at their altars. Oars - wooden poles Jutting - sticking out Libation - religious offering Pulley - wheel with a grooved rim over which a belt or chain can move to change the direction of a pulling force Vessel - large container for shipping Nemean Games - athletic contests Archery - activity of shooting with a bow and arrow Discus - disk thrown in track-and-field Wild Celery (picture) Pegasus (picture) Persian Wars - war between the Persian Empire and Greece Greek helmets (picture) Byzantium This scroll contains information about your role as Byzantines. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is, and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Byzantines is to trade your Statue card for another one from the deck. You cannot see it ahead of time, and you must keep your second choice. You can only do this during the Civilization Game. Byzantium is a fairly new city at this time. Founded by colonists in 657, it serves as an agricultural hub and a trading post for the region beyond the Black Sea. In fact, the city is located at the Black Sea’s only entrance. Because it is not as thickly populated as mainland Greece, Byzantium has plenty of land to cultivate grain, which is the main export. Byzantium is a new city located on a small strip of land that stretches between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. The city is located on the southern side, which makes shipping goods back and forth from the Greek mainland really easy. From Athens, merchants import wine, olive oil, pottery, honey, and silver. From Byzantium, they export grain and fish. Before embarking on a trip, merchants visit the temple and make an offering to Poseidon, god of the sea, and Aeolus, god of winds. Fishermen in Byzantium have simple wooden boats to take them into the Black Sea or Aegean Sea. The fish they catch feeds their family, and the rest they sell in the city market. Every few weeks they spend extra time on the water and take in a huge catch with their nets. They salt and dry these fish for several days, then sell them to merchants traveling to the mainland who will spend several weeks at sea. Until 200 years ago, no one inhabited Byzantium, so builders have plenty of room to spread out. Like any other Greek city-state, Byzantium has a marketplace, called an agora, and a temple. These were established before long ago. The next structure that should be built in a Greek city is a theatre. Byzantine farmers grow wheat, barley, and herbs. The land around Byzantium is ideal for farming; that is why the Greeks established the city in the first place. The Greek mainland is way too mountainous to produce enough crops for the population. Most of the grain that they produce is ground into flour and then shipped to Athens by a merchant. They do not grow grapes in Byzantium-- the climate isn’t perfect-- so farmers’ crops are traded for fine Greek wine. Priests in Byzantium spend their days in the temple, helping people make offerings to the gods. People bring food and wine and sometimes animals to offer to the gods. Greek gods are fickle, and if they don’t feel like they are getting enough attention, they will make human lives miserable. For example, one year, the people of Byzantium did not pour enough libations for the harvest goddess, Demeter. She was most certainly insulted. Demeter sent an insect plague to eat all of the crops. The harvest that year was very weak. Merchants in the city-state of Byzantium deal mostly with religious goods, such as statues of the gods, stones for altars, and jugs of wine. The temple in Byzantium is not very ornate, so they are trying to organize a team of artists to spruce it up. Some merchants have been in touch with sculptors in Athens who can make a statue of the god Poseidon for everyone to worship. They may have also done some business with a local painter, who might be willing to paint the walls of the temple with scenes from ancient myths. Vocabulary Barley (picture) Herbs - plants used for cooking Fickle - likley to change Libation - wine for offering Altar - raised table where ceremonies are performed Ornate - elaborately decorated Spruce - clean Poseidon - God of the sea Myth - ancient story Olympia This scroll contains information about your role as Olympians. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is, and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Olympians is to compete against other groups in a game of rock-paper-scissors. Once per round (not turn) you can select a group to fight. Using rock-paper-scissors (there are no ties), decide who wins and loses. Loser must give up either one Statue card OR one column piece (loser picks). The city-state of Olympia is considered one of the most sacred sites in all of Greece. The city honors Zeus, its patron god, by holding the Olympic Games in his honor. This athletic event, held every four years, brings athletes from all over Greece to participate in the games. An Olympic truce is called during this time, which means that all wars or grudges are suspended and Greeks can travel peacefully to and from the games. The Olympic Games include events such as running, discus, javelin, wrestling, boxing, chariot racing, and other feats of strength. Artistic achievements are also celebrated with poetry recitals, musical performances, and displays of craftsmanship. Spectators sit on the grassy hill next to the stadium. The winners of the game receive an olive branch and a supply of olive oil. Only free men are allowed to participate in the Olympic events. There are many oil manufacturers in the city-state of Olympia. Olive trees grow freely over the land, and the makers pick the fruits when they are ripe. When their whole family helps, they can fill eight baskets in one day. The olives are then pressed. The resulting olive oil is shiny and yellow. The olive skins are fed to wild animals. Olive oil is used for cooking, burning in lamps, moisturizing skin, and making hair shiny. The oil is stored in clay pots and sold at the agora. When the Olympic Games occur, a government official scores the athletes. One sport is the hoplitodromos, in which runners must race while wearing full armor and holding shields. They often fall from the heavy metal or trip over each other. The hoplitodromos is the final event in the games. The judges then document the winners of every contest by writing their names on a scroll. Sculptors