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1800 TIMELINE 18001600 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 8000BCE Sharpened stone heads used as axes, spears and arrows. 7000BCE Walls in Jericho built. 6100BCE North Atlantic Ocean – Tsunami. 6000BCE Dry farming developed in Mesopotamian hills. - 4000BCE Tigris-Euphrates planes colonized. - 3000BCE Farming communities spread from south-east to northwest Europe. 5000BCE 4000BCE 3900BCE 3800BCE 3760BCE Dynastic conflicts in Upper and Lower Egypt. The first metal tools commonly used in agriculture (rakes, digging blades and ploughs) used as weapons by slaves and peasant ‘infantry’ – first mass usage of expendable foot soldiers. 3700BCE 3600BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 1 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 3500BCE King Menes the Fighter is victorious in Nile conflicts, establishes ruling dynasties. Blast furnace used for smelting bronze used in Bohemia. Sumerian civilization developed in south-east of Tigris-Euphrates river area, Akkadian civilization developed in north-west area – continual warfare. 3400BCE 3300BCE 3200BCE 3100BCE 3000BCE Bronze Age begins in Greece and China. Egyptian military civilization developed. Composite re-curved bows being used. In Mesopotamia, helmets made of copper-arsenic bronze with padded linings. Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, first to use iron for weapons. Sage Kings in China refine use of bamboo weaponry. 2900BCE 2800BCE Sumer city-states unite for first time. 2700BCE Palestine invaded and occupied by Egyptian infantry and cavalry after Palestinian attacks on trade caravans in Sinai. 2600BCE 2500BCE Harrapan civilization developed in Indian valley. Copper, used for mace heads, found in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Sumerians make helmets, spearheads and axe blades from bronze. Socked axes designed. Sumerians use chariots, four-wheeled carts, no pivoting front axle, drawn by donkeys and wild asses. Lugazaggisi, king of Uruk, defeats Lagash Empire, with support from archers. 2400BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 2 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 2350BCE King Sargon of the Akkadians has bows and arrows mass produced in Mesopotamia. Seizes entire Semetic Empire, uses first ‘landscape diagrams’ to deploy his troops. Maps used in combat during Hsai dynasties. 2250BCE 2230BCE Guti people sweep through Babylonia, overthrow Akkadian Empire. The Guti are driven from Mesopotamia. 2130BCE 2000BCE Sumarian civilization falls. Advanced state societies develop in Crete (Minoan), Greece (Mycenaean) and Turkey. Hitite tribes become unified around the Bosphorus. Their joint forces cross Euphrates, blunder Babylon and advance into Syria. Hitites master iron production, defeat Babylonians, to east, and Egyptians, to south, in battle. Helmets and body armour made of electrum in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Assyrian Empire establishes colony in Anatolia (Turkey) to send metals to Mesopotamia. -1400BCE Crete uses ships with keels and ribs. Amorites conquer all of Mesopotamia. 1900BCE 1850BCE Babylonian civilization rises to political prominence under Amorites. 1831BCE China – Earthquake, epicentre Mount Tai. 1800BCE Warriors of the Hyksos drive Egyptians south, achieving complete control of the Nile delta. 1760BCE Greeks use bronze to make armour, swords and spears. -1520 The Chinese Shang dynasty founded. Harrapan civilization falls to outside attacks. 1700BCE 1600BCE Iranian tribes begin using warhorses and light, two- 1575BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline wheeled chariots in Mesopotamia. Greece – Volcanic eruption on Santorini, thought to have caused Tsunami which may have led to damage in Crete. Egyptian forces, led by Pharoah Amosis I, use the Nile flooding and the first troop-carrying boats to liberate Upper Egypt from the Hyksos. Page 3 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1500BCE Armour of overlapping scales of bronze, laced together or sewn onto a backing of padded fabric, used in Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt. The sickle sword is developed, a bronze sword with a curved concave blade and straight, thick handle. Mycenaeans of mainland Greece take control of Crete. Phoenicians develop ships with two banks of rowers on both sides, and rams. Cleaning impurities from smelted iron produces stronger metals in Syria. Improved weaponry spreads to Egypt and Greece. 1450BCE 1400BCE 1300BCE 1299BCE Battle of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hitites, 1250BCE 1200BCE 1193BCE 1100BCE over control of Syria, result indecisive. Moses leads the Isrealites into Canaan. c. Mycenaean raiders, under Agamemmon, sack the city of Troy. Iron Age begins. Effective long bladed swords developed when iron can be hammered at tensile strength. Destruction of Troy, soldiers infiltrated into the city inside a large wooden horse. Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations destroyed by invading Dorians from northern/north-western Greece. They spread throughout Greece and Anatolia. Civil war in Egypt during reign of Rameses XI. 1090BCE 1027BCE Chou dynasty replaces Shang dynasty in China ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 4 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1000BCE c. Athens begins to organize reoccupation oth the Ionian coasts and islands. c. Aryan peoples conquer the Indus Valley area. Perhaps first war memorial sculpted at Deir-elBahri, Egypt, depicts a wounded Syrian soldier, armed with iron weapons with his Egyptian wife and son. Philistines crush Saul, first king of Israel, in battle. Jewish kingdom arises under King David, following decline of Egyptian power. He unites Judah and Isreal, with Jerusalem as capital, brings water supply to the city through reinforced subterranean tunnels. 933BCE Solomon died. His kingdom divided between Rehoboam I, as king of Judah, and Jeroboam I as king of Isreal. Sheshonk I of Egypt seizes Jerusalem. 900BCE 890BCE 880BCE 870BCE 860BCE 850BCE 840BCE 830BCE 820BCE 813BCE 810BCE 800BCE 790BCE 785BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Assyrian Empire controls the trade routes between the Mesopotamia world and the Mediterranean world. Hellenistic epics: Iliad and Odyssey, by Homer. Carthage founded as trading centre with Tyre. c. Tyre falls to the Assyrians, Carthage became the leader of the western Phoenicians. Civil war in David’s kingdom. Amaziah, king of Judah, defeated by Israel, later killed by Judean rebels opposing his rule. Homer describes advanced battlefield surgery. Page 5 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 780BCE 6 September – first authenticated date in Chinese history – solar eclipse. First Olympic games held in Olympia. 776BCE 770BCE 760BCE Celts move into England. 760BCE 750BCE 740BCE 730BCE 720BCE 710BCE 700BCE 690BCE 680BCE 670BCE 665BCE 660BCE 650BCE 640BCE 630BCE 625BCE 620BCE 612BCE 610BCE 600BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Etruscans introduce horse-drawn chariots to Italy. Spoked wheels and horseshoes used by the Halstatt culture. Spartans colonize Taranto, southern Italy First Messenian war – Sparta gains hegemony in Greece. Romulus, first king of Rome, divides a year into 10 months, about 5,000 years after Egyptian solar observations showed there to be 12 lunar rotations annually. Achaemenids begin ruling Persia. -669BCE Assyrians conquer Egypt. King Sennacherib of Nineveh, one of the first tyrants to use his army against his own people Assyrians destroy city of Babylon, army engineers divert Euphrates to cover site of city. Second Messenian war, Spartan rule challenged in Greece. Judah submits to Assyrians, whose army moves to Egypt, destroys Memphis and Thebes. Scythian raiders pillage Palestine and Syria. Nabopolassar, a Chaldean general, seizes Babylonian throne, declares independence from Assyria. Mayan civil wars in Mexico resolved. Phoenicians settle in Corsica. -609BCE Medes of Persia and Chaldeans overthrow Assyrians, destroy Nineveh. The use of iron starts to replace bronze in China. Page 6 Date York Date Britain Date 590BCE 587BCE 580BCE 570BCE 560BCE 550BCE 540BCE 539BCE 530BCE 520BCE 510BCE 505BCE 500BCE 499BCE 490BCE 481BCE 480BCE 479BCE 478BCE 477BCE 470BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Nebuchadnezzar destroys communities dispersed. Jerusalem, Jewish Cyrus I rebels against the Medes, captures Ecbatana. Etruscans and Carthaginians unite at battle of Alalia. Persians, under Cyrus the Great, capture Babylonia. Etruscans defeat Romans. -494BCE Persia suppresses revolts of Ionian cities. -449BCE Greco-Persian wars. Persians use elephants when defeated by Miltiades at Marathon. An age of warring states begins in China. Battle of Thermopylae. Athens burned, Acropolis destroyed. Themistocle, creator of the Greek navy, agrees to lead the Athenian squadron against the Persians. The Carthaginians, led by Hamilcar Barca, defeated at Himera, Sicily, by Gelo of Syracuse. The Greeks, led by Spartan general Pausanias, defeat Persians, at Plataea. Walls of Athens rebuilt, harbour of Piraeus fortified. 306 Roman Fabii and their armed supporters, slaves etc are slaughtered at Cremera by invading Etruscan forces. Cimon, son of Miltiades leads campaigns against Persian army. Page 7 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 466BCE Cimon destroys Persian army at Eurymedon. 200 Persian ships are sunk or captured. Gelo forms one of the first all volunteer armies, when democracy established in Syracuse. Greece – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, epicentre in Sparta. Persians collapse in battle on Cyprus. 465BCE 464BCE 460BCE 450BCE 449BCE 448BCE 445BCE 440BCE 431BCE 430BCE 429BCE 426BCE 421BCE 420BCE 410BCE 408BCE 406BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Artaxerxes recognizes independence of all Greek city-states at the Peace of Callias. Aspasia, mistress of Pericles, rules Athenian society, one of the first women involved in military command. 30 year formal truce agreed between Athens and Sparta. Jerusalem is fortified, Nehemiah and Ezra raise walls at the Rock/Temple Mount. Rhodes is fortified, Hippodamus of Miletus builds protected harbour and walled town. Peloponnesian wars between Athens and Sparta, dispite ’30 years truce.’ Pericles died, succeeded by joint rule of Cleon and Nicias. Greece – Tsunami hit Maliakos Bay. ‘Peace of Nicias’, initiates a ’50 year truce’ (lasts 6 years) Cleon died. Alcibiades moves against Nicias, persuades Athenians to ally themselves with Argos, Elis and Mantinea against Sparta. Guerrilla warfare against Persian rule by Medes, they are put down by King Darius. Dionysus I the Elder introduces catapults as weapons, sometimes firing hot shot. Page 8 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 401BCE ‘Retreat of Ten Thousand’ a Greek mercenary army led by Xenophon, aiding Persian prince Cyrus, defeated at Cunaxa. 10,000 survivors marched home across 1,000 miles of enemy territory. Carthaginians occupy Malta. 400BCE 399BCE 396BCE 390BCE 384BCE 380BCE 379BCE 377BCE 373BCE 371BCE 370BCE 365BCE 360BCE 356BCE 355BCE 352BCE 350BCE 343BCE Dionysus I the Elder directs his engineers to construct engines for war with Carthage, the result is the Gastrophetes, a large crossbow. The Carthaginian army destroys Messina, Sicily. Gauls from northern Italy, under Brennus, capture, sack and burn Rome Manilus Capitolinus, accused of royal ambitions after the failed defence of Rome, is thrown to his death from the Tarpeian Rock. Revolt against Spartan rule in Thebes. ‘Massacre of the Spartan tyrants’ by Pelopidas and Epaminondas. Walls built around Rome. Greece – Earthquake and tsunami destroyed Helike.. Battle of Leuctra, Epaminondas leads Theban forces to victory against Spartan army. Eastern Mediterranean – 21 Jul – Earthquake and tsunami hit Alexandria. Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great), son of Philip II, born. The Great Wall of China is started as a partial protection against the Huns. Philip II became king of Macedonia. Philip II of Macedon supports Thebans in ‘The Sacred War’ against Phocians. 340BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 9 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 336BCE Philip II assassinated at Aegaeby, Alexander I the Great, succeeds him. Alexander I the Great destroys Thebes, in revenge for his father’s death. Alexander begins campaigns against Persian Empire by defeating Darius at Issus. Port of Alexandria established. Macedonians conquer Tyre and Jerusalem. At Gaugamela, Alexander’s army uses long spears (6m), stabbing swords and small oval shields, against Persians Alexander the Great takes Babylonia, plans to make it seat of his empire. Macedonians occupy Susa and Persepolis. 335BCE 333BCE 332BCE 331BCE 330BCE 329BCE 328BCE 327BCE 326BCE 323BCE 322BCE 321BCE 320BCE 319BCE 316BCE 311BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Alexander I the Great marries Bactrian princess, Roxana. Alexander invades India. -304 Wars between Romans and Samnites of amcient Italy. Alexander the Great extends his empire to the Indus river June. Alexander I the Great died of a fever at Babylon. His conquests are divided, Ptolemies take Egypt, Seleucids take Syria-Iran. Conflict erupts among Alexandrine generals. Romans defeated at Caudine Forks against Samnites. Chandragupta Maurya develops empire in Ganges and Indus river valley areas by re-conquering northern India from Macedonians. Mauryan dynasty established. Romans inflict Samnites losses at Lucerian. Polysperchon restores liberty to Helenic citystates. Cassander takes over Macedonia as regent and puts Alexander’s mother, Olympias, to death. End of civil wars in Alexander’s former empire. Lysiachus takes Thrace, Antigonus takes Asia Minor (Turkey). Page 10 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 310BCE Romans inflict Samnites losses at Vadimonian Lake. Macedonian admiral Nearchus completes exploration and first charting of Persian Gulf, the Euphrates and parts of Indian Ocean. (originally ordered by Alexander in 325BCE) Romans inflict Samnites losses at Perugia. 309BCE 308BCE 307BCE 300BCE 298BCE 290BCE 289BCE 283BCE 280BCE 279BCE 278BCE 275BCE 274BCE 272BCE 270BCE 266BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Ptolemy Soter established the great museum and library at Alexandria. (Become one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) Carthaginians besiege Syracuse. Chainmail appears in Greek art. Mechanical artillery began to use torsion in addition to tension power. -290 Third Samnite War, extension of Roman power over Etruscans and Balkans. Romans defeated at Atrium by Senones, a Goaulish tribe. Romans invade and conquer Corsica. A small army, commanded by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, lands in Italy. Pyrrhus rallies his troops to drive a Roman force from the field at Aesculum, with the help of Tarentine infantry, of whom nearly all were killed. Reinforcements from Tarentum and Epirus arrive to help Pyrrhus but many are again killed by Romans. Further support from Argos but Pyrrhus suffers defeat at Beneventum, and later killed by rioters in Nauplia, protesting his incompetence. Military caste of Babylon collapses. Babylonians re-established in new fortified city of Seleucia. -231BCE Ashoka expands Maurya empire in Ganges and Indus river valley areas. Calabria is conquered by Romans. Page 11 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 264BCE -241BCE First Punic War between Rome and Carthage. Appius Claudius Pulcher defeats Heiro of Syracuse at Messana. Romans develop boarding ramps for their ships. Romans use the gladius (0.60m) stabbing sword. 260BCE 259BCE 256BCE 255BCE 250BCE England - Le Tène, Iron Age people of France, invade southern England, with little resistance. 250BCE 246BCE 241BCE 240BCE 238BCE 230BCE 226BCE 221BCE 220BCE 219BCE 218BCE 217BCE 216BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Romans encounter advanced Greek medicine, especially for battlefield trauma, from Greek prisoners of war. Roman fleet defeats Cartaginians at Ecnomus Regulus, attacking Carthage, is captured by Xanthippus the Spartan The unsuccessful siege of Lilybaeum, by Romans. Hamilcar Barca takes command of Carthaginian forces in Sicily. Birth of Hannibal, the Great. Hamilcar makes peace with Rome Carthage begins its conquest of Spain Rhodes – Earthquake. Age of warring states in China ends as the warrior state Ch’in predominates all others. -201BCE Second Punic War. Hannibal crosses the Alps via the Little St Bernard Pass, invading Italy from the north Hannibal takes Torino and crushes Roman forces under Publius Cornelius Scipio at Ticinus river. Hannibals war elephants and cavalry contribute to Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. Romans defeated at Battle of Cannae, Hannibal’s army slaughters over 50,000. Philip V of Macedon makes formal alliance with Hannibal. Page 12 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 212BCE Romans attempt to distract Carthaginian attention to Sicily, under Marcellus, they seize and burn Syracuse. Greek mathematician Achimedes killed . Carthaginians reach walls of Rome. Hannibal’s brother, Hasdrubal, defeated by Romans at a ford on Metaurus river. Hasdrubal’s force retreats north, Hannibal goes to south. 