Download Renaissance and Reformation Review

Renaissance and Reformation Review Renaissance Name______________________ The European period of rebirth and renewal of interest in learning, the arts, and culture, following the Middle Ages. Humanism A philosophical movement during the Renaissance that stressed life on Earth, and the quality of being human. Rejected living only for the afterlife of Christianity. Patron Perspective Wealthy supporter of artists Technique used by Renaissance artists to create depth in their paintings Leonardo da Vinci An amazing Renaissance man; an artist, sculptor, engineer, inventor, scientist, and writer. Mona Lisa The Last Supper Michelangelo Famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci Famous fresco painted by Leonardo da Vinci Italian Renaissance genius (1475­1564); talented in painting, sculpture, poetry, and architecture. David Sistine Chapel Famous sculpture by Michelangelo Ceiling in St. Peter’s Church painting by Michelangelo Raphael Famous Renaissance artist
School of Athens Machiavelli Famous painting by Raphael Florentine statesman and political theorist; in 1513 he wrote The Prince, proposing that a ruler must cultivate a reputation for virtue and know how to gain his end by wise use of power. Suggested that to maintain power, the ruler may ignore what is morally right and wrong, believing that "the end justifies the means" in gaining and retaining power. The Prince A book of political advice written by Niccolo Machiavelli during the Renaissance in which he describes the methods that a prince should use to acquire and maintain political power. This book was used to defend policies of despotism and tyranny. Machiavelli wrote that a ruler should take any action to remain in power, or that “the ends justifies the means.” Political scientist A person who studies the principles, processes, and structure of government and of political institutions; the study of politics. Humanists Intellectuals of the Renaissance who focused on worldly [secular] subjects rather than on religious issues Sir Thomas More A Renaissance English statesman who wrote Utopia,. His opposition to King Henry VIII's oath of supremacy led to his conviction and execution on charges of high treason. Erasmus A Dutch humanist who called for reforms in the church, challenging the worldliness of church practices, and urged a return to early Christian traditions.
Utopia Book written by Sir Thomas More which proposed an ideal society, fully employed, and in which everyone had equal possessions The Praise of Folly Shakespeare Famous work of Erasmus English poet and playwright. He wrote 37 plays between 1590 and 1613. His plays reflect the ideas of individualism and the unconquerable human spirit, and most of them are still performed today. Cervantes Spanish Renaissance writer. His greatest work is the comedic tale Don Quixote. Printing press 15th century European technology (found earlier in Asia) that led to an increase in the availability of books and with it an increase in literacy and spread of information. Printing revolution Allowed books to be printed cheaper which allowed more people to learn to read and write [increased literacy] Johann Gutenberg Gutenberg Bible A German inventor (1400's) of movable type for use in printing. First book printed in Europe with the printing press Indulgence Letters of forgiveness for one's sins provided by the medieval Church, and one of the causes of the Reformation. Recant To reject a belief or withdraw something previously said. Predestination The idea of Calvinist Protestants that certain people were pre­selected to go to heaven. Theocracy Government led by religious leaders, such as John Calvin’s government in Geneva
Martin Luther Theologian and religious reformer who started the Reformation with his 95 Theses which protested church corruption, namely the sale of indulgences. 95 Theses The list of statements or propositions posted on the door of Wittenberg's All Saints' Church by the German cleric, Martin Luther. Luther challenged the sale of indulgences by a monk named Tetzel, as well as other corrupt practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This single act is most responsible for the Protestant Reformation. Johann Tetzel St. Peter’s Church Priest who sold indulgences in Germany Church in Rome; money from sale of indulgences was used to rebuild John Calvin 16th­century French scholar and theologian who became a leader of the Protestant Reformation. His Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) expressed the idea of predestination: only those elected beforehand by God would achieve salvation John Knox Religious reformer who help set up the Scottish Presbyterian Church Peace of Augsberg 1555­ allowed each prince to decide which religion (Catholic or Lutheran) would be followed in his land Geneva City­state where Calvin established his theocracy Annul To cancel [in terms of the Reformation­ Henry VIII asked the pope to annul his marriage] Henry VIII An English king who was initially a strong Catholic, but who broke away from the Roman Catholic Church over a dispute as to whether he could have a divorce.
Church of England Anglican Church Act of Supremacy Inquisition Church created by Henry VII The Church of England, a Protestant sect begun in the 1500's under Henry VIII. An act passed in 1584 by the English Parliament giving the King the power to be the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church). A court set up by the Catholic Church to punish heretics [people who go against Church teachings] Council of Trent Pope Paul III Meeting of the Catholic Church during the period of Counter­Reformation. The Council decided to reform many of the activities of the Church but reaffirmed its basic doctrines (ex. supremacy of the Pope). Lead the Counter­Reformation by making reforms within the Catholic Church Catholic/Counter Reformation Ignatius of Loyola An attempt by the Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestant ideas Founded the Society of Jesus, the Order of the Jesuits. He worked to combat the Protestant Reformation by providing strong Catholic leadership to monarchs across Europe. St. Teresa of Avila Jesuits Created the order of Carmelite nuns Order of priests founded by Ignatius of Loyola to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith Scientific Revolution An offshoot of the Renaissance in which scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe. Heliocentric Theory of the universe that states the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it. Copernicus Theorized that the Earth orbited the Sun (heliocentric system) and laid the foundations of modern astronomy. Kepler German astronomer and mathematician.
Galileo Italian astronomer. One of the founders of Europe's scientific revolution, one of his main contributions is the application of the telescope to astronomy. He was able to prove Copernicus’ heliocentric model correct. Newton English scientist who discovered gravitation, invented calculus, and formulated the laws of motion. Boyle Distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds Vesalius Created the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy Scientific Method One of the main ideas to come out of the Scientific Revolution was the use of the Scientific Method. The Scientific Method uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on how the universe works.