in Olympia work in the artisan workshop in the center of the city. They carve blocks of marble into statues of the gods. They have made a marble Athena, Hera, Apollo, and Dionysus. Some sculptors also helped carve a bronze statue of Zeus that was sailed across the Mediterranean to a new colony. Every four years, Olympia hosts athletic games with contests of speed and strength. During these games, they get to display their work, and hopefully find a wealthy merchant who wants to buy something. Some work beside an ivory sculptor. Vocabulary Agora - city square where people can gather to talk or buy things Marble - dense crystallized rock Athena - Goddess of Wisdom Hera - Queen of Gods Apollo - God of Prophecy Dionysus - God of Wine Zeus - Ruler of Gods Colony - settlement of people Ivory - material of elephant’s tusks Builders in Olympia are working on a temple to honor the god Zeus, patron of the city. Zeus is the king of all gods, so he deserves the most glorious temple ever constructed. The temple will be built in the traditional Greek style. The site of the temple has already been chosen, in between Mount Kronos and the river. It will consist of a pointed roof held up by Doric columns, carved with scenes of the god Heracles defeating monsters. The temple is being made of limestone, but the detailed carvings will be marble. Patron - protector Olympia hosts the athletic games honoring Zeus. Every four years, athletes from every city-state travel to the city to compete in sports like chariot racing, discus, wrestling, poetry recitals, and foot races. The games also involve religious rituals and a lot of celebrating. Builders just finished building the prytaneion, a building where the presiding priests and officials will live. During the next Olympic games, the winners will eat and celebrate in the prytaneion. Inside is located an altar to the goddess Hestia. That is where the Olympic flame is kept. Altar - raised table where ceremonies are performed The patron god of Olympia is Zeus, king of the gods. Zeus controls the sky and can throw thunderbolts when he is angry. His brother Poseidon controls the sea, and his other brother Hades controls the Underworld. Zeus is married to his sister, Hera, but he often cheats on her with other goddesses and even sometimes with human women! Zeus has over thirty divine children. Doric Columns (picture) Limestone - rock composed largely of the minerals Discus - disk thrown in track-and-field Presiding - ruling Hestia - Goddess of Heart Divine - god or goddess Syracuse This scroll contains information about your role as Syracusians. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is, and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Syracusians is to look at anyone else’s Knowledge Scroll for 30 seconds at any point in the Civilization Game. You have to give it back undamaged. Syracuse was once described as the most beautiful Greek city. Syracuse was established as a colony of Corinth, located on the island of Sicily, west of the Ionian Sea. They switched their style of government a few years ago, and are now a democracy. That means that all citizens get to take part in writing and voting on the laws. Syracuse is allied with Sparta. Syracuse is not on the mainland of Greece. It is located on the island of Sicily, which was once a Greek colony. The ancient Greeks moved to Syracuse because they did not have enough land to farm and feed all of their inhabitants. Farmers have plenty of land now. They cultivate fruit trees like figs and apples. Because bees are attracted to the crops, some farmers also extract honey from their hives. Honey is quite popular in Greek food. Some farmers grow grape vines, which are used to make wine. Grapes need a lot of sun to grow, which makes Syracuse an ideal location. They must be protected from birds and bugs, and the empty vines must be trimmed after harvesting. As soon as the winter season ends, farmers must work fast to build the frames that the grape vines will grow over. Only after the frames are built, can they plant cuttings for the new vines. Their wine is shipped to city-states all over the Mediterranean. A writer in Syracuse might write poems and short stories, but hope to write an epic adventure like Homer’s Odysseus. Homer was an ancient Greek playwright who wrote about the Trojan War and the Greek heroes who fought in it. That was his first adventure, called The Iliad. The sequel to that story is called The Odyssey. It describes the journey of Odysseus as he tries to return home after ten years at war. Some talented actors have memorized the entire epic, and they recite it at special festivals. Syracuse has an enormous theater and actors stage poetic readings and tragic tales of woe on its large stage. All of the arts are respected in ancient Greece, from music to painting to poetry and drama. The great Greek poet Sappho actually lived in Syracuse! Her poems have been recited many times on this stage. While the patron god of Syracuse is Athena, a popular god is Dionysus, god of wine and theater. Athena, goddess of wisdom, is the patron of the city. Priests tend the temple in her honor, as well as a second temple built for Apollo, god of the sun, music, and poetry. Priests arrange all of the funerals for deceased citizens. The ancient Greeks believe that the dead travel to the Underworld, a dark, underground place across the mythical Styx River. Many are happy to live in Syracuse, where they are allowed to vote in the Assembly. Syracuse merchants ship goods between the island of Sicily and the city of Corinth. From Syracuse, they bring jars of grain, pottery, and dried meat. From Corinth, they bring amphorae of wine, armor, and perfume. If you are sailing on the Ionian Sea, you often see dolphins swimming past. In fact, one of the Syracuse coins has a picture of a dolphin on the back. Another coin features Arethusa, a mythical nymph who turned into a flowing stream on the outskirts of the city. Vocabulary Colony - settlement of people Cultivate - plant and grow Figs (picture) Grape vines (picture) Frames - structure to secure vines Cuttings - clippings from plants Epic - narrative poem in elevated language celebrating the adventures and achievements Tragic - deeply sad Woe - misfortune Patron - protector Tend - care for Assembly - government meeting Amphorae (picture) Arethusa (Picture) Nymph - spirit of nature