211BCE 210BCE 209BCE 207BCE 202BCE 200BCE 197BCE 195BCE 192BCE 191BCE 190BCE 189BCE 185BCE 182BCE 180BCE 172BCE 170BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Shih Huang Ti, emperor of China, died, rebellion begins. Han dynasty supplants Ch’in in China, adopt principles of Confucius. General Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal’s exhausted army at Zena. A Roman expeditionary force demolishes Philip V’s Macedonian army at Cyconscephelae. Asia Minor – Eumenes II became king of Pergamum. Hannibal flees to Syria, given sanctuary by King Antiochus III. Hannibal lands , with Syrian forces, in Greece. Battle of Thermopylae, Romans dismember Antiochus’ forces, pursue them to Magnesia. Antiochus’ forces surrender to Romans at Magnesia. Armenia – Artaxias I Became king. Rhodian galleys off the Eurymedon river defeat Hannibal. India - Pusyamitra Sunga became emperor of the Shunga dynasty which displaced the Mauryan rule in India. Hannibal commits suicide in Libyssa, to deny Roman demands for his extradition. China – Wen became emperor of the Han Dynasty Rome and Macedon at war, King Perseus inflicts initial defeats on Roman forces. Bactria – Eucratides I became king. Page 13 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 168BCE Roman legions regroup at Pydna, Perseus defeated. -167BCE Persecution of Jews around Jerusalem, by Antiochus IV. Desecration of the Temple provokes Maccabean revolt. 165BCE Judas Maccabaeus rededicates re-dedicates the Temple after expelling Syrians. Seleucid Empire – Judas Maccabeus killed during Battle of Elasa. Jonathan Maccabeus became leader of Maccabees. Armenia – Artaxias I died, Artavasded I became king. Seleucid Empire – Alcimis re-established as High Priest, after Seleucid victory in Judea. Bactria – King Eucratides I died. Asia Minor – Eumenes II died, Attalus II Philadelphus became king of Pergamum. Seleucid Empire – Jonathan Maccabeus recognised as a minor king. China – Emperor Wen of Han died. Roman Republic – First Dalmatian War began. 160BCE 159BCE 158BCE 157BCE 156BCE 155BCE 154BCE 153BCE 152BCE 151BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Republic – Romans conquered Delminium, the Dalmatians were compelled to pay tribute to Rome – end of First Dalmatian War. Bactria – Menander I became king of Indo-Greek Kingdom. China – Rebellion of the Seven States. Greece – earthquake. Parts of Sikyon destroyed by India – Pusyamitra Sunga died, his son Agnimitra became emperor. Page 14 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 150BCE Seleucid Empire – Demetrius I Soter killed in battle, Alexander Balas became king. Alexander Balas married Cleopatra Thea. Asia Minor – Mithridates IV Philopator Philadelphus died, Mithridates V Eurgetesbecame king of Pontus. Roman Republic – -146BCE Third Punic War. Roman supremacy is total. Africa – Battle of Carthage began. Macedon – Andriscus became king. Bithynia – Prusias II was assassinated, Nicomedes II became king. Roman Republic – Battle of Pydna. Construction of Via Postumia, links Aquileia and Genua. Africa – Carthage razed and levelled, less than 50,000 survive, sold into slavery. Greece – Macedonia became part of Roman Republic. Roman Republic – Roman legions reign supreme in seven imperial provinces – Corsica/Sardinia, Transalpina, Gallia, Macedonia, Sicily, plus the ‘two Spains’ on Iberian Pennisula and ‘Africa’ (the southern Mediterranean rim). Rome became the sole superpower. Africa – Carthage falls to Roman forces. End of Third Punic War. Greece – Battle of Corinth, Greece became Roman province, art and treasure taken to Rome. Syria – Battle of Antioch. Egypt - Ptolemy VI killed in battle, succeded by Ptolemy VII who is assassinated, succeded by Ptolemy VIII. Roman Republic – Aqua Marcia aquaduct built in Rome. Parthia – Parthians take Babylonia. Roman Republic – Celtiberian War ends. Judea – High Priest Jonathan Maccabaeus killed. Roman Republic – Bridge over Tiber river completed. Judea – Simon Maccabaeus became High Priest. 149BCE 148BCE Ireland – Corlea Trackway built in County Longford. 148BCE 147BCE 146BCE 145BCE 144BCE 143BCE 142BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 15 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 141BCE China – Emperor Jing of Han died, succeded by Wu of Han. Judea – Simon Maccabaeus became prince. Judea – Simon Maccabaeus became king. China – Han Wudi became emperor. Roman Republic – Lusitanian War ends. 140BCE 139BCE 138BCE 137BCE 136BCE 135BCE 134BCE 133BCE 132BCE 131BCE 130BCE 129BCE 128BCE 127BCE 126BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Parthia – King Mithridates I died, Phraates II became emperor. Roman Republic – Slaves in Sicily revolt against Romans. Valencia founded. Numantian War begins. Sri Lanka – King Dutugemunu died. China – Confucianism adopted as state religion by emperor Wu Di. Roman Republic – First Servile War begins. Bactria – King Menander I died, succeded by Epander. Judea – High Priest and prince Simon Maccabaeus killed. Roman Republic – Siege of Numantia. Judea – John Hyrcanus became high priest and prince. Roman Republic – Asia Minor (Turkey) seized as Rome’s eight province. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus elected tribune. China – June – Battle of Mayi. Roman Republic – First Servile War ends. Tiberius Gracchus assassinated. Roman Republic – Aristonicus of Pergamon leads uprising against Rome. Syria – Antiochus VII Sidetes killed in Battle of Ecbatana Parthia – Scythians defeat Parthians. Syria – Demetrius II died, Seleucus V Philometor became king, Cleopatra Thea acts as regent. Page 16 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 125BCE Syria – Seleucus V Philometor killed by Cleopatra Thea, who takes throne with Antiochus VIII Grypus as co-ruler. Parthia – Artabanus I died, Mithridates II became king. Roman Republic – Gaius Gracchus became tribune. Carthage re-established as legionary headquarters of Africa province. Roman Republic – Marcus Fulvius Flaccus and Gaius Gracchus become tribunes. Gracchus passes law requiring state to provide weapons and equipment for Roman army Roman Republic – Tribunal established in Rome that executes 3,000 followers of Gracchus. Asia – Chineses defeat Xiongnu. 124BCE 123BCE 122BCE 121BCE 120BCE 119BCE 118BCE 117BCE 116BCE 115BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Republic – Second Dalmatian War begins. Greece – Hipparchus became Archon of Athens. Asia – Battle of Mobei Roman Republic – Roman colony of Narbo Martius founded in Gallia Transalpina. Second Dalmatian War ends. Numidia – Divided into three pasrts after death of king Micipsa. Each third ruled by Adherbal, Hiempsal I and Jugurtha. Egypt – Ptolemy VIII Physcon died, Ptolemy IX Philometor Soter II Lathyros became king. Roman Republic – Gaius Marius is praetor in Rome. Middle East –Beginning of empire that will become China. Warriors of Ch’in return from north-west, cross Lop Nor Desert and occupy Tarim Basin. Parthia makes trade treaty with China. Kingdom of Sheba collapses. Page 17 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 114BCE Roman Republic – First temple of Venus built. Asia Minor – Mithridates VI Eupator became king of Bosporus. Roman Republic – Germanic tribes attack Gaul and northern Spain. War between Celtiberians and Romans. Persia – Antiochus IX Cyzicenus became king of Seleucid. Roman Republic –Jugurtha declares war against Romans. Asia – Silk Road opens. Roman Republic – Fire in Rome. Asia – Han Empire annexes Vietnamese kingdom of Nam Viet. China – Jiuquan founded as military outpost on Silk Road. Asia – Han Dynasty of China annexes Minyue. 113BCE 112BCE 111BCE 110BCE Ireland – king Edersceal died. 110BCE 109BCE 108BCE 107BCE 106BCE 105BCE 104BCE 103BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Republic – Battle of Muthul. Asia – Battle of Loulan. Asia – Chinese and Persians establish diplomatic ties. Roman Republic – Marcus Aurelius Scaurus (politician and general) executed as prisoner of war. 6 October – Battle of Arausio. End of Jugurthine War. Roman Republic – Gaius Marius became consul. Jugurtha thrown into Tullianum and died of starvation. Athenion starts a slave rebellion in Segesta (Sicily). Judea – John Hyrcanus died, Aristobulus I became king and high priest. Roman Republic – Gaus Marius prepares campaign against Ambrones and Teutones settled in Gaul. Judea – Aristobulus I died, Alexander Jannaeus became king and high priest. Page 18 Date York Date Britain Date 102BCE 101BCE 100BCE 99BCE 98BCE 97BCE 96BCE 95BCE 94BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Roman Republic – Battle of Aquae Sextae. Roman Republic – Battle of Campi Raudii. Battle of Vercellae. Libya – Ptolemy Apion inherits kingdom of Cyrenaica. Egypt – Cleopatra III assassinated by her son Ptolemy X Alexander. Roman Republic – Lucius Valerius Flaccus and Gaius Marius become Consuls. Romans develop the pilum, a (1.50m) long weapon, with one third being a spearhead. Roman Republic – Aulus Postumius Albinus and Marcus Antonius Orator become Consuls. Roman Republic – Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos and Titus Didius become Consuls. Roman Republic – Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus and Publius Licinius Dives become Comnsuls. The Roman Senate bans human sacrifices. Sulla displays a lion hunt in games at Rome for the first time. Roman Republic – Gaius Cassius Longinus and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus become Consuls. Greece – Antiochus VIII Grypus died, his son Seleucus VI Epiphanes became king of the Seleucid Empire. Roman Republic – - Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex become Consuls. Greece – Seleucus VI Epiphanes deposed, Philip I Philaedelphus and Antiochus XI Ephiphanes become co-rulers. Asia Monor – Tigranes the Great became king of Armenia. Roman Republic – Gaius Coelius Caldus and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus become Consuls. Anatolia – Nicomedes IV became king of Bithynia. India – Shakas start to control the northwest. Page 19 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 93BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Valerius Flaccus and Marcus Herennius become Consuls. Asia Minor – Ariobarzanes I Philoromanus became king of Cappadocia. Arshak I became king of Caucasian Iberia. Roman Republic – Gaius Claudius Pulcer and Marcus Perperna become Consuls. Roman-Persian Wars begins. Gaius Sentius became Roman governor of Macedonia. Roman Republic – Sextus Julius Caesar and Lucius Marcius Philippus become Consuls. Roman Republic – Lucius Julius Caesae and Publius Rutilus Lupus become Consuls. The Etruscans are granted Roma citizenship. Roman Republic – Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo and Lucius Porcius Cato become Consuls. Battle of Fucine Lake. Battle of Asculum. First Mithridatic War begins. Roman Republic – Social War ends. First Civil War begins. Roman Republic – Lucius Cornelius Cinna elected Consul of Rome. Sulla besieges Athens. China – Emperor Han Wudi died. Roman Republic – 1March – Sulla captures Athens. Battle of Tenedos. Battle of Chaeronea. Roman Republic – Battle of Orchomenus. 92BCE 91BCE 90BCE 89BCE 88BCE 87BCE 86BCE 85BCE 84BCE 83BCE 82BCE 81BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Republic – First Mithridatic War ends. Roman Republic – Battle of Mount Tifata. Second Mithridatic War begins. Fire destroys the Temple of Jupiter. Roman Republic – Battle of the Colline Gate Roman Republic – Sulla appointed dictator. Second Mithridatic War ends. Page 20 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 80BCE Roman Republic – Battle of the Baetis River Egypt – Ptolemy XII Auletes became king. Alexandria comes under Roman rule. Roman Republic – Lucius Cornelius Sulla renounces his dictatorship. Roman Republic – Marcus Aemilius Lepidus became Consul in Rome. Third Dalmatrian War begins. Roman Republic – City of Tigranakert built. Sri Lanka – King Duttagamani died. Roman Republic – End of Third Dalmatian War Judea – King Alexander Jannaeus died. -67BCE Salome Alexandra became queen. -66BCE Hyrcanus II became High Priest of Jerusalem. Roman Republic – Cicero is quaestor in Rome. Battle of Chalcedon. Greece – Julius Caesar kidnapped by Cilician pirates. Roman Republic – Battle of Cyzicus. Cyrene became a Roman province. Spain – Pamplona founded. Roman Republic – Third Servile War begins. India – End of Sunga Empire. Roman Republic – Battle of Cabira. Quintus Sertorius assassinated by Arcus Perperna. Spain – End of Sertorian War. Gaul – The Helvetti, under Ariovistus, invade. Roman Republic – End of Third Servile War. Revolt of slaves and gladiators, led by Sparticus. Legions led by consuls Pompey and Crassus, crush revolt, inflicting thousands of rapes, mutilations and crucifixions. Nessebar comes under Roman rule. Parthia – Phraates III became king. 79BCE 78BCE 77BCE 76BCE 75BCE 74BCE 73BCE Britain – Heli died, Lud became king. 73BCE 72BCE 71BCE 70BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 21 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 69BCE Roman Republic – Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Quitus Hortensius become Consuls. Antiochus XIII Asiaticus installed as king of Syria. Battle of Tigranocerta. Euphrates re-established as a frontier. Gaius Julius Caesar ia a quaestor in spain. Egypt – Ptolemy XII deposes Cleopatra V, becoming sole ruler. Roman Republic – Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Quintus Marcius Rex become Consuls. Gaius Antonius Hybrida became Praetor. 6 October – Battle of Artaxata. Ostia sacked by pirates. Osroene –Abgar II became ruler. Greece – Romans colonize Crete. Roman Republic – Manius Acilius Glabrio and Gaius Calpurnius Piso become Copnsuls. Pompey divides the Mediterranean into 13 zones, to each assigns fleet under an admiral. Judea – Queen Salome Alexandra died, Hyrcanus II became king. Pontus – Mithridates VI invades Pontus. China – December – Battle of Jushi. Roman Republic – Manius Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Volcatius Tullus become Consuls. Gaius Antomius became Praetor. Cicero became Praetor of Sicily. Alliance between Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes II of Armenia is broken. Battle of the Lycus. Judea – -63BCE Aristobulus II became king and high priest. Roman Republic – Senate passes the Lex Papia, expelling all foreigners from Rome. Roman Republic – Agrarian Reform Law proposed. Pompey destroys kingdom of Pontus, annexes Syria and Judea. Syria – Antiochus XIII Asiaticus deposed. 68BCE 67BCE 66BCE 65BCE 64BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 22 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 63BCE Roman Republic – Pompey’s legions conquer Palestine, absorb it into ninth Roman province of Syria, overthrowing Seleucid Empire. Massacre of 12,000 Jews on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Julius Caesar elected Pontifex Maximus. Pontus – Mithridates VI commits suicide, Pharnaces II become king. Roman Republic – 5 January – Battle of Pistoria. Caesar divorces Pompeia. Commagene – King Antiochus I Theos builds his mountain-top tomb at Mount Nemrut. Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar wins his first victory as a general against rebels in Iberia. Caesar became governor of Hispania, creates Legio X Gemina Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar returns to Rome, elected consul, forms ‘First Triumvirate’ with Crassus and Pompey. Advocates extension of Roman colonies in Switzerland, France and Britain Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus become Consuls. Caesar marries Calpurnia. Colonia of Florentia (Florence) founded. Roman Republic – Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and Aulus Gabinius become Consuls. Publius Clodius Pulcher institutes a monthly corn dole for poor Romans. Cyprus became a Roman province. Gallic War begins. Julius Caesar became a Procinsul, leads Legions VII, VIII, IX and X into Gaul. Caesar builds 19 mile earthwork and fortifications between Lake Geneva and the Jura Mountains. June – Battle of Arar. July – Battle of Bibracte. September – Battle of Vosges. Egypt – Berenice IV became queen. Asia – Jumong became ruler of Buyeo. 62BCE 61BCE 60BCE 59BCE 58BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 23 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 57BCE Roman Republic – Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior becom Consuls. May – Battle of Axona. September – Battle of Sabis. Parthia – Mithridates III became king. Asia – City of Gwangju founded in South Korea. Roman Republic – Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus and Lucius Marcius Philippus become Consuls. Roman Republic – Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus become Consuls. Caesar conquers Northern Gaul. May – Caesar defeats Germanic army, massacre women and children, totalling 430,000 people. June – Ceasar crosses the river Rhine near Bonn, Parthia – Battle of Seleucia, Roman Republic – Appius Claudius Pulcher and Lucius Dominitius Ahenobarbus become Consuls. Winter – Revolts in Gaul. Pompey builds first permanent theatre in Rome. 56BCE 55BCE Britain – August - Caesar dispatches an expedition to Britain, deploying new Roman warships with catapults, to subdue resistance on landing. 55BCE 54BCE England – Southern England became part of Roman Republic following Julius Caesars second expedition. He receives a nominal submission from Cassivellaunus and installs Mandubracius as king. 54BCE 53BCE 52BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Republic – Marcus Valerius Messalla and Gnaeus Dominitius Calvinus become Consuls. Crassus defeated and killed by Parthians at Battle of Carrhae. Roman Merchants massacred at Cenabum (Orléans). Caesar and Pompey compete for control of Rome. Armenia – Artavasdes II became king. Roman Republic – Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus become Consuls. Pompey marries Cornelia Metalla. March – Siege of Avaricum (Bourges). April/May – Siege of Gergovia. July – Battle of Vingeanne. Siege of Alesia. Page 24 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 51BCE Roman Republic – Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Servius Sulpicicius Rufus become Consuls. Egypt – Spring – Pharaoh Pytolemy XII died, succeeded by his daughter Cleopatra VII and son Ptolemy XIII. Asia – The Hsiung-nu split into two hordes. Roman Republic – Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor become Consuls. The Scorpio was invented. Roman Republic take control of Judea. Roman Republic – Lucius Comelius Lentulus Crus and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior become Consuls. 10 January – Julius Caesar leads army across the Rubicon, initiating Civil War. February – Pompey flees to Epirus. 9 March – Caesar advances against Pompeian army in Spain. 2 August – Pompeians in Ilerda surrender to Caesar. 24 August – Gaius Scribonius Curio defeated in North Africa, in Battle of the Bagradas River. September – Battle of Massilla. October – Caesar appointed Dictator in Rome. Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus become Consuls. 10 July – Battle of Dyrrhachium. 9 August – Battle of Pharsalia, Caesar outflanks and defeats Pompey. Siege of Alexandria. Battle of Nicopolis December – Battle of Alexandria, part of the library burned down. Asia – Yuan became Emperor of Han Dynasty. 50BCE 49BCE 48BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 25 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 47BCE Roman Republic – Quintus Fufius Calenus and Publius Vatinius become Consuls. February – Battle of the Nile, Julius Caesar and Cleopatra VII defeat rival Egyptian Queen Arsinoe IV. May – Battle of Zela, Caesar defeats Phamaces II of Pontus. Pompey murdered in Egypt on orders of Queen Cleopatra VII. Battle of Mount Tabor in Judea. Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus become Consuls. 4 Jan – Battle of Ruspina, Titus Lebienus defeats Julius Caesar. 6 April – Julius Caesar defeats Pompeian and Numidian armies. Ceasar creates the Julian calendar. Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar became Consol. 17 March – Battle of Munda, Titus Labenus died. Legion XIIII Gemina and Legion X Equestris demobilized. Ceaser named dictator for life. Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Ceasar and Mark Antony become Consuls. 15 March – Conspirators, led by Marcus Brutus and Cassius Longinus, murder Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome. 20 March – Funeral of Julius Ceasar. Mark Antony became first man in Rome. Pharaoh Cleopatra VII declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Europe – Comsius became king of Dacia. 46BCE 45BCE 44BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 26 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 43BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius become Consuls. Octavian confirmed as Propraetor. Gaius Antonius defeated by Marcus Junius Brutus at Dyrrachium. 14 April – Battle of Forum Gallorum. 21 April – Battle of Mutina. Sextus Pompey became supreme commander of Roman Navy. Gaius Cassius became Proconsul of Syria. July-Aug – Octavian enters Rome. 7 Dec – Marcus Tullius Cicero killed. Gaul – Lugdunum (Lyon) founded. Roman Republic – Battle of Philippi. Brutus and Cassius commit suicide after their army is defeated by legions led by ‘the Second Triumvirate’. Roman Republic and Egypt – Mark Anthony allies with Cleopatra, last queen of Egypt, decisive combat takes place at sea, between war galleys of Roman and Egyptian fleets. Roman Republic – Lucius Antonius and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus become Consuls. Perusine War. Lucius and Fulvia defeated in Battle of Perugia. Roman Republic – Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus and Gaius Asinius Polio become Consuls. Seige of Perusia, Lucius Antonius surrenders to Octavian. Octavian divorces Clodia Pilchra, marries Scribonia. Treaty of Brundisium. Roman ships designed with larger catapults and towers. Parthia – Parthians conquer Jeruselem. Antigonus the Hasmonean became king of Judea. Roman Republic – Battle at Taurus Mountains. 42BCE 41BCE 40BCE 39BCE 38BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Republic – 17 Jan – Octavian marries Livia. Treaty of Tarentum signed. Battle of Cyrrhestica. Page 27 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 37BCE Roman Republic – Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Titus Statilius Taurus become Consuls. Second Pact of Tarentum. Romans conquer Jerusalem from Parthians. Herod the Great became king of Judea. Ananelus became High Priest of Judea. Roman ships strengthened with beams around waterline. Korea – Kingdom of Goguyeo founded by Dongmyeong. Roman Republic – Lucius Gellius Publicola and Marcus Cocceius Nerva become Consuls. Mark Antony lauched a major offensive against Parthians. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa secures Liparis Islands. Agrippa received Naval Crowm(corona navalis). Mark Antony marries Cleopatra VII. Astrobulus III became High Priest in Jerusalem. 3 Sept – Battle of Naulochaus. Asia – Oct-Dec – Battle of Zhizhi. 36BCE 35BCE 34BCE 33BCE 32BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Republic – Illyria became a Roman Province. Roman Republic – Mark Antony and Lucius Scribonius Libo become Consuls. Mark Antony advances into Armenia and arrests king Artavases II. Donations of Alexandria Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian and Lucius Volcatius Tullus become Consul. Marcus Vipsanius built Aqua Julia in Rome. China – Crown Prince Ao became Emperor Cheng. Roman Republic – Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius become Consuls. July – Roman Senate declares war on Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian proclaimed Dux. Page 28 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 31BCE Roman Republic – Battle of Actium. Octavian’s ships defeat the fleet loyal to Cleopatra and Mark Anthony, they kill themselves following Octavian’s victory. Egypt became a Roman province. Roman Republic – Octavian takes the name Augustas after the overthrow of the Ptolemies. Reigns as virtual, and later actual, emperor. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian and Marcus Lucinius Crassus Dives become Consuls. Egypt – 1 August – Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. Cleopatra commits suicide, Ptolemy XV Caesarion executed. Roman Republic – Octavian Caesar and Sextus Appuleius become Consuls. Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa become consuls. 30BCE 29BCE 28BCE 27BCE 26BCE 25BCE 24BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – 16 Jan-17 Aug 14AD – Caesar Divi Filius Augustus became Roman Emperor. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa become consuls. Construction of old Pantheon begins. Roman Empire – Caesar Augustus and Titus Statilius Taurus become Consul. Campaign agains the Cantabrians in northern Hispania. Greece – Dioteimus Alaieus became Archon of Athens. India – The Andhra dynasty replaces the Kanva dynasty. Roman Empire – Caesar Augustus and Marcus Junius Silanus become Consuls. Temple of Neptune built on Circus Flaminius, Rome. Galatia became Roman province after King Amyntas’ death. Roman Empire – Caesar Augustus and Gaius Norbanus Flaccus become Consuls. City of Nicopolis founded in Egypt. Page 29 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 23BCE Roman Empire – Caesar Augustus and Aulus Terentius Varro Murena become Consuls. Nubians attack Roman province of Egypt. Vitruvius writes De Architectura (the Ten Books of Architecture). Israel - Herod the Great builds palace in Jerusalem and fortress Herodian in Judaea. Roman Empire – Lucius Arruntius and Marcus Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus become Consuls. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and Lucius Munatius Plancus become Censors. Legions III and XXII with Gaius Petronu, goveronor of Egypt, destroy the Napata. Armenia – Artaxias II claims throne. 22BCE 21BCE 20BCE 19BCE 18BCE 17BCE 16BCE 15BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – Peace treaty between Rome and Parthia. King Herod the Great begins renovation of the Temple of Jerusalem. Roman Empire – Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa completed the Aqua Virgo (Rome). Roman Empire – Caesar Augustus introduces Julian Laws. Roman Empire – Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Publius Cornelius Scipio become Consuls. Noricum incorporated into Roman Empire. Trier made capital of German province. Roman Empire – Marcus Livius Drusus Libo and Lucius Calpurnius Piso become Consuls. Nero Claudius Drusus improves passage through the Alps to Austria, builds Via Claudia Augusta through Italy. Vienna (Vindobona) became a frontier city. Augsburg (Germany) founded as Augusta Vindelicorum. Chur (Switzerland) became capital of Roman province Rhaetia. Page 30 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 14BCE Roman Empire – Nero Claudius Drusus fortifies Augusta Vangionum (Worms, Germany). Caesar Augustus makes Beeroth (Beirut) a clonia, named Colonia Julia Felix Berytus. Winter – Legion X stationed in Syria. Roman Empire – Tiberius Claudius Nero and Publius Quinctilius Varus become Consuls. Nero Claudius Drusus builds Castrum Monguntiacum (Mainz, Germany) Drusus granted governor of Gaul. Roman Empire – Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus and Publius Sulpicius Quirinius become Consuls. Emperor Augustus given title Pontifex Maximus. Roman Empire – Quintus Aelius Tubero and Paullus Fabius Maximus become Consuls. Battle of Lupia River – Romans win victory in Germania. Drusus builds wooden camp Castellum Bonna near the Rhine. Roman Empire – Africanus Fabius Maximus and Iullus Antonius become Consuls. Obelisk of Montecitorio brought from Egypt to Rome by Emperor Augustus. Germany – Bridge built across Rhine near Bonn. Roman camp established at Speyer. Roman Empire – Roman legions, led by Drusus and Tiberius, push into Germania and extend boundaries of the empire to river Elbe. Nero Claudius Druses died after fall from horse. Pannonia incorporated in Roman Empire as part of Illyria. 13BCE 12BCE 11BCE 10BCE 9BCE 8BCE 7BCE 6BCE 5BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – Tiberius Claudius Nero and Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso become Consuls. Judaea is annexed by Rome. Page 31 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 4BCE Palestine – Herod the Great died. Herod Archelaus became ruler of Judea. Herod Antipas became tetrarch of Galilee and Perea. Roman Empire – Lucius Domitius Abenobarbus commands Roman army in Germania, crosses river Elbe. Roman Empire – Emperor Augustus proclaimed Pater Patriae, “Father of the Country”, by Roman Senate. Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus exiled to Pandateria for treason and adultery. Asia – Parthian Empire – Phraates IV murdered by his son a wife. Phraates V became king. China – Emperor Ai of Han died, succeeded by Ping of Han, aged 9, Wang Mang appointed regent. 3BCE 2BCE 1BCE ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 32 CE Date CE York Date CE Britain Date Rest of World 1 Roman Empire – -5 – Tiberius quells revolts in Germainia. Gaius Ceasar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus appointed Consuls. The Aqua Alsientina aquaduct constructed in Rome. Silk appears in Rome. Greece – Aurius Paianeius became Archon of Athens. China – Emperor Ping begins his reign. Africa – Aksumite Empire founded. Amanishakheto, Queen of Kush, died, her son Natakamani succeeds her. Roman Empire – Publius Alfenus Varus and Publius Vinicius appointed Consuls. Greece – Cedeides became Archon of Athens. China – Census shows a population of nearly 60 million. Vietnam – Census shows a population of nearly 1 million. Roman Empire – Lucius Aelius Lamia and Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus appointed Consuls. Greece – Menneas became Archon of Athens. Korea – King Yuri of Goguryeo moved the capital from Jolbon Fortress to Gumgnae Fortress. Roman Empire – Sectus Aelius Catus became Consul. The Lex Aelia Sentia passed to regulate the manumission of slaves. Marcus Plautius Silvanus appointed Proconsul of Asia. Greece – Polianus Maradonius became Archon of Athens. Roman Empire – Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus and Lucius Valerius Mesalla Volesus become Consuls. Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior. Greece – Polycharmus Azenius became Archon of Athens. 2 3 4 5 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 33 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 6 Roman Empire – Iudea and Moesia become Roman provinces. Syria is guarded by Legions III, VI, X and XII. Emperor Augustus sets up a treasury to pay bonuses to retiring legion veterans. Marcus Aemilius and Lucius Arruntius become Consuls. Greece – Theophilus became Archon of Athens. China – 3 Feb – Emperor Ping Di died aged 14; Wang Mang succeeds him, aged 2. Roman Empire – Pannonians, Dalmatians and Illyrians revolt against Roman rule. Publius Quincilius Varus appointed governor of Germania. Abgarus of Edessa deposed as king of Osroene. Construction of the Temple of Concord starts. Asia – Vonones I became ruler of Parthia. Roman Empire – 3 Aug – Tiberius defeats Dalmations on the River Bathinus. Marcus Furius Camillus, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, and Lucius Apronius become Consuls. Roman Empire – Illyria became a province after revolt is defeated. Legions II, Xii and XX move to Germany, replacing XIX etc destroyed at Teutoburg. Pannonia (Hungary) submits to Roman rule. The law Lex Papia Poppaea is adopted in Rome, to encourage and strengthen marriage. 5% inheritance tax and 1% sales tax introduced. China – Wang Mang seizes the throne from the Liu family. Roman Empire – Publius Cornelius Dolabella became Consul. China – Wang Mang outlaws the private purchase and use of crossbows. Asia – Artabanus II became ruler of Parthia. India – Satakarni became Emperor of the Anhra Empire. 7 8 Britain – Tincomarus deposed king of Atrebates flees to Rome, Eppillus succeeds him. 8 9 England – Cymbaline, king of Catuvellauni recognized by imperial Rome as ‘Rex Brittonum’ 9 10 11 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 34 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 12 Roman Empire – Annius Rufus appointed Prefect of Judea. Augustus orders invasion of Germany beyond the Rhine. Germanicus and Gaius Fonteius Capito become Consuls. Armenian Artaxiad Dynasty overthrown by Romans. 13 14 15 16 17 18 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – 19 Aug – Emperor Augustus died. 18 Sept-16 Mar 37 – Tiberius Caesar Augustus became Roman Emperor. Census indicates there are 4,973,000 Roman citizens. Sectus Appuleius and Sextus Pompeius become Consuls. Roman Empire – Emona founded by Legion XV. Legion XXI stationed at Regensburg. Valerius Gratus appointed Prefect of Judea. Roman Empire – Cappadocia (Asia Minor) became a Roman Province. Lucius Aelius Sejanus became Praetorian Prefect. Germania – Civil War begins. Israel – Herod Antipas builds the city of Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galille. Asia Minor – Earthquake destroys city of Sardis. Roman Empire – Emperor Tiberius and Germanicus become Consuls. Kingdom of Marcomanni destroyed by German chirftain Armanius. Africa - A sub unit of Legion III destroyed by an ambush. Syria – Germanicus Caesar arrived as new commander in chief for Roman East. Asia – Germanicus concludes peace treaty with ArtabanusII of Parthia. Page 35 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 19 Roman Empire – Germanicus Julius Caesar poisoned. Emperor Tiberus expels Egyptians from Rome and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily. Triumphant Arch built for Germanicus Julius Caesar in Saintes, France. Roman Empire – Servius Sulpicius Galba became a Praetor. Emperor Tiberius orders investigation and public trial in Roman Senate for murder of Germanicus. Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso commits suicide, fearing he will be found guilty. Roman Empire – Emperor Tiberius became th Consul (4 time) Asia – King Daeso of Dongbuyeo killed in battle. Roman Empire – Decimus Haterius Agrippa and Gaius Sulpicius Galba become Consuls. Drusus Julius Caesar receives tribunician powers. Roman law replaces Celtic customs in Gaul. China – Han dynasty suppresses final areas of resistance. Roman Empire – Gaius Asinius Pollio and Gaius Antistius Vetus become Consuls. China – Liu Xuan proclaims himself emperor against Wang Mang. July – Battle of Kunyang. Roman Empire – Servius Cornelius Cethegus and Lucius Visellius Varro become Consuls. Greece – Charmides became Archon of Athens. Korea – King Namhae died, King Yuri succeeds him to throne in Silla. Roman Empire – Cossus Cornelius Lentulus and Marcus Asinius Agrippa become Consuls. China – Liu Xiu became emperor. Roman Empire – Tiberius retires to Capris. Pontius Pilate appointed Prefect of Judea. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 36 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 27 Roman Empire – Lucius Calpurnius Piso and Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi become Consuls. Fire in Rome. Amphitheatre in Fidenae collapses, killing 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators. Apricots brought to Rome. An Arc de Triumph built in Rimini, in honor of Augustus. Korea – King Daru succeeds to throne of Baekje. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – Romans capture Serdica (Sofia). Agrippina the Elder exiled to island of Pandataria. Belgium – Romans found city of Tournai. India – Kushan Empire founded (approx. date). Roman Empire – Lucius Aelius Sejanus and Emperor Tiberius become Consuls. Lucius Aelius Sejanus executed. Roman Empire – Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Lucius Arruntius Scribonianus become Consuls. Roman Empire – Servius Sulpicius Galba became Consul. Emperor Tiberius founds a credit bank in Rome. Financial crisis in Rome. Rome – -c.67 Simon Peter became Pope. Roman Empire – Paullus Fabius Persius and Lucius Vitellis become Consuls. Construction of three tier aquaduct running 269 miles from Nîmes. Asia – Tiridates III became king of Pathia. Roman Empire – Pontius Pilate recalled to Rome. Marcellus became governor of Judaea and Samaria. Roman Empire – 16 Mar – Emperor Tiberius died. 18 Mar-24 Jan 41 – Caligula, Gaius Caesar Augustus Germenicus became Roman Emperor. Earthquake destroys Antioch (Turkey) Page 37 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 38 Roman Empire – Anti-Jewish riot in Alexandria during visit by Agrippa I. Phaedrus writes his collection of fables. Roman Empire – Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus and Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo become Consuls. Caligula orders a floating bridge of ships to be built between Baiae and Pueoli. Caligula orders a statue of himself to be placed in Temple of Jerusalem. Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria. Roman Empire – Emperor Caligula became Consul. Caligula starts campaign to conquer Britain. Caligula declares himself a god, orders all Greek deity statues to be replaced by his, appoint his horse a Senator. Asia – Vardanes I became king of Parthia. Roman Empire – Emperor Caligula and Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus become Consuls. 24 Jan – Emperor Caligula assassinated. 25 Jan – 13 Oct 54 – Tiberius Claudius Caesar Agustus Germanicus became Roman Emperor. Claudius restores religious freedom to Jews throught empire. Israel – Agrippa became king of Judea. Roman Empire – Emperor Claudius and Gaius Caecina Largus become Consuls. Romans take control of Ceuta. Algeria and Morocco become Roman provinces. Construction starts on Portus harbour. Korea – Suro became king of Geumgwan Gaya. Roman Empire – Emperor Claudius and Lucius Vitellius become Consuls. Romans have complete control of Mediteranean. Asia – Warfare between northern and southern Huns. Vietnam and China – Vietnam designated a province of China. 39 40 Emperor Caligula became Consul. Caligula starts campaign to conquer Britain 40 41 42 43 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – Romans invade, resistance from Caractacus is crushed at Medway. Canterbury (Durovernum Cantiacorum) captured and fort built. London founded (Londinium). 43 Page 38 Date York Date Britain 44 Britain – Boudicca marries Prasutagus, king of the Iceni. Date Rest of World 44 Roman Empire – Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus and Tiyus Statilius Taurus become Consuls. Mauretania became a Roman province. Rhodes returns to Roman Empire. Judea controlled by Roman governors. Pomponius writes De Situ Orbis (Geography of the Earth). Roman Empire – Marcus Vinicius and Titus Flavius Sabinus become Consuls. Juvavum (Salzburg, Austria) awarded status of municipium. Emperor Claudius expels Jews from Rome. Savaria (Szombathely, Hungary) founded. Greece – Plutarch (historian/biographer) born. Roman Empire – Decimus Valerius Asiaticus and Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus become Consuls. Celje (Slovenia) awarded municipal rights. Census shows there are more than 6,000,000 Roman citizens. Thracia became Roman province. Asia – Drought and invasion of locusts at Mongolian steppes, cause famine and revolt at Xiongnu. Roman Empire – Emperor Claudius and Lucius Vitellius become Consuls. Traiectrum (Utrecht) fortification built near mouth of the Rhine. Forum Claudii Vallensium (Martigny, Switzerland) founded. Canal Fossa Corbulonis constructed between the Rhine and Meuse, Netherlands. Roman Empire – Aulus Vitellius and Lucius Vipstanus Poplicola become Consuls. Citizen rights granted to the Aedui, France. 45 46 47 Britain – Publius Ostorius Scapula became governor, replacing Aulus Plautius. Scotland – Musselburgh founded. 47 48 Britain – Publius Ostorius Scapula announces intention to disarm Britons south and east if the Trent and Severn. The Iceni revolt but defeated. Romans move against Brigante tribe. Wales – Romans move against Deceangli tribe. Britain – Colonia for Roman veterans founded at Camulodunum (Colchester). 48 49 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 49 Roman Empire – Claudius marries his neice, Agrippina the Younger. Nero became engaged to Claudia Octavia. Page 39 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 50 Wales – Campaign against Silures tribe begins. England – Romans build wooden bridge over river Thames in London area. 50 51 Wales – Publius Ostorius Scapula defeats Caratacus and the Silures. England – Caratacus seeks sanctuary from Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes, she is a Roman ally and hands him over to Ostorius. 51 52 Wales – Governor Publius Ostorius Scapula died campaigning against the Silures. Aulus Didius Gallus replaces him. 52 Roman Empire – Use of soap, learned from the Gauls, made compulsory with northern legions. Cologne (Germany) raised to status of a city. Asia – (approx. date) Kushan Empire created when Tocharian and Yeu-Chi tribes united. Roman Empire – Emperor Claudius and Titus Flavius Vespasianus becom Consuls. Caratacus exhibited in chains in Rome. Parthia – Gotarzes II died, Vonones II succeeds but died a few months later, his son Vologases I became ruler. Roman Empire – Claudius has a 5.6km tunnel dug through Monte Salviano in an attempt to control Fucine Lake. The execution of old and crippled slaves is prohibited. Pliny the Elder writes his accounts of the German wars. China – The Yuejue Shu gazetteer was written during the Han Dynasty. Roman Empire – Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus and Quintus Haterius Antoninus become Roman Consuls. Nero marries Clausia Octavia. Roman Empire – 13 Oct – Emperor Claudius died. 13 Oct-11 June 68 – Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus became Roman Emperor. Nero attempts to prohibit the gladiatorial games. Gnaeus Dominitius Corbulo became governor of Asia. Clashes between Jews and Pagans erupts in Caesarea following a local ordinance restricting the civil rights of the Jews. The Roman garrison takes the side of the pagans. Winter – Dominitius Corbulo takes Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X into the mountains of Cappadocia. Takes them on a 25 mile training march and weapons drill. 53 54 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – Venutius leads a revolt against Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes. Goveronor Aulus Didius Gallus sends military aid to her. 54 Page 40 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 55 Roman Empire – Nero became Consul. Britannicus, son of Claudius, killed by supporters of Nero. Roman Empire – Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus became Consul. War begins between Rome and Parthia, following the invasion of Armenia by Vologases I. Roman Empire – Nero became Consul. China – Emperor Guangwu of Han died, Han Mingdi became Emperor. 56 57 Britain – Quintus Veranius Nepos became governor. Wales – Quintus Veranius Nepos begins campaign against Silures. 57 58 59 60 61 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Britain – Romans build a bridge over river Thames in London. Roman army take possession of East Anglia, Icenian chiefs deprived of their hereditary estates. Boudica is flogged, her daughters are publicly raped. Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, governor of Britannia, leads campaign on island of Mona (Anglesey) Boudica joins Celtic tribes in revolt against Romans. Legio IX Hispana defeated and Camulodunum (Colchester) is destroyed. Boudica attacks Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St. Albans) Wales – The Druidic stronghold in Anglesey destroyed by Suetonius Paulinus. England – Verulamium (St. Alban) attacked and burnt by Britons. Roman citizens killed. Boudica defeated at Battle of Watling Street by Roman army. 60 61 Roman Empire – Emperor Nero and Marcus Valerius Corvinus become Consuls. Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo leads the Roman army against the fortress at Volandum in Armenia. China – Ming-Ti became emperor, moves against military aristocracy, introduces Buddhism. Roman Empire – Nero has his mother, Agrippina the Younger, killed. Roman Empire – Nero sends an expedition to the Meroë (Sudan) Roman defeat the Rhoxolani on the Danube. Herod Agrippa II rules the northeast of Judea. Roman Empire – Publius Petronius Turpilianus and Lucius Caesennius PAetus become Consuls. Page 41 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 62 Roman Empire – Emperor Nero marries Poppaea Sabina. Parthians invade Armenia. Battle of Rhandeia. A large storm destroys 200 ships in the port of Portus. Italy – 5 Feb – Earthquake measuring 6.0Mw, epicentre in Bay of Naples. Roman Empire – Vespasian became governor of Africa. Pompeii damaged by earthquake. Roman Empire – 18 July – Great Fire of Rome. First persecution of Christians. Phoenicia became part of Syria. Roman Empire – Gaius Calpurnius Piso comspires against emperor Nero. Cestius Gallus became legate of Syria. Emperor Nero kills his pregnant wife with a kick to the stomach. China – First official reference to Buddhism made. Africa – First Christian community in Africa founded. Roman Empire – Suetonius Paullinus became Consul. 22 September – Emperor Nero creates Legio I Italica. -70 - Jewish revolt begins against Roman Empire. The Zealots attack Jerusalem and destroy Roman garrison. The Sacarii capture the fortress of Masada. Cestius Gallus leads Roman army into Judea to put down Jewish rebellion. 63 64 65 66 England – Gloucester. Legio II Augusta stationed at 66 Halley’s Comet is visible. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 42 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 67 Roman Empire – Gaius Licinius Mucianus became governor of Syria. Vespasian and Titus go to Judea to put down Jewish Revolt. Siege of Jotapata, massacre of 40,000 Jewish inhabitants. Massacre of Jewish inhabitants at fortress in the Golan. Sardinia became a Roman province. Greece – Emperor Nero takes part in the Olymic Games. Rome – -c.76 – Linus became Pope. Roman Empire – 11 June – Emperor Nero commits suicide. 8 June-15 Jan 69 – Servius Galba Imperator Caesar Augustus became Roman Emperor. Legio I Macriana Liberatrix and Legio I Adiutrix created. Marcus Ulpius Trajanus became Consul. Trajan lays siege to Jericho. China – An iron chain suspension bridge is constructed. Buddist White Horse Temple built. Roman Empire – 15 Jan – Emperor Galba murdered. 15 Jan – Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus became Roman Emperor. 14 April – First Battle of Bedriacum. 16 April – Emperor Otho commits suicide. 17 April – Aulis Vitellius Germanicus Augustus became Roman Emperor. 1 August – Batavavian rebellion. 24 October – Second Battle of Bedriacum. 20 Dec – Emperor Vitellius murdered. 1 July-24 June 79 – Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Legio I Macriana Liberatrix disbanded. 68 69 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – Mutiny of Legio XX Valeria Victrix at Deva Victrix (Chester). Marcus Trebellius Maximus, governor of Britannia, forced to flee to Gaul. Marcus Vettis Bolanus became governor of Britannia, faces insurrection of Venutius, king of the Brigantes. 69 Page 43 Date 71 York Fortess of Eboracum established by Romans, Legio IX Hispana, based here. Date 71 Britain Engalnd – Battle of Stanwick, Quintus Petillius Cerialis puts down revolt by Brigantes. Date Rest of World 70 Roman Empire – Emperor Vespasian and Tirus Caesar Vespasian become Consuls. Building of the Colosseum is started. Legio II Adiutrix created. Siege of Jerusalem Roman catapults apparently able to send stones weighing 25kg (55lbs), 365m (400yds) or further. Legio V Alaudae and Legio XV Primiaenia destroyed during Batavian Revolt. Legio I Germanica, Legio IIII Macedonicxa, Legio XVI Gallica disbanded. Roman Empire – Emperor Vespasian and Marcus Cocceius Nerva become Consuls. Battle of Treves. Herodium, Jewish fortress, destroyed by Legio X Fretensis. Roman Empire – Vespian and Titus become Consuls. First Jewish-Roman War. Work begins on the building of the Colosseum in Rome. Roman Empire – Titus Flavious Domitianus became Consul. Asia – February – Battle of Yiwulu Roman Empire – Emperor Vespasian and Titus Caesar Vespanianus becom Consuls. Black Forest region reattached to Roman Empire. Roman Empire – Emperor Vespasian and Titus Caesar Vespanianus becom Consuls. Temple of Peace built in Rome. Armazi (Georgia) is fortified. Asia – Accession of Han Zhangdi. 71 72 73 74 75 76 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Britain – Sextus Julius Frontinus became governor, makes his headquarters in Isca Augusta (Wales). Wales – Frontinus starts conquest, Legio II Augusta moved to border of River Usk. Venta Silurum (Caerwent) founded. Wales – Sextus Julius Frontinus subdues the Silures, and other hostile tribes. Fortress at Isca Augusta (Caerleon) built for Legio II Augusta. 75 76 Roman Empire – Emperor Vespasian and Titus Caesar Vespanianus becom Consuls. Rome – -c.88 – Anacletus became Pope. Page 44 Date York Date Britain 77 Britain – Gnaeus Julius Agricola became governor. Wales – Agricola subdues the Ordovices tribe. Winter – Agricola conquers Anglesey. Scotland – Caledonian tribes formed in a confederacy under the leadership of Calgacus. Romans discover Orkney and Shetland Islands. 79 England - Deva Victrix (Chester) founded. The fortress built for Legio II Adiutrix. Mamucium (Manchester) founded. Scotland – Agricola attempts to enter Caladonia. 80 England – Legio II Adiutrix stationed at Lindum Colonia (Lincoln) Date Rest of World 77 Asia – Giru became king of Baekje in the Korean peninsula. 78 79 80 81 82 83 Scotland – Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet and encircles Celtic tribes beyond the Forth. Calgacus unites the Picts, and made chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy. Scotland – Inchtuthil, Roman fort built. 82 83 84 85 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – 24 Jun – Emperor Vespasian died. 24 Jun-13 Sept 81 – Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. 24 August – Mount Vesuvius erupts destroying Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabiae and Oplontis. Roman Empire – Emperor Titus inaugurates the Colosseum with 100 days of games. Pantheon destroyed by fire. Eifel Aqueduct built. Roman Empire – 13 Sept – Emperor Titus died. 14 Sept-18Sept 96 – Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Arch of Titus built. Pliny the Younger id priest in the cult of the Emperor. The silver content in the denarius rises to 92%. Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian became Consul. Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian became Consul. Castration of slaves prohibited in Rome. Roman Empire – Roman fortification, the Limes, built along the Rhine-frontier. Roman Empire – Domitian appoints himself censor for life, gives him right to control the Senate. Page 45 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 86 Roman Empire – Domitian introduces the Capitoline Games. Germany – divided ingto Upper and Lower provinces. Dacia – First Battle of Tapae. Dacia – Decebalus became king. 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – Two Egyptian obelisks erected in Benevento in front of Temple of Isis, in honour of Emperor Domitian. End of First Dacian War. Asia – Emperor Han Zhangdi died aged 31, his son Zhao succeeds him as Emperor Han Hedi, aged 9 years. Rome – Pope Anacletus I died. -97 - Clement I became Pope. Dacia – Legio XIII Gemina transferred here to help in war against Decebalus. Asia – Battle of Ikh Bavan. Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian and Nerva become Consuls. Cologne became capital of Germania Inferior. Emperor Domitian buys peace from Decebalus of Dacia. Parthia – King Artabanus III died, succeeded by Pacourus II. Roman Empire – Manius Acilius Glabrio and Marcus Ulpius Trajanus become Consuls. Pliny the Younger named a tribunes plebis. Asia – Chinese government re-establishes Protectorate of the Western Regions. Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian became Consul. The Marcomanni are defeated by Romans at the Danube. Roman army moves into Mesopotamia. Dacia – First Battle of Adamclisi. Roman Empire – Pliny the Younger named a Praetor. Emperor Domitians persecutes the Christians. Page 46 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 94 Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian rebuilds and rededicates the Curia Julia. Domitian bans philosophers from Rome. Asia – Chinese General Ban Chao takes Yangi. Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian and Titus Flavius Clemens become Consuls. Domitian executes senators fearing they were plotting to kill him. Sextus Julius Frontinus appointed superintendent of the aquaducts in Rome. Roman Empire – 18 Sept – Emperor Domitian assassinated. 18 Sept-27 Jan 98 – Marcus Coccieus Nerva Caesar Augustus became Roman Emperor. Arch of Titus completed in Rome. Construction of the Forum of Nerva begins in Rome. Marcus Ulpius Trajanus became governor of Upper Germany. Roman Empire – 28 October – Marcus Ulpius Trajanus recalled from German frontier. Roman colony of Cuicul started in Numidia. Nerva recognizes the Sanhedrin of Jamnia as an official government body of the Jews. Rome – -c.107 – Aristus became Pope. Roman Empire – 27 Jan – Emperor Nerva died. 28 Jan-7Aug 117 – Caesar Marcus Ulpius Nerva Trajianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Trajan reopens the canal between the Nile and the Red Sea. Trajan begins a form of state wlfare assuring poor children are fed and taken care of. st Roman Empire – during the 1 C, Romans begin to use segmented iron torso armour (lorica segmentata). 95 96 97 98 99 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 47 Date York Date Britain 100 Britain – Tiberius Avidius Quietus became governor. Date Rest of World 100 Roman Empire – Emperor Trajan and Sextus Julius Frontinus become Consuls. Bricks become the primary building material. Africa – Timgad founded. Asia – Pakores became king of the Indo-Pathian Kingdom. Wheelbarrows first used in China. Americas – The Moche civilization starts building a society in modern Peru. Roman Empire – Second Battle of Tapae. Indonesia – Tibetans introduce Buddist religion. Roman Empire – Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus and Lucius Licinius Sura become Consuls. Port of Portus enlarged. India – presence of sugar in Urine interpreted as sign of illness. Roman Empire – Trajan and Manius Laberius Maximus become Consuls. Pliny the Younger became member of College of Augurs. Legio X Gemina moves to Vienna. Syria – Temple of the Sun erected to the god Baal in Palmyra. Roman Empire – Fire breaks out in Rome. Trajan orders building of Alcántara Bridge over Tagus river. Stone bridge built over the Danube between Serbia and Romania. Roman Empire – Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix and Legio II Traiana Fortis created. Romans conquer Kerak from the Nabateans. Pacorus II of Parthia died, succeeded by Vologases III. Asia – Emperor He Di died, Shang Di became emperor, aged 3 months. Peace treaty signed between Baekje and Silla in Korean peninsula. Paper making refined by Cai Lun. Roman Empire – Battle of Sarmizegetusa. 11 August – south eastern part of Dacia (Romania) became Roman province 101 102 103 104 105 106 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 48 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 107 Roman Empire – Lucius Licinius Sura and Quintus Sosius Senecio become Consuls. Asia – Han Andi became emperor of China. Suishō, king of Wa (Japan) sends 160 slaves to Emperor An of Han. Bagan (in Burma) founded. Rome – -.115 – Alexander I became Pope. Roman Empire – Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus and Marcus Appius Bradua become Consuls. Roman Empire – Pliny the Younger is legate to Bithynia. Parthian Empire – Pacorus II died, Osroes I succeeds him. Roman Empire – Forum of Trajan constructed in Rome. Asia – Tacitus became Proconsul. Caravans regularly depart from Luoyang with ginger, cassia and silk to be bartered in Central Asia for gold, silver, g;assware, pottery, cloth and intaglio gems from Rome. China – Earthquake, epicentre in Dian Kingdom, Yunnan. Roman Empire – Pliny the Younger sent to Bithyania as governor. Asia – Indian Emperor Cenguttuvan invades Kushan Empire. Roman Empire – Trajan and Titus Sextius Africanus become Consuls. Publius Cornelius Tacitus became governor of Anatolia. Hadrian became Archon of Athens. Korea – Pasa died, Jima became king. Roman Empire – Trajan begins begins expedition against Parthia. Trajan Column built in Rome to commemorate in Second Dacian War. Armenia annexed and became a Roman province. Asia – “Pattini dheivam” worship inaugurated in Kannagi Temple in Chera Kingdom, South India. 108 109 110 111 112 113 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 49 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 114 Roman Empire – Arch of Trajan built in Benevento. Osroene became vassal kingdom of Roman Empire. Trajan defeats Pathians. Greece – Monument to Philopappos erected in Athens. Roman Empire – Trajan captures Parthian capital Ctesiphon. Kitos War Rome – -125 – Sixtus I became Pope. Roman Empire – Trajan captures Pathian cities of Seleucia, Babylon, and Susa. Osroes I removed as king of Parthia, Parthamaspates appointed in his place. Legio III Cyrenaica sent to Judea. Legio VII Claudia sent to Cyprus. Roman Empire - End of Kitos War. 7 Aug – Emperor Trajan died of Stroke, aged 63. 11 Aug-10 Jul 138 – Caesar Publius Aelius Trajianus Hadrianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Construction of Pantheon begins in Rome. Silver content in Roman Denarius falls to 87% from 93%. Roman Empire – Roman Forum completed. Hadrian became Consul. 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 Britain – Legio VI Victrix stationed in Britain. Britain – Hadrian visits Britain. Foss Dyke constructed in Lincoln. Britain – Hadrian visits and orders construction of a fortified wall between Tyne and Solway. Britain – 13 September Hadrian’s Wall started. Cohort VIIII Batavorum garrisoned at Vindolanda. Britain – Housesteads Fort built on Hadrian’s Wall. 119 120 121 122 123 124 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – Construction of Temple of Venus and Roma begins in Rome. Roman Empire – Hadrian’s Villa built at Tivoli. China – Ban Yong re-establishes Chinese control over Tarim Basin. Roman Empire – Hadrian starts to rebuild the Olympeion in Athens. India – Nahapana, king of Scythians died in battle. Page 50 Date York Date 127 Britain Britain – Hadrian’s Wall completed. Date Rest of World 125 Roman Empire – Hadrian establishes the Panhellenion. Hadrian distributes imperial lands to small farmers. Africa – Plague in North Africa. India – king Gautamiputra Satakarni of Andhra dynasty destroys kingdom of Maharashtra. China – Zhang Heng invents a hydraulic-powered armillary sphere. Rome – Pope Sixtus I died. -138 Telesphorus became Pope. 126 127 128 129 130 131 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – Hadrian determines that Christians not put to death without a trial. Roman Empire – Free bread distributed to the poor. Asia – Giru died, Gaeru became king of Baekje in Korean peninsula. Roman Empire – Law passed in Rome, banning execution of slaves without trial. Temple of Olympian Zeus completed in Athens. Triumphal Arch for Hadrian built in Geresa. Hadrian’s Gate in Antalya, Turkey built. India – Huviska became king of the Kushan Empire. Asia – Basra became capital of Arabia. Roman Empire – Hadrian builds city Aelia Capitolina on location of Jerusalem. Reorganization of Imperial Council. The Equestrian Order given full legal status. Italy divided into legal districts managed by consuls. Hadrian prohibits practice of circumcision, public reading of Torah, observance of festivals and the Sabbath, teaching of Judaic Law and ordination of Rabbis. Page 51 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 132 Britain – Merchants build structures outside forts of Hadrian’s Wall. 132 133 Britain – Sextus Julius Severus, governor of Britain leaves for Judea. 133 Roman Empire – Temple of Olymian Zeus in Athens completed. Bar Kokhba Revolt begins in Judea. Leg X Fretensis evacuate Jerusalem – Jews enter city, strike coins to celebrate independence. Leg XXII Deiotariana destroyed. Construction begins on Mausoleum of Hadrian (Castel Sant’Angelo) in Rome. China – Zhang Heng invents seismometer. Roman Empire – Sextus Julius Severus sent to Judea to quell revolt. Roman Empire – Romans retake Jerusalem. A university opens in Rome. Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli completed. Roman Empire – End of Bar Kokhba Revolt. Hadrian bars Jews from Jerusalem. Legio VI Ferrata rebuild fortress in Jerusalem. Alter to Jupiter built on site of theTemple in Jerusalem. Roman Empire – Hadrian chases Jews from Gallilee. Triumphal Arch built near Scythopolis. Roman province of Judea and Galilee became Syria Palaestina. Roman Empire – Tax laws passed for trade in Palmyra. Roman Empire - 10 Jul – Emperor Hadrian died of heart failure. 10 Jul-7Mar 161 – Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrainus Antoninus Augustus Pius became Roman Emperor. Construction of Theatre of Philadelphia (Amman) starts. Silver content of denarius fell to 75%. Rome – Pope Telesphorus died. -142 – Hyginus became Pope. Roman Empire – Antoninus Augustus Pius and Caius Bruttius Praesens become Consuls. Tomb of Hadrian completed in Rome. Marcus Aurelius named Caesar. 134 135 136 137 138 139 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 52 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 140 Roman Empire – Antoninus Augustus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Caesar become Consuls. Parthian Empire - King Mithridates IV died, Vologases III claims throne. Roman Empire – Temple of Antoninus and Faustina built in Rome. 141 142 Britain – Construction of Antonine Wall started. 142 143 Britain – Brigantes revolt suppressed by Quintus Lollius Urbisus. 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 Halley’s Comet recorded. Rome – Pope Hyginus died. -155 – Pius I became Pope. Roman Empire – Antoninus Pius became Consul. Roman Empire – Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus and Titus Statilius Maximus become Consuls. Campaigns in Mauretania begin, China – Emperor HanShundi died, Han Chongdi succeeds. Roman Empire – Antoninus Augustus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Caesar becom Consuls. Arrian became Archon in Athens. China – Emperor Han Chongdi died, succeeded by Han Zhidi. India – Ajmere founded. Roman Empire – Faustina the Younger became Roman Empress. China – Emperor Han Zhidi died, succeded by Han Huandi. th Roman Empire – 900 anniversary of founding of Rome. Pathia – King Vologases III died, succeded by Vologases IV. Asia – Mytilene and Smyrna destroyed by and earthquake. 152 153 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 53 Date York Date 155 Britain Britain – Romans begin to leave Hadrian’s Wall. Date 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 Rest of World Roman Empire – Rome stated that although it did not recognize it as an official religion, Judaism must be tolerated. Circumcision was relegalized. Rome - 11 July – Pope Pius I died. -166 – Anicetus became Pope. India – Shivashri Satakarni became king Satavahana of Andhra. Rome – Manufacture of soap with grease, lime and ashes began. China – Buddhist monks arrive. Roman Empire – 7 Mar – Emperor Antonius Pius died. 7 Mar-Mar 169 – Caesar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Roman Empire – Plague spreads, little travelling or military activity for 16 years. Rome – Pope Anicetus died. -175 – Soter became Pope. Roman Empire – Mar – Emperor Lucius Verus died. 7 Mar-17 Mar 180 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antonius Augustus became Roman Emperor. 170 171 172 173 174 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 54 Date York Date Britain Date 175 176 177 180 Scotland – Roman expeditionary force defeated, IX Legion retreats south of Hadrian’s Wall. 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 Britain – Albinus proclaims himself emperor, killed at Battle of Lyons. Rest of World Rome – Pope Soter died. -189 – Eleuterus became Pope. Roman Empire – -31 Dec 192 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antonius Augustus became Roman Emperor Roman Empire – 17 Mar – Emperor Marcus Aurelius died. Rome – Pope Eleuterus died. -199 – Victor I became Pope. 190 191 192 193 Roman Empire – 1 Dec – Emperor Commodus assassinated. Roman Empire – 1 Jan – Caesar Publius Heluius Pertinax Augustus became Roman Emperor. 26 Mar – Emperor Pertinax murdered. 28 Mar – Caesar Marcus Didius Severus Julianaus Augustus became Roman Emperor. 1 June – Emperor Didius Julianus executed. 9 April-4 Feb 211 – Caesar Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus became Roman Emperor. 194 195 196 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 55 Date York Date Britain Date 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 211 4 February – Emperor Severus died at York. His sons Caracalla and Geta assumed joint sovereign rule, but Caracella murdered his brother and married his mother-in-law. 210 211 212 Rest of World Roman Empire – -8 April 217 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Antonius Pius Augustus (Caracalla) became co Roman Emperor with Severus. Rome – Pope Victor I died. -217 – Zephyrinus became Pope. Afghanistan – Huns invade. Roman Empire – Caesar Publius Septimius Geta Augustus became Co Roman Emperor with Severus and Caracalla. Roman Empire – 4 Feb - Co-Emperor Septimius Severus died. 26 Dec – Co-Emperor Geta murdered on order of Caracalla. Caracalla became sole Roman Emperor. Roman Empire – Roman citizenship granted to every freeborn subject. 213 214 215 216 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 56 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 217 Roman Empire – 8 April – Emperor Caracalla murdered. 11 April-8 June 218 – Marcus Opellius Severus Marcrinus Augustus Pius Felix became Roman Emperor; Marcus Oppellius Antonius Diadumenianus appointed Junior Emperor. Rome – Pope Zephyrinus died. -223 – Callixtus I became Pope. Roman Empire – 8 June – Co-Emperors Marcrinus and Diadumenian executed. 8 June-11 Mar 222 – Marcus Aurelius Antonius Augustus (Elagabalus) became Roman Emperor. 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 China – Civil Wars, Han dynasty falls. Asia Minor and Balkan Peninsula – Goths from Germany invade. Roman Empire – 11 Mar – Emperor Elagabalus murdered. Roman Empire – 13 Mar-18 Mar 235 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus became Roman Emperor. Rome – Pope Callixtus died. -230 – Urban I became Pope. India – End of Andgra dynasty, start of Civil Wars. Southern India broken up into a dozen kingdoms. Rome – Pope Urban I died. 21 July – 28 Sept 235 Pontanian became Pope. 231 232 233 234 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 57 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 235 Roman Empire – 18 Mar – Emperor Alexander Severus murdered. 20 Mar-April 238 – Caesar Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Rome – 28 Sept – Pope Pontian died. 21 Nov – 3 Jan 236 – Anterus became Pope. Rome – 3 Jan – Pope Anterus died. 10 Jan – 20 Jan 250 – Fabian became Pope. 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 Roman Empire – April – Emperor Maximus Thrax assassinated. 22 Mar – Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Africanus Augustus proclaimed co Roman Emperor with Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Augustus. 12 April – Co-Emperor Gordian II killed in Battle of Carthage, Gordian I commits suicide. 22 April– Caesar Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus Augustus proclaimed Co Roman Emperor with Caesar Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus Pius Augustus and 22 April-11 Feb 244 - Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Augustus. 29 July – Co-Emperors Pupienus Maximus and Balbinus assassinated. Roman Empire – 11 Feb – Emperor Gordian III died. Feb – Sept/Oct 249 – Caesar Marcus Julius Phillipus (the Arab) Augustus became Roman Emperor 245 246 247 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 58 Date York Date Britain Date 249 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Roman Empire – Sept/Oct – Emperor Philip the Arab killed in battle. Sept/Oct-June 251 – Caesar Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus Dicius Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor. Rome – 20 Jan – Pope Fabian died. Roman Empire – Herrennius Etruscus became Co Roman Emperor. June – Co-Emperors Decius and Herennius Etruscus killed in Battle of Abrittus. June – Caesar Caius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus Augustus accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate. June – Aug 253 – Caesar Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Augustus Proclaimed Roman Emperor by Danubian legions: he made his son Volusianus Co-Emperor. Sept/Oct – Roman Emperor Hostilian died. Rome – 6 Mar – June 253 – Cornelius became Pope. Roman Empire – Aug – Co-Emperors Trebonianus Gallus and Vousianus assassinated. Aug – Caesar Marcus Aemilius Amilianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Sept/Oct – Emperor Aemilianus assassinated. Oct-260 – Caesar Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Oct-Sept 268 – Caesar Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Augustus made Co-Emperor. Rome – June – Pope Cornelius died. 25 June – 5 Mar 254 – Lucius I became Pope. Rome – 5 Mar – Pope Lucius I died. 12 May – 2 Aug 257 – Stephen I became Pope. Spain – Franks invade. Rome – 2 Aug – Pope Stephen I died. 30 Aug – 6 Aug 258 – Sixtus II became Pope. Page 59 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 258 Italy – Alemanni, supported by Suevi, conquers most of northern Italy, defeated by Roman army at Milan. Rome – 6 Aug – Pope Sixtus II died. Rome – 22 July – 26 Dec 268 – Dionysius became Pope. Roman Empire – Emperor Valerian died in captivity after capture at Battle of Edessa. 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 272 Constantine born at York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 271 272 273 274 Roman Empire – Sept – Co-Emperor Gallianus murdered. Sept-Jan 270 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius (Gothicus) Augustus became Roman Emperor. Greece – Goths sack Athens, Sparta and Corinth. Rome – 26 Dec – Pope Dionysius died. Rome – 5 Jan-30 Dec 274 – Felix I became Pope. Roman Empire – Jan - Emperor Claudius Gothicus died. Jan – Caesar Marcus Aurellius Claudius Quintilius Augustus became Roman Emperor. ? – Emperor Quintilius died. Sept?-Sept 275 – Caesar Lucius Dominus Aurelianus Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor by Danubian legions. Rome – 30 Dec – Pope Felix I died. Page 60 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 275 Roman Empire – Sept – Emperor Aurelian assassinated. 25 Sept-June 286 – Caesar Marcus Claudius Tacitus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Rome – 4 Jan- 7 Dec 283 – Eutychian became Pope. Roman Empire – June – Emperor Tacitus died. June-Sept? – Caesar Marcus Annius Florianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Sept? – Emperor Florianus assassinated. Sept?-Sept/Oct 282 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Probus Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor by Danubian legions. 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 Britain – Carausius, commander of Roman fleets in British waters proclaims himself emperor of an independent Britain. 285 286 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – Sept/Oct – Emperor Probus assassinated. Sept/Oct-July/Aug 283 - Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Roman Empire – July/Aug – Emperor Carus died. July/Aug-284 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Numerus Numerianus Augustus became Co Roman Emperor with -285 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus Augustus. Rome – 7 Dec – Pope Eutychian died. 17 Dec-22 April 296 – Caius Became Pope. Roman Empire – Emperor Numerian died. 20 Nov-1 May 305 – Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor. Roman Empire – Empire divided into west and east. Emperor Carinus died in Battle. Roman Empire – 1 Apr-1 May 305 – Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Augustus adopted as senior Co-Emperor. Page 61 Date York Date Britain Date 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 25 July - Constantius died at York. Constatine, his son proclaimed emperor. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 306 Rest of World Rome – 22 Apr – Pope Caius died. 30 Jun-1 Apr 304 – Marcellinus became Pope. Rome – 1 Apr – Pope Marcellinus died. Roman Empire – 1 May – Co-Emperors Diocletian and Maximian abdicate. 1 May-25 July 306 – Caesar Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius (Chlorus) Augustus became Co-Roman Emperor with 1 May-May 311 – Caesar Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus. Roman Empire – 25 July – Co-Emperor Constantius I Chlorus died. July-Mar/Apr 307 – Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus became co Roman Emperor. 25 July-22May 337 – Caesar Flavius Constantinus Valerius Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor, accepted as Caesar (west). 28 Oct-28 Oct 312 – Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Augustus seizes power. Page 62 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 307 Roman Empire – 16 Sept – Roman Emperor Severus II commits suicide/murdered after capture in Mar/April by Maxentius. Constantine I promoted to Augustus (west) Maxentius made Caesar (west). Roman Empire – 11 Nov-Sept 324 – Caesar Valerius Licinius Augustus appointed Augustus (west) Rome – - 309 – Marcellus I became Pope. Rome – Pope Marcellus died. -310 – Eusebius became Pope. Rome – Pope Eusebius died. 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 Roman Empire – May – Co-Emperor Galerius died. 1 May- July/Aug 313 – Caesar Galerius Valerius Maximinus (Daia) Augustus became Roman Emperor. Rome – 2 Jul-10 Jan 314 – Miltiades became Pope. Roman Empire – 28 Oct – Caesar Maxentius killed at Battle of Milvian Bridge against Constantine I. Roman Empire – July/Aug – Maximinus Daia defeated in civil war against Licinius. -18 Sept 324 – Caesar Valerius Licinius Augustus became Roman Emperor (east). Rome – 10 Jan – Pope Miltiades died. 31 Jan-31 Dec 335 – Sylvester I became Pope. 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 63 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 324 Roman Empire – 18 Sept Emperor Licinius executed. Roman Empire – Constantine ends gladiatorial combats in Rome. 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 Byzantium – On the site of this old Greek colony, Constantine founds a new city to serve as an imperial capital. Roman Empire – Seat of the reunited empire moves from Rome to Constantinople. Rome – 31 Dec – Pope Sylvester died. Rome – 18 Jan-7 Oct – Mark became Pope. Roman Empire – 22 May – Emperor Constantine I died. 22 May-340 – Caesar Flavius Claudius Constantinus Augustus became Co Roman Emperor with 22 May-3 Nov 361 – Caesar Flavius Julius Constantius Augustus and 22 May-350 – Caesar Flavius Julius Constans Augustus. Rome – 6 Feb- 12 Apr 352 – Julius I became Pope. Roman Empire – Co-Emperor Constantine II killed in battle. 341 342 343 344 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 64 Date York Date 350 Britain England – Fortifications built in London, particularly against attack from the tidal river. Date 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 360 England – Picts and Scots cross Hadrian’s Walls and attack Roman settlements in the north 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Roman Empire – Co-Emperor assassinated. Consantius II became sole Emperor. Constans Rome – 12 Apr – Pope Julius I died. 17 May-24 Sept 366 – Liberius became Pope. Europe – Huns invade from east. Roman Empire – 3 Nov – Emperor Constantius II died. 3 Nov-26 June 363 – Caesar Flavius Claudius Julianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Roman Empire – 26 June – Emperor Julian mortally wounded in battle. 26 June-17 Feb 364 – Caesar Flavius Jovian Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor. Roman Empire – 17 Feb – Emperor Jovian died. 26 Feb-17 Nov 375 – Flavius Valentinianus Augustus elected Roman Emperor by army. 28 Mar-9 Aug 378 – Flavius Julius Valens Augustus appointed Co-Roman Emperor (east). Crete – 21 Jul – Earthquake. Rome – Pope Liberius died. 1 Oct-11 Dec 384 – Damasus I became Pope. Page 65 Date York Date 370 Britain England – Theododius drives Picts and Scots back beyond Hadrian’s Wall. Date Rest of World 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 Roman Empire – 17 Nov – Co-Emperor Valentinian I died. 17 Nov-25 Aug 383 – Flavius Gratianus Augustus became Co-Roman Emperor (west) with 17 Nov-15 May 392 – Flavius Valentinian Invictus Augustus. Russia – Huns invade. Roman Empire – 9 Aug – Co-Emperor Valens killed in Battle of Adrianople. Roman Empire – 1 Jan-17 Jan 395 – Flavius Theodosius Augustus became Roman Emperor. Roman Empire – 25 Aug – Emperor Gratian murdered. Jan-1 May 408 – Flavius Arcadius Augustus appointed Roman Emperor (east). Rome – 11 Dec – Pope Damasus I died. 11 Dec-26 Nov 399 – Siricius became Pope. 385 386 387 388 389 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 66 Date York Date Britain Date 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 410 Britain – King Alric’s actions causes Roman Legions to withdraw to regain Italian mainland. 409 410 Rest of World Roman Empire – 15 May – Co-Emperor Valentinian II died. Roman Empire – 23 Jan-15 Aug 423 – Flavius Honorius Augustus appointed Roman Emperor (west). Roman Empire – 17 Jan – Emperor Theodosius I died. Alric, king of the Visigoths, and his mounted armies enter southern Greece, plunder Athens and head to Balkans. Rome – 26 Nov – Pope Siricius died. 27 Nov-19 Dec 401 – Anastasius became Pope. Roman Empire – Alric’s army crosses into Italy. Rome – 19 Dec – Pope Anastasius I died. 22 Dec-12 Mar 417 – Innocent I became Pope. Roman Empire – 1 May – Emperor Arcadius died. 1 May-28 July 450 – Flavius Theodosius Augustus became Roman Emperor (east) Roman Empire – Alric captures and sacks Rome. Heads towards Naples but died. 411 412 413 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 67 Date York Date Britain Date 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 436 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Britain – Last Roman legions leave. Rest of World Roman Empire – Visigoth cavalry conquer Vandal kingdom in Spain. Rome – 12 Mar – Pope Innocent I died. 18 Mar-26 Dec 418 – Zosimus became Pope. Rome – 26 Dec – Pope Zosimus died. 28 Dec-4 Sept 422 – Boniface I became Pope. Roman Empire – 8 Feb – Flavius Constantius Austus became Roman Emperor (west). 22 Sept – Emperor Constantius III died. Rome – 4 Sept – Pope Boniface died. 10 Sept-27 Jul 432 – Celestine I became Pope. Roman Empire – 15 Aug – Emperor Honorius died. 27 Aug- May 425 – Joannes became Roman Emperor (west). Roman Empire – May – Emperor Joannes executed. Rome – 27 Jul – Pope Celestine I died. 31 Jul-Aug 440 – Sixtus III became Pope. 433 434 435 436 437 438 Page 68 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 439 Roman Empire – Gaiseric, king of the Vandals crosses from Spain to North Africa, seizes Carthage, making it the capital of his new dominions. Rome – Aug – Pope Sixtus III died. 29 Sept-10 Nov 461 – Leo I became Pope. 440 441 442 443 450 Hengist, Saxon general, re-took York 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – Last Roman legions driven from North Africa by Gaiseric. Roman Empire – 28 July – Emperor Theodosius II died. July-16 Mar 455 – Flavius Placidius Valentinianus Augustus (west). -Jan 457 – Flavius Marcianius Augustus became Roman Emperor (east) Roman Empire – 16 Mar – Emperor Valentinian III assassinated. 17 Mar – Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus Augustus proclaimed himself Roman Emperor (west). 31 May – Emperor Petronius Maximus murdered. 9 July-17 Oct 456 – Eparchius Avitus Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor (west). Roman Empire – Gaiseric’s fleet seizes Rome from the Tiber; carries off empress and her daughters with thousands of other slaves. Page 69 Date York Date 457 Britain Britain – Britons defeated by Hengest at Battle of Crayford; Kent abandoned to the Jutes. Date Rest of World 456 Roman Empire – 17 Oct – Emperor Avitus became bishop of Placentia, murdered soon after. Roman Empire – Jan – Emperor Marcian died. April-7 Aug 461 – Julius Valerius Majorianus Augustus appointed Roman Emperor (west). 7 Feb-18 Jan 474 – Flavius Valerius Leo Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor (east). 457 458 459 460 461 461 462 463 464 465 466 Octa fled to York, Ambrosius followed him and demanded his surrender. Eosa, Octa’s brother arrived at York and also surrendered to Ambrosius. Ambrosius summoned all the princes and nobility of the kingdom to York and restored the Christian church. Roman Empire – 7 Aug – Emperor Majorian deposed by his troops, died soon afterwards. Nov-Aug 465 – Libius Severus Augustus appointed emperor (west) Rome –10 Nov – Pope Leo I died. 19 Nov-29 Feb 468 – Hilarius became Pope. Roman Empire – Aug – Emperor Libius Severus died. 466 467 468 Roman Empire – 12 Apr-11 Jul 472 – Procopius Anthemius Augustus appointed Roman Emperor (west) Rome – 29 Feb – Pope Hilarius died. 3 Mar-10 Mar 483 – Simplcius became Pope. 468 470 471 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 70 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 472 Roman Empire – 11 July – Emperor Anthemius executed. 11 July – Flavius Anicius Olybrius Augustus appointed Roman Emperor (west). 2 Nov – Emperor Olybrius died. Roman Empire – Mar-June 474 – Glycerius appointed Roman Emperor (west). Roman Empire – 18 Jan – Emperor Leo I died. 18 Jan – Flavius Leo Junior Augustus became Roman Emperor (east). June-28 Aug 475 (Italy)/480 (Gaul & Dalmatia) – Julius Nepos appointed Roman Emperor (west). 17 Nov – Emperor Leo II died. Roman Empire – 9 Jan-Aug 476 – Flavius Basilicus Augustus became Roman Emperor (east). 28 Aug – Emperor Julius Nepos deposed in Italy, continued to rule in exile in Gaul and Dalmatia. 31 Oct-4 Sept 476 – Romulus Augustulus appointed Roman Emperor (west) Roman Empire – Aug – Emperor Basilicus executed. Aug-9 Apr 491 – Flavius Zeno Perpetuus Augustus became Roman Emperor (east) 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 Roman Empire assassinated. – Emperor Rome – 10 Mar – Pope Simplicius died. 13 Mar-1 Mar 492 – Felix III became Pope. 484 485 486 487 488 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Julius Page 71 Nepos Date York Date 491 Britain England – Saxons capture Pevensey, Sussex. Date Rest of World 489 Theodoric defeats Odoacer on Isonzo river and near Verona. 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 500 British tribes defeat Saxons at Mount Baden, Dorset. 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – 9 April – Emperor Zeno died. 9 Apr-9 Jul 518 – Flavius Anastasius Augustus became Roman Emperor (east). Rome – 1 Mar – Pope Felix III died. 1 Mar-21 Nov 496 – Gelasius I became Pope. Kingdom of Italy – Theodoris founds the Ostrogoth kingdom of Italy. Kingdom of Italy – Absorbs Malta. Clovis defeats the Alemanni near Strasbourg, helped by Ostrogoth cavalry trainers. Rome – 21 Nov – Pope Gelasius died. 24 Nov- 19 Nov 498 – Anastasius II became Pope. Rome – 19 Nov – Pope Anastasius II died. 22 Nov-19 Jul 514 – Symmachus became Pope. The Marcomanni invade and seize Bavaria. The Czechs depart and settle in Bohemia. Battle of Campus Vogladensis. Page 72 Date York Date Britain Date 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Rome – 19 Jul – Pope Symmachus died. 20 Jul-19 Jul 523 – Hormisdas became Pope. Roman Empire – 9 Jul – Emperor Anastasius died. 9 Jul-1 Aug 527 – Flavius Justinus Augustus elected Roman Emperor. Rome – 19 Jul – Pope Hormisdas died. 13 Aug-18 May 526 – John I became Pope. Afro-Arab War, Caleb of Abyssinia conquers the Yemen. Turkey – 19 May – Earthquake, epicentre in Antioch. Rome – 18 May – Pope John I died. 13 Jul-22 Sept 530 – Felix IV became Pope. Roman Empire – 1 Aug – Emperor Justin I died. 1 Aug-13/14 Nov 565 – Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Rome – 22 Sept – Pope Felix IV died. 22 Sept-17 Oct 532 – Boniface II became Pope. Rome – 17 Oct – Pope Boniface II died. Rome – 2 Jan – 8 May 535 – Mercúrius became Pope John II. Rome – 8 May – Pope John II died. 13 May-22 April 536 – Agapetus I became Pope. Page 73 Date York Date Britain Date 536 537 Battle of Camlan, Arthur, king of the Britons, killed. 537 538 539 540 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 Rest of World Ostrogoth kingdom dissolved. Provence became part of Frankish Kingdom. Rome – 22 Apr – Pope Agapetus I died. 1 Jun-11 Nov 537 – Silverius became Pope. Rome – 11 Nov – Pope Silverius died. 29 Mar-7 Jun 555 – Vigilius became Pope. Byzantine Empire – War between the Byzantine Empire and Persia Beirut – 6 Jul – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Tyre, Tripoli. Rome – 7 Jun – Pope Vigilius died. Rome – 16 Apr-4 Mar 561 – Pelagius I became Pope. Rome – 4 Mar – Pope Pelagius I died. 17 Jul-13 Jul 574 – Catelinus became Pope John III. Roman Empire – 13/14 Nov – Emperor Justinian I died. 13/14 Nov-578 – Flavius Justinius Junior Augustus became Roman Emperor. Italy – The Lombards drive the Byzantines from northern Italy. 566 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 74 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 567 Spain – Leovigild, king of the Visigoths, drives Byzantines from western Spain. 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 Persians overthrow Abyssinian rule in Yemen, war with Byzantines renewed. Rome – 13 Jul – Pope John III died. Rome – 2 Jun-30 Jul 579 – Benedict I became Pope. Roman Empire – Emperor Justin II died. Rome – 30 Jul – Pope Benedict I died. 26 Nov-7 Feb 590 – Pelagius II became Pope. Spain – Leovigild completes conquest of Spain. Rome – 7 Feb – Pope Pelagius died. 3 Sept-12 Mar 604 – Gregory I became Pope. 591 592 593 594 595 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 75 Date York Date Britain Date 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 Rest of World Rome – 12 Mar – Pope Gregory I died. 13 Sept-22 Feb 606 – Sabinian became Pope. Rome – 22 Feb – Pope Sabinian died. Rome – 19 Feb-12 Nov 607 – Boniface III became Pope. Rome – 25 Aug-8 May 615 – Boniface IV became Pope. Rome – 8 May – Pope Boniface IV died. 19 Oct-8 Nov 618 – Adeodatus I became Pope. Rome – 8 Nov – Pope Adeodatus I died. Rome – 23 Dec-25 Oct 625 – Boniface V became Pope. 620 621 622 623 624 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 76 Date York Date Britain Date 625 -633 Paulinus Archbishop of York 625 626 627 Edwin converts to Christianity 626 627 12 April – Edwin and his two sons, Osfrid and Edrid, baptised at the site of the Minster. 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 Rest of World Rome – 25 Oct – Pope Boniface V died. 27 Oct-12 Oct 638 – Honorius I became Pope. Rome – 12 Oct – Pope Honorius died. Oct-2 Aug 640 – Severinus became Pope. Rome – 2 Aug – Pope Severinus died. 24 Dec-12 Oct 642 – John IV became Pope. Rome – 12 Oct – Pope John IV died. 24 Nov-14 May 649 – Theodore I became Pope. Rome – 14 May – Pope Theodore I died. Jul-16 Sept 655 – Martin I became Pope. 650 651 652 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 77 Date York Date Britain Date 653 654 655 656 657 664 -669 Caedda, Archbishop of York. 669 -678 Wifrith I, Archbishop of York. 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 678 -686 Bosa, Archbishop of York. 677 678 Rest of World Rome – 10 Aug-2 Jun 657 – Eugene I became Pope. Rome – 16 Sept – Pope Martin I died. Rome – 2 Jun – Pope Eugene I died. 30 Jul-27 Jan 672 – Vatalian became Pope. Rome – 27 Jan – Pope Vatalian died. 11 Apr-17 Jun 676 – Adeodatus II became Pope. Rome – 11 Apr – Pope Adeodatus II died. 2 Nov-11 Apr 678 – Donus became Pope. Rome – 11 Apr – Pope Donus died. 27 Jun-10 Jan 681 – Agatho became Pope. 679 680 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 78 Date York Date Britain Date 681 682 683 684 Rome – 3 Jul – Pope Leo II died. 685 686 -691 Wilfrith I, Archbishop of York. 686 687 691 705 -c.705 Bosa, Archbishop of York. John of Beverley, Archbishop of York. 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Rome – 10 Jan – Pope Agatho died. Dec-3 Jul 683 – Leo II became Pope. Japan – 29 Nov – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw followed by Tsunami hit Hakuho. Rome – 26 Jun-8 May 685 – Benedictus II became Pope. Rome – 8 May – Pope Benedict II died. 12 Jul-2 Aug 686 – John V became Pope. Rome – 2 Aug – Pope John V died. 21 Oct-22 Sept 687 – Conon became Pope. Rome – 22 Sept – Pope Conon died. 15 Dec-8 Sept 701 – Sergius I became Pope. Rome – 8 Sept – Pope Sergius I died. 30 Oct-11 Jan 705 – John VI became Pope. Rome – 11 Jan – Pope John VI died, 1 Mar-18 Oct 707 – John VII became Pope. Rome – 18 Oct – Pope John VII died. Page 79 Date York Date Britain Date 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 718 732 -732 Wilfrith II, Archbishop of York. -766 Ecgbeorht, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 279 730 731 Rest of World Rome – 15 Jan-4 Feb – Sisinnius became Pope. 25 Mar-9 Apr 715 – Constantine became Pope. Rome – 7 Apr – Pope Constantine died. 19 May-11 Feb 731 – Gregory II became Pope. Rome – 11 Feb – Pope Gregory II died. 18 Mar-28 Nov 741 – Gregory III became Pope. 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 Page 80 Date York Date Britain Date 739 740 741 744 England -796 Offa king of Angles 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 Rest of World Rome – 28 Nov – Pope Gregory III died. 3 Dec – 22 Mar 752 – Zachary became Pope. Levant Region – 18 Jan – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw. Rome – 22 Mar – Pope Zachary died. 23 Mar-25 Mar – Stephen elected Pope, but died before consecreated. 26 Mar-26 Apr 757 – Stephen II became Pope. Rome – 26 Apr – Pope Stephen II died. 29 May-28 Jun 767 – Paul I became Pope. 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 81 Date 767 York Date Britain -780 Æthelbeorht, Archbishop of York. Date 767 768 769 770 771 772 780 796 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 -796 Eanbald I, Archbishop of York. -c.808 Eanbals II, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 796 England - 26 or 29 July King Offa died, aged 58. Rest of World Rome – 28 Jun – Pope Paul I died. 1 Aug-24 Jan 772 – Stephen III became Pope. Rome – 24 Jan – Pope Stephen III died. 1 Feb-26 Dec 795 – Adrian I became Pope. Rome – 26 Dec – Pope Adrian I died. 26 Dec-12 Jun 816 – Leo III became Pope. 796 797 Page 82 Date York Date Britain Date 798 799 800 802 Egbert, driven into exile by Offa of Mercia, returned from Charlemagne’s court, became king of Wessex, maintains independence of Wessex from Mercia. 801 802 803 804 808 -c.837 Wulfsige, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 805 806 807 808 809 810 Rest of World Holy Roman Empire - Pope Leo III’s coronation of Charles I the Great (Charlemagne), king of the Franks, founding father of French and German monarchies, as Imperator Romanorum (Emperor of the Romans), in St. Peter’s church, Rome. Beginning of Holy Roman Empire. Bulgaria - Krum became khan, embarks on expansion expansion of his territory. Byzantine Empire - Finance minister Nikephoros I deposes and exiles Empress Irene to become Emperor; reorganizes the empire. Denmark - Godfred became king. th Venice - Giovanni Galbaio, 8 doge, chief magistrate and leader of the “Most Serene Republic of Venice”, flees, with his family, to Mantua. Obelerio degli Antenori, became doge and accepts Frankish protection and war with Byzantium ensues. Denmark - King Godfred murdered by a servant, his nephew, Hemming, became king. Italy - Pepin, son of Charlemagne, king of Frankish kingdom of Italy, died. His son Bernard became king. Page 83 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 811 Venice – Obelerio degli Antenori goes into exile in Constantinople. Angello Participazio became doge, he reclaims land and refortifies city. Bulgaria – Khan Krum defeats Byzantines, kills Emperor Nikephoros I. Byzantine Empire – Saurakios I became emperor, then abdicates to his brother, Michael I Rangabe. Denmark – King Hemming died, Sigfred and Anulo dispute the crown. Anulo died in battle. th Throne fought over until 10 century when Denmark is unified. Holy Roman Empire – Lois the Pious crowned co-emperor of the Franks with his father, Charlemagne. Byzantune Empire – Michael I Rangabe defeated by Bulgarians, abdicates in favour of Leo V the Amemian; Michael II the Armorian became emperor. Holy Roman Empire – Death of Charlemagne; Louis the Pious succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor and king of the Franks. Bulgaria – Death of Krum; Omurtag became ruler, concludes a 30 year peace treaty Byzantine Empire. 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 Rome – 12 Jun – Pope Leo III died. 12 Jun-24 Jan 817 – Stephen IV became Pope. Bavaria – Holy Roman Emperor Louis the German became king. Rome – 24 Jan – Pope Stephen IV died. 25 Jan-11 Feb 824 – Paschal I became Pope. Italy – Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious makes King Bernard of Italy a vassal of his cousin, Louis’ son, Lothair; Bernard plots against him, discovered and blinded, Bernard died. Lothair became king of Italy. 819 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 84 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 820 Byzantine Empire – Michael II the stammerer, assassinates Emperor Leo V during Christmas mass in Hagia Sophia, became first emperoer of teh Phrygian dynasty; his direct descendents rule Byzantine Empire more than 200 years. 821 822 823 824 825 Egbert defeats Beornwulf of Mercia at battle of Ellendun, takes control of Mercian dependencies in south-eastern England; Kent, Surrey, Sussex, East Anglia and Essex submit to Wessex. 825 826 827 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 829 England -839 Egbert of Wessex conquers Mercia, Northumberland accepts his lordship; recognised as Bretwalda, first sole ruler of Britain. 830 Egbert of Wessex defeats Welsh, but loses Mercia. Rome – 11 Feb – Pope Paschal I died. 8 May-Aug 827 – Eugene II became Pope. Holy Roman Empire - Nine articles of the Constitutio Romana establish the authority of the Holy Roman Emperors in Rome. Pamplona – Íňigo Arista revolts against the Franks, establishes kingdom of Navarre. 828 829 Venice – Giustiniano Participazio exiles his brother Giovanni, to become doge. Work begun on construction of first Basilica di San Marco. Rome – Aug – Pope Eugene II died. th Aug-Sept – Valentine became 100 Pope, died after a few months. Sept-Jan 844 – Gregory IV became Pope. Venice – Giovanni I Participazio, brother of Giustiniano, became doge. th Byzantine Empire - Theophilus became 6 and last of the iconoclast emperors. 830 Page 85 Date York Date Britain 831 Date of the design of the Scottish flag, said to have appeared to king Óengus II before a battle with the Angles. Date Rest of World 831 Byzantium – Byzantine emoperor, Theophilus, forbids use of icons. Holy Roman Empire – Louis the Pious reinstated as emperor of the Franks, after first civil war of his reign. Bulgaria – Malamir, grandson of Krum, became ruler. Venice – Obelerio degli Antenori tries to reclaim dogeship, Doge Giovanni Participazio kills him, displays his head in the marketplace. Great Moravia – The Central European Slavic Principality of Great Moravia founded when Prince Mojmír I unifies the two neighbouring principalities of Nitra and Moravia. 832 833 836 837 England - Egbert of Wessex defeated by the Danes. -854 Wigmund, Archbishop of York. 838 839 England - At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danes and the west Welsh. Scotland - The Stone of Destiny, the coronation stone of the kings of Scotland, is placed at Scone Palace, Scotland. Ireland – Feidlimid mac Cremthanin became high king of Ireland. England – 4 February King Egbert died aged 64. 5 February – 856 Æthelwulf, crowned at Kingston upon Thames, as king of Wessex, Kent, Cornwall, the west Saxons and east Saxons. 834 835 836 Venice – Giovanni Participazio deposed after a revolt; Pietro Tradonico elected doge. Bulgaria – Presian, nephew of Malamir, became khan; extends Bulgarian control over Slavic tribes in Macedonia. 837 838 839 840 Holy Roman Empire – Lothair I became Holy Roman Emperor. Venice – Lothair I recognizes independence of Venice and its authority over its lagoon. 841 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 86 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 842 Asturias – Alfonso the charte died. Visigoth Count Nepocian takes throne but defeated by Ramiro I at Battle of the Bridge of Cornellana. He changes system of succession by removing election process. Pampolona – Íňigo Arista chosen as first king of Pampolona, which later became kingdom of Vavarre. Holy Roman Empire – Louis the German, king of East Francia and Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, swear the Oaths of Strasbourg, an alliance against Holy Roman Emperor Lothair. Byzantine Empire – Emperor Theophilus died, his widow, Theodora, became empress, serving as regent for her son, Michael III the Drunkard, she reintroduces veneration of icons. West Francia – The 3 sons of Louis the Pious divide the Carolingian Empire into 3 kingdoms; the kingdom of France became a distinct state; Charles the Bald became king. Middle Francia – Lothair receives title of emperor, given central portion including Low Coutries, Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence and Kingdom of Italy. Eastern Francia – Louis the German became king of East Francia, which became Germany. Rome – Jan – Pope Gregory IV died. Jan-7 Jan 847 – Sergius II became Pope without seeking authority of Holy Roman Emperor Lothair; Lothair invades, but pacified when crowned king of Lombardy. 843 Scotland - Kenneth MacAlpin thought to have united the Kingdom of Scotia, becoming, some describe, the first king of Scotland (Alba) as well as king of the Picts. 843 844 Wales - Rhodri Mawr became first Prince of all Wales. 844 845 846 847 Great Moravia – Mojmír I died. East Francis king, Louis the German confirms Rastislav as second king of Great Moravia. Rome – 7 Jan – Pope Sergius died. 7 Jan-17 Jul 855 – Leo IV became Pope. Syria – 24 Nov – Earthquake, epicentre in Damascus. 848 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 87 Date York Date Britain Date 849 850 851 852 854 853 854 855 -900 Wulfhere, Archbishop of York. 856 857 858 nd England -860 Æthalbald, 2 son of Æthelwulf, became king of Wessex, after forcing his father to abdicate, marries his widowed 16 year old stepmother, Judith. Her father, Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor has marriage annulled. Scotland - Domnall mac Ailpín, brother of Kenneth I, became king of Picts, as Donald I. England - 13 January Æthelwulf died, aged 62 or 63. 860 England - 20 December King Æthelbald died. rd 21 December – 865 Ethelbert, 3 son of Æthelwulf, became king of Wessex. 862 Scotland - Constantine I, son of Kenneth MacAlpin, became king of the Picts. 856 857 858 859 860 Asturias – Ordoňo , son of Ramiro I, founder of Perez dynasty, became king of Austurias to ascend throne without an election. Austurias became known as León. Pampolona – García Íňiguez became king. Bulgaria – Boris I became khan. Provence – Charles, youngest son of Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair I, became king when Lothair divedes realm of Lotharingia between his 3 sons. Holy Roman Empire – Louis II succeeds Lothair as Holy Roman Emperor. Rome – 17 Jul – Pope Leo IV died. Jul-7 Apr 858 – Benedict III became Pope. Byzantine Empire – Empress Theodora displaced from her regency; her son, Michael III, rules alone. Iran – 22 Dec – Earthquake. Greece – Dec – Earthquake, epicentre in Corinth. Rome – 7 Apr – Pope Benedict III died. 14 Apr-13 Nov 867 – Nicholas I became Pope. Kievan Rus’ – Rurik, a Viking chieftain comes to power in Ladoga and Norvogorod, founded Rurik dynasty, centred on city of Kiev. 861 862 863 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Provence – King Charles died, childless, kingdom split between his brothers, Lothair II and Emperor Louis II. Page 88 Date York Date 865 Britain England – King Æthelbert died aged c. 30. th -871 Ethelred, 4 son of Æthelwulf, became king of Wessex. Date Rest of World 864 Bavaria – Carloman, son of Louis the German, became king. Venice – Pietro Tradonico assassinated; Orso I Participazio elected doge. Bulgaria – Boris I converts to Christianity, following invasion of Byzantine Empire. Great Moravia – King Rastislav has to acknowledge the supremacy of Louis the German, after East Franks invade. 865 866 867 21 Mar - King Osbert and King Ella killed in battle against Danes. 867 868 869 870 871 872 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – 23 April Æthelred died at Battle of Merton, aged 34. th 24 April - 899 Alfred the Great, 5 son of Æthelwulf, became king, calls himself ‘King of the Anglo Saxons.’ Galicia and Asturias - Alfonso III the Great became king. Rome – 13 Nov – Pope Nicholas I died. 14 Nov-14 Dec 872 – Adrian II became Pope. Byzantine Empire – Basil I crowned co-emperor, assassinates Michael III to become sole ruler. Portugal – First County of Portugal declared by Christian warlord Vímara Peres. Holy Roman Empire – Emperor Louis II allies with Emperor Basil I against Sarecens. Byzantine Empire – Basil I crowns his son, Constantine, co-emperor. Japan – 13 Jul – Earthquake measuring 8.6Mw, epicentre in Sendai, followed by tsunami. Byzantine Empire – Basil I crowns another son, Leo, co-emperor. Great Moravia – Louis the German, king of East Francia, has King Rastislav blinded and imprisoned; Svatopluk I chosen as king. 871 872 Rome – 14 Dec – Pope Adrian II died. 14 Dec-16 Dec 882 – John VIII became Pope. Page 89 Date York Date Britain 875 Scotland - Harald Fairhair, Viking king, subdues Orkney and Shetlands 877 Scotland - Constantine I died fighting the Vikings. Áed mac Cináeda, son of Kenneth MacAlpin, became king of the Picts. 878 England - Alfred defeats Vikings under Guthrum, at Ethandune; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes. Scotland - Giric mac Dúngail became king of the Picts. Date Rest of World 873 Portugal – Lucídio Vimaranes takes his father’s place in Portucale, died soon after. Count Diogo Fernandes inherits title via marriage to Lucídio’s daughter. 874 875 876 877 France and Provence – Louis the Stammerer became king of West Franks and Provence. Italy – Carloman, eldest son of Louis German, became king. 878 879 880 881 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Provence, Holy Roman Empire and Italy – Louis II died, Charles II the Bald became king and emperor. Norway – Harald Fairhair, Viking king, subdues Orkney and Shetlands, adds them to his kingdom. East Francia – Louis the Younger became king. West Francia – Louis the Stammerer died, his sons Louis III and Carloman II become joint kings of France. Provence – Boso elected king, marries daughter of Emperor Louis II. Italy – Charles III the Fat became king. Byzantine Empire – Basil I crowns his son, Constantine, co-emperor, who died shortly after, Basils younger son, Alexander, takes his place. Bavaria – Carlaman abdicates after a stroke, his brother, Louis the Younger, king of East Francia and Saxony, became king. Venice – Giovanni II Participazio elected Doge. Holy Roman Empire – Charles III the Fat crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Page 90 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 882 France – Louis III died, Carloman II rules alone. Pamplona – Fortún Garcés king, last of the Arista dynasty. East Francia – Louis the Younger, his brother, Charles the Fat, became king, reuniting the entire East Frankish kingdom. Rome – 16 Dec – Pope John VIII died. 16 Dec-15 May 884 – Marinus I became Pope. Kievan Rus’ – Oleg became ruler of all the Rus people, capture Kiev from Viking warlord. 