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Ecosystems Living Processes- To be considered alive an organism must do all of the following: Movement-Ability to change position Sensitivity-Ability to respond to their environments/surroundings Respiration-Ability to exchange gas with their environment Nutrition-Ability to get or make food for energy Growth-Ability to develop to reproduce Excretion-Ability to get rid of waste Reproduction-Ability to make more of its kind Living Things “What is a living thing?” Video with notes (top half of page) “Living Things” title of page Producer Needs Consumer Needs Water Air (Carbon Dioxide) Soil/substrate to get nutrients Right environmental conditions (climate, temperature, space) Energy (sun) Uses energy to make sugar Living Things Water Air (Oxygen) Food/Nutrients Right environmental conditions (Shelter/Space) Uses sugar to make energy “T” Notes Producer Needs/Consumer Needs (bottom half of page notes) What are the similarities and differences below? Cellular Respiration Sugar + oxygen carbon + water + heat & dioxide movement Photosynthesis carbon + water + sunlight dioxide Sugar + oxygen Cellular Respiration vs Photosynthesis Classification Cube ◦ 2 Pieces of notebook paper ◦ Fold each in half (hamburger/vertical) ◦ Paper 1 Cut the whole hole margin off ◦ Paper 2 Cut only half the hole margin off ◦ Paper 1 on both ends fold a 1cm anchor ◦ Slide paper 2 into anchors of paper 1 and glue ◦ Take 4 sides of notes ◦ Glue into toolkit using hole margin as anchor ◦ Fold to close toolkit Classification “Classifying living things?” Video with notes “Classifying Living Things” title of page Side 1 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Broad Specific 6 Major Kingdoms 1. Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria-single celled organisms with no nucleus for genetic material and asexual reproduction except no spores) 2. Eubacteria (true bacteriasingle celled organisms with no nucleus for genetic material and asexual reproduction including spores) 3. Protists includes algae (single celled organisms with a nucleus for genetic material) 4. Fungi includes lichens 5. Plants 6. Animals Classification Cube Side 2 Definitions: Taxonomy is the scientific name for classification. Classification means to group things by similar characteristics. ◦ Classifying living things-starts very broad-only 6 kingdoms. Is it a plant? Is it an animal? Is it a single celled organism with or without a nucleus? Is it a fungi? ◦ Classifying ends very specific. Species are organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Binomial nomenclature is a system for naming living things using the genus and species. The scientific name of the living thing Homo sapiens ◦ MUST be italicized Gorilla gorilla ◦ Genus is capitalized Canis lupus ◦ species is not capitalized Tursiops truncatus Zalophus californianus Classification Cube Ursus maritimus Side 3 Kingdom Phylum ◦ Subphylum Class Order Family Genus Species K-Animalia P-Chordata Subphylum-Vertebrae C-Mammalia O-Primates F-Hominidae G-Homo S-Homo sapiens Classification Cube Side 4 Classify and name an object from a set of objects. Species of Screws Kingdom- Store Phylum- Hardware Store Subphylum-Lowe’s Class- Hardware Order-Fasteners Family-Metal Genus-Shortus Species- Shortus screwius Classification Cube What are the 3 main purposes of a zoo? -Education -Species Survival -Rehabilitation The 4 things that must be kept in mind while designing a zoo exhibit -Animal's natural habitat (5 basic needs and 4 components of ecosystem) -Safety of people and animals -Zookeeper's ability to take care of animals -Visitor's ability to view the animals Zoology-the study of animals Zoologist-person who studies animals Why Zoos? Threatened Endangered Extinct Zoo Exhibit Project and Field Trip ◦ Species that are close to becoming endangered ◦ Species that are close to becoming extinct ◦ Species that no longer exists ◦ Students will identify how to provide animals living in a zoo an environment mimicking their natural habitat while meeting safety standards for animals and people, providing visitors the opportunity to see the animals, and making sure zookeepers can care for the animals effectively. Why Zoos? Biomes: Global areas of the same climate and ecosystems. Tundra, deserts Ecosystems: All the living and non-living things in an area. Communities: All the living things within the ecosystem Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food Heterotrophs: Organisms that need to eat other living things for food Populations: All the same species in a community Habitats: Area which has the basic needs of an organism Niche: the unique role an organism plays in a community. Parts of Ecosystems Diversity: Lots of variety Biotic = Living Abiotic = Non-Living non-living things in an ecosystem sun, water, soil, air, etc (Draw examples) Abiotic Factors Living organisms which make their own food from sun’s energy. Plants (draw ex) Producers Primary Consumers: Eats producers herbivores Secondary Consumers: Eats primary consumers Tertiary Consumers: Eats secondary consumers Living organisms which eat other organisms for energy. Animals Consumers • • • • Living organisms which break-down dead things and recycle nutrients. worms Bacteria Fungi Some Insects Worms Decomposers What do the two way arrows mean? Interdependency: Each component of the system is dependent upon the other Fold Ecosystem sheet in half (hamburger) Fold in four long quarters Add Types of Consumers one in each section Glue blank half of back into toolkit Title of page Ecosystems Ecosystems Herbivores Eats plants Eat other animals Carnivores (meat) Eat plants and Omnivores animals (meat) Scavengers Eat “left-overs,” whatever they can find Types of Consumers INVERTEBRATES:Spinal Cord but No Backbone Sponges •No organs, just cells and tissues •Live in water •Attach to something •Asexual or sexual Jellyfish and Corals •No organs, just cells and tissues •Mostly salt water •Free moving •Asexual or sexual Worms •Round, Flat, or Segmented •Distinct head and body organs •Live in or near water •Free moving •Asexual or sexual Mollusks •Well develop body organs and systems •Soft body, most have shells •Salt or fresh water, or near moisture. •Free moving •Sexual Starfish, Sand Dollars, and Sea Urchins •No head or brain, but organ systems •Radially symmetrical (same around 1pt) •Salt water •Free moving •Asexual or sexual Arthropods •Well developed body systems •Segmented Body •Exoskeleton •Free moving •Sexual •4 Groups Lobsters and Crayfish In or near water Spiders, Mites, and Ticks •2 body segments •8 legs •No antenna Millipedes and Centipedes •1-2 pairs of legs per body segment •Antenna Insects •3 body segments •6 legs •Most have 2-4 wings Consumers: Major Animal Groups VERTEBRATES:Spinal Cord, Backbone, Skull, Paired Appendages, Sexual, Move Free Amphibians •Well developed body systems •Absorption through skin •Must be in or near water/moister •Exothermic (cold-blooded) •Most have 4 legs •most lay soft eggs Reptiles •Well developed body systems •Breath air •Scaly skin •Exothermic (cold-blooded) •Most have 4 legs •most lay leathery eggs Fish •Well developed body systems •Gills •Live in water •2 chambered heart •Exothermic (cold-blooded) Avians (birds) •Well developed body systems •Breath air •Feathers •No teeth •1 set of wings and 1 set of legs •Endothermic (warm-blooded) •many fly •most lay hard shelled eggs Mammals •Well developed body systems •Breath air •Hair •Endothermic (warm-blooded) •Mammary glands (produce milk) •most have live births Consumers: Major Animal Groups 2 flipper with pyramid Fold an anchor on landscape side Fold anchor in ½ Cut at fold to anchor Cut bottom section into 2 equal sections Fold the top ½ into 2 opposite triangles Cut one leg of a triangle Complete notes and glue pyramid together. Glue anchor into toolkit Complete flipper notes Relationships Between Organisms • Relationship where organisms live on, in or near another (write this on anchor to pyramid) – Commensalism- One organism benefits, the other is not effected. Example Drawing: Small bird makes nest under eagle’s nest – Mutualism-both organisms benefit Example Drawing: sea anemone and clown fish – Parasite/Host-One organism is harmed by the other Example Drawing: cat and flea Symbiosis One organism hunts and eats the other Example: Bear-Predator, Salmon-Prey Predator/Prey Organisms “fight” for the same needs, such as water, sunlight, prey, etc. If an organism loses the fight, then it dies. Example: Trees in a forest competing for sunlight. Competition Adaptation: _____________ in a species Changes over________ periods of time which help long the organism _______ survive in the environment. Food Chain: An _________ in which order organisms are ___________ consumed in an ecosystem and the arrows show the flow of _________. energy Food Web: Many food _________ form a chains food web and show multiple relationships and the arrows show the flow of ________. energy Ecosystem Vocab Wild: Organisms that survive on their own ___ Domestic: Organisms which depend on ________ humans for survival after many _____________ generations of breeding. ◦ Humans get something in _________ return Feral: Domestic animals that have become ______ wild again Ecosystem Vocab Surveying Plants ◦ Complete Data Table Decomposers Producers make food through Photosynthesis SEEDLESS PLANTS SEED PLANTS • spores (no seeds) • In or near water •seeds •Do not need to be in or near water Algae and Mosses •No roots, leaves, or flowers •Non-vascular (No transport tubes) Conifers and Flowering Plants •Stems, roots •Vascular(Xylem and Phloem) (transport tubes) Algae •No stems •3 Types of Algae Brown (floating seaweed) Red (kelp) Green Mosses •Have stems Ferns, Horsetails, and Club Mosses •Leaves, stems, roots •Vascular (Xylem and Phloem) (transport tubes) •Conifers (Evergreen Trees) •needles (instead of leaves) cones (instead of flowers) •Seeds (Gymnosperm-Cones) Flowering Plants (Trees, grasses, flowers, etc.) •leaves and flowers •Seeds (Angiosperms-Flowers) PRODUCERS: MAJOR PLANT GROUPS Xylem-Tubes that take water and other nutrients from the roots up into the plant, also has thick cell walls to help support plant. Phloem-Tubes that carry food throughout the plant, can move up and down unlike xylem. PRODUCERS: MAJOR PLANT GROUPS Roots ◦ Support and draws in nutrients, including water Stem ◦ Support, transports substances (Xylem and Phloem) Leaves ◦ Place for photosynthesis (chloroplasts) ◦ Stomata-structure on under side of leaf for gas exchange. Flower ◦ Reproductive organ Pistal-Female Parts (Ovule-Egg) Stamen-Male Parts (Pollen-Sperm) Structures and Functions of Flowering Plants Part of a Flower Nitrogen Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Water Cycle Biological Clock-Natural cycles to indicate breeding, seasonal changes, etc. Migration-Adaptation of changing locations to avoid harsh conditions or for breeding Hibernation-Adaptation when animals sleep deeply slowing body systems to avoid harsh conditions Diurnal-Organisms active during the day, to avoid competition with other organisms Nocturnal-Organisms active during the night to avoid competition with other organisms. Cycles in Nature Natural Selection ◦ “_________________” Survival of the Fittest meaning if an organism is well _________ adapted for the area it will _______, survive if not it will die. Carrying Capacity ◦ The ______________ number/amount of specific kind of organism that can live in a given area _________ without damaging the area. Limiting Factors ◦ Needs that ________ the number of limit __________ organisms that can live in an area, such as, food, _____, water shelter, _____, space seasons. Understanding Interactions