833 884 885 886 England - Alfred the Great makes a treaty with the Danes formalizing the partition of England with the Danelaw, northern and eastern England under Danish control. 886 887 888 889 Scotland - Donald II, son of Constantine I, became king of the Picts, known as king of Alba. Provence – Louis the Blind became king. East Francia – Charles the Fat is deposed. Slovianian Arnulf of Carinthia, elected king. Venice – Giovanni II Participazio retires, Pietro Candiano elected doge, killed in battle, same year, attacking the Narentines. His great-nephew, Pietro Tribuno, elected doge. Japan – 26 Aug – Earthquake, epicentre in Osaka, Shiga Gifu & Nagano, followed by tsunami. Western Francia – Charles the Fat died, Odo, count of Paris, elected king. 889 890 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline France – Holy Roman Emperor and king of East Francia, Charles the Fat, also became king of West Francia. Rome – 15 May – Pope Marinus died. 17 May-Sept 885 – Adrian III became Pope. Rome – Sept – Pope Adrian III died. Sept-14 Sept 191 – Stephen V became Pope. Byzantine Empire – Basil I died in hunting accident, Leo VI the Wise became emperor. Norway – Harald I Fairhair became the country’s first king. Page 91 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 891 Holy Roman Empire – Guy III of Spoleto became Holy Roman Emoperor. Rome – 14 Sept – Pope Stephen V died. 19 Sept-4 Apr 896 – Formosus became Pope. Holy Roman Empire – Lambert II of Spoleto became Holy Roman Emperor. Bulgaria – Former King Boris I comes out of retirement when his son Valadimir tries to revert to paganism. Vladimir defeated and blinded. Boris’s rd 3 son, Simeon I the Great became khan. Iran – 23 Mar – Earthquake, epicentre in Ardabil. Armenia – 28 Dec – Earthquake, epicentre in Dyin. Great Moravia – Svatopluk I died, kingdom divided between his three sons. 892 893 894 England – Northumbrians and Angles swear allegiance to Alfred the Great, break their truce by attacking south-west of England. 894 895 896 897 898 899 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – 26 October Alfred the Great died aged c.50. 27 October - 924 Edward the Elder became king of Wessex. 899 Italy – Eastern Franks invade and conquer Italy under leadership of Arnulf of Carinthia, he is elected Holy Roman Emperor. Rome – 4 Apr – Pope Formosus died. 4 Apr-19 Apr – Boniface VI became Pope, he died a few days later. 22 May-Aug 897 – Stephen VI became Pope. Bulgaria – Simeon I defeats the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Bulgarophygon. Rome – Aug – Remains of Pope Formosus are exhumed and put on trial (Cadaver Synod), he is found unworthy of pontificate. Pope Stephen VI imprisoned and strangled after this trial. Aug-Nov – Romanus became Pope, deposed after 3 months. Dec- Jan 898 – Theodore II became Pope. West Francia – Charles III the Simple, became king of France. Rome – Jan – Pope Theodore II died. Jan-Jan 900 – John IX became Pope. East Francia – Louis the Child became king. Page 92 Date 900 York -c.916 Æthelbald, Archbishop of York. Date 900 Britain Scotland – Constantine II became king of Alba. Date Rest of World 900 Rome – Jan – Pope John IX died. Jan- 903 – Benedict IV became Pope. Holy Roman Empire – Louis III the Blind, usuper king of Provence, became Holy Roman Emperor. 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rome – Pope Benedict IV died. Jul-Sept – Leo V became Pope for 30 days, deposed and murdered by antiPope Christopher. Rome – AntiPope Chrisopher ejected. 29 Jan-14 Apr 911 – Sergius became Pope. Pamplona – Fortún Garcés deposed by a coup, retires to a monastery, Sancho I Garcés became first king of the Jiménez dynasty. Great Moravia – The country is destroyed by a Hungarian attack and vanishes as a state. Galicia, León and Asturias – Alfonso III died, his kingdom divided between three sons; García became king of León, Ordoňo of Galicia and Fruela of Asturias. Provence – Hugh of Arles became king. East Francia – Louis the Child died aged 18; Conrad I elected king. Rome – 14 Apr – Pope Sergius III died. Apr-Jun 913 – Anastasius III became Pope. Venice – Orso II Participazio elected doge. Byzantine Empire – Alexander became coemperor with Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos. Kievan Rus’ – Igor became ruler. Rome – Jun – Pope Anastasius died. Jul-Mar 914 – Lando became Pope. Bulgaria – Simeon I defeats the army of the Byzatine Empire, recognized as tsar by Patriarch Nicholas. León and Galicia – Ordoňo also became king of León after death of García. Rome – Mar – Pope Lando died. Mar-May 928 – John X became Pope. Page 93 Date 916 York -931 Hrotheweard, Archbishop of York. Date 916 917 918 Britain England and Wales – Marcian warrior queen Aethelflaed conquers Wales. England – By this year, all Danes south of the Humber have submitted to King Edward the Elder. Date Rest of World 915 Holy Roman Empire – Berengar of Friuli elected Holy Roman Emperor. 916 917 918 919 920 England – Saxons retake East Anglia from the Danes. 920 921 922 923 924 England – 17 July Edward the Elder died aged c. 50. 3 August – 939 Athelstan the Glorious became king. 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 -956 Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline East Francia – Henry I the Fowler elected king, first of the Ottonian dynasty. 931 France – Robert I became king. France – Robert I died in battle, Charles the Simple became king. Holy Roman Empire – Holy Roman Emperor Berenger is assassinated, there are no heirs León – Alfonso Froilaz, became king, driven out by sons of Ordoňo II. Pamplona – Jimeno Garcés became. Bulgaria – Simeon I died of heart failure, Peter I became tsar. Rome – May – Pope X imprisoned and possibly murdered. May-Dec – Leo VI became Pope. Dec-Feb 931 – Stephen VII became Pope. Norway – Erik Bloodaxe became king, quarrels with his brothers, has 4 killed. León – Alfonso IV abdicates and enters a monastery, Ramiro II became king. Pamplona – Garcia Sánchez I became king, aged 12. Rome – Feb – Pope Stephen VII died. Feb-Dec 935 – John IX became Pope. Page 94 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 932 Venice – Orso II Participazio retires, Pietro II Candiano succeeds him. Provence - ceases to be a separate kingdom. 933 934 935 936 937 England – Athelstan defeats an army of Scots, Irish and Danes at the Battle of Brunanburh, securing the submission of Constantine II of Scotland, Athelstan claims the title of King of all Britain. 939 England – 27 October Athelstan the Glorious died, aged c.44. 28 October – 946 Edmund the Magnificent became king. 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 Scotland – Constantine II abdicates and retires to a monastery. Malcolm I became king. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – Edmund I conquers Strathclyde. Cumberland and Westmorland are annexed by the Scots. France – Louis IV became king. Germany – Henry the Fowler died, Otto the Great became king. Rome – 3 Jan-13 Jul 939 – Leo VII became Pope. Burgundy – Rudolph II died, Conrad the Peaceful became king. Venice – Pietro Badoer Participazio is elected doge. Rome – 13 Jul – Pope Leo VI died. 14 Jul-Oct 942 – Stephen VIII is became Pope. Venice – Pietro III Candiano is elected doge. Rome – Oct – Pope Stephen VIII died. 30 Oct-May 946 – Marinus II is became Pope. 943 944 945 Burgundy – Rudolph II became king of Burgundy. Denmark – Gorm the Old founds Denmark’s first dynasty. Norway – Hakkon returns from England and ousts Eril Bloodaxe from the throne. Rome – Dec – Pope John XI died. 945 Byzantine Empire – Romanos I is deposed by his sons, forced to become a monk; followers of Emperor Constantine VII revolt and Stephen and Constantine into exile. Italy – Lothiar II takes control of Italy. Kievan Rus’ – Igor is killed; his wife takes revenge on his killers and became regent for Igor’s heir, Sviatoslav. She is the first ruler of Rus to covert to Christianity. Page 95 Date York Date Britain 946 England – 26 May Edmund the Magnificent murdered, aged c.25. 27 May - 955 Eadred became king. Date 946 947 948 949 950 951 954 955 956 Scotland – Malcolm I is killed, Indulf, succeeds him. England - 23 November Eadred died, aged c.32. 24 November – 959 Eadwig became king. -971 Oscytel, Archbishop of York. 957 England – King Edwig defeated in battle at Gloucester, fear of civil war he agrees to divide the country alomng the Thames, he rules Wessex and Kent, Edgar rules north of the Thames. 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 England – 1 October Eadwig died, aged c. 19. 2 October – 975 Edgar the Peaceable became king, uniting the country. 959 960 961 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Rome – May – Pope Marinus II died. 10 May-Dec 955 – Agapetus II is became Pope. Portugal – Gonçalo Mendes became count. León – Ordoňo III became king. Italy – Otto I of Germany invaded and crowned King of the Lombards; Kingdom of Italy now ruled within the Holy Roman Empire, with the emperor as monarch. France – Lothair became king, aged 13. Germany – Ott the Great defeats the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld, and the Slavs at Reichnitz. Rome – Dec – Pope Agapetus II died. 16 Dec-14 May 964 – Octavian became Pope John XII. León – Sancho the Fat became king. Denmark – King Harald Bluetooth became king, accepts Christianity. León – Ordoňo the Wicked usurps Sancho the Fat. Byzantine Empire – Constantine VII died, possibly poisoned, Romanos II became emperor. León – Sanch the Fat regains the throne. Germany – Otto II the Red became king. Norway – Haakon I mortally wounded at Battle of Fitjar. Harald II Greycloak became king. Page 96 Date York Date Britain 962 Scotland – King Indulf killed fighting the Vikings at the Battle of Bands, near Cullen; succeeded by Dub mac Maíl. Date Rest of World 962 Holy Roman Empire and German Nation – Otto the Great is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 963 Luxembourg – is founded by Siegfried, count of Ardennes. Poland – is founded by Miezko I. Byzantine Empire – Romanos II died aged 26. Nikephoros II Phokas became emperor. Rome – 14 May – Pope John XII died. 22 May-23 Jun – Benedict V voted Pope by the people of Rome. Jul-Mar 965 – Leo VIII appointed antiPope by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I and elected Pope when Benedict deposed. 964 965 966 967 Scotland - King Dub assassinated. became king. Cuilén 967 968 969 970 971 Edwaldus, Archbishop of York. 972 -992 Osweald, Archbishop of York. 971 Scotland - King Cuilén murdered bya a Scottish noble, Amdarch, the building he is in is deliberately set on fire. 971 972 973 England – King Edgar I crowned at Bath by St Dunstan, 14 years after becoming king. 973 974 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rome – Mar – Pope Leo VIII deposed. 1 Oct- 6 Sept 972 – John XIII became Pope. León – Ramiro III became king, aged 5, his mother and aunt act as regents. Holy Roman Empire – Otto II the Red became emperor. Byzantine Empire – Nikephoros II Phokas assassinated. John Tzimiskes became Emperor John I. Bulgaria – Boris II became tsar. Pamplona – Sanch II Garcés Abarca became king. Serbia - Petrislav became prince of Duklja and Travunia. Rome – 6 Sept – Pope John XIII murdered. Kievan Rus’ – Sviatoslav I killed by the Pecheneg khan, Kurya. Rome – 19 Jan-Jun 974 – Benedict VI became Pope, two months later he is imprisoned. Sweden – Eric the Victorious became king. Rome – Jun – Pope Benedict VI strangled on the orders of Crescentius I. Oct-10 Jul 983 – Benedict VII elected Pope. Page 97 Date York Date Britain Date 975 England – 8 July Edgar the Peaceable died, aged c. 32. 9 July – 978 Saint Edward the Martyr became king, aged 13. Ireland – Brian Boru became king of Munster 975 976 976 977 978 England – 18 March Saint Edward the Martyr assassinated, aged c. 16. 19 March – 1013 Æthelred the Unready became king, aged 10.(first reign) 978 979 980 981 982 983 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Norway – Harald II killed in Denmark by Haakon Sigurdsson and Harald Bluetooth. Haakon II Sigurdsson became king. Venice – Pietro IV Candiano killed in a revolution against his efforts to create a monarchy, Pietro I Orseolo is elected doge. Austria – Leopold of Babenberg appointed margrave. Bulgaria – Tsar Boris II and his brother, Roman, held as honorary hostages in Constantinople; to ensure the dynasty died out, Roman is castrated. Byzantine Empire – Basil II the Bulgar-Slayer became emperor. Kievan Rus’ – Civil war breaks out between Oleg and Yarolpolk, Oleg killed, Yarolpolk became prince of Kiev. Bulgaria – Boris II accidently killed by border guards. Roman became tsar, ruling jointly with Samuil. Kiev – Vladimir became grand prince . Venice – Doge Pietro I Orseolo joins a Benedictine monastery, later becoming a hermit. Vitale Candiano is elected doge. Venice – Vitale Candiano abdicates for health reasons, Tribuno Memmo is elected doge. Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir kills Yaropolk and became sole ruler. Belarus – Ragnvald Olafsson, prince of Polatsk killed by Vladimir the Great, grand prince of Kiev. Vladimir I became ruler. Germany – Otto III elected king, aged 3. Rome – 10 Jul – Pope Benedict VII died. Dec-20 Aug 984 – Piètro Campanora became Pope John XIV. Page 98 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 984 León – Ramiro III loses throne to Bermudo II the Gouty. Rome – 20 Aug – Pope John XIV died. Aug-Mar 996 – John XV became Pope. Rome – John XV elected Pope. 985 986 987 995 -c.1003 Ealdwulf, Archbishop of York. 995 Scotland – Kenneth II Constantine III succeeds him. is assassinated. 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 Scotland – Constantine II killed in factional fighting, last of the line of Áed. Kenneth III succeeds him. 997 998 999 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Wales – Llewelyn ap Seisyll became king of Deheubarth and Gwynedd. 999 France – Louis V succeeds Lothair as king. Denmark – Sweyn I Forkbeard became king. France – Ling Luois V died in hunting accident. Hugh Capet is elected king. Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir I converts to Christianity. Serbia – Jovan Vladimir became prince of Duklja Venice – Pietro II Orseolo elected doge. Poland – Boleslaw I became king. Burgundy – Rudolph III became king. Pamplona – García Sánchez II became king. Sweden – Olaf Skötkonung became king. Norway – Haakon II killed by a servant, Olaf I Tryggvason became king. France – Robert II the Pious became king. Holy Roman Empire – Otto III Became emperor. Rome – Mar – Pope John XV died. May-18 Feb 999 – Bruno of Carinthia became Pope Gregory V, aged 24, first German Pope. Bulgaria – Samuil became sole ruler, first of the House of Comitopuli. Serbia – Samuil of Bulgaria conquers Duklja and takes prince Jovan Vladimie prisoner. Rome – Otto III of Germany retakes city of Rome, reinstates Pope Gregory V after mutilating and blinding antiPope John XVI. León – Alfonso V became king, aged 5; his mother acts as regent. rd Portugal – Mendo Gonçalves became 3 count of Portugal. Rome – 18 Feb – Pope Gregory V died. 2 Apr-12 May 1003 – Gerbert d’Aurillac became Pope Sylvester II. First French Pope. Page 99 Date York Date 1002 1003 Britain Ireland – king Máel Sechnaill surrender the title of ‘High King of Ireland’ to Brian Boru. -c.1023 Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York. Date Rest of World 1000 Norway – Olaf I Tryggvason died in Battle of Svolder, country split into three areas of control. Hungary – Hungarian state founded by Stephen I. 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 Scotland – Kenneth III killed in battle by Máel Coluim mac Cináed who became king, known as Malcolm II. 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – Danes invade. 25 December-1014 Sweyn Forkbeard became king. Germany – Otto III died fighting Romans. Henry II elected king. Bulgaria – All-out war between Byzantine Emperor Basil II and Bulgarian Tsar Samuil; Basil victor. Rome – 12 May – Pope Sylvester II died. Jun-Dec – Siccone became Pope John XVII. 25 Dec-Jul 1009 – Giovanni Fasano became Pope John XVIII. Pamplona-Navarre – Sancho III the Great became king. Italy – Henry II, king of Germany, became king. Portugal – Alvito Nunes became count. Venice – Otto Orseolo elected doge, aged 16. Rome – Jul – Pope John XVIII died abdicated. 31 Jul-12 May 1012 – Pietro Matino Boccapècora became Pope as Sergius IV. Rome – 12 May – Pope Sergius IV died. 18 May-9 Apr 1024 – Theophylactus II became Pope Benedict VIII. 1013 Page 100 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1014 England – 3 February Sweyn Forkbeard died, aged c. 54. March/April - 1016 Æthelred the Unready became king. (second reign) Ireland – High King Brian Boru defeats Vikings at Battle of Clontarf, but is stabbed in the back by Viking chief. Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill became king again. England – Viking king, Canute the Great invades. 1014 England – 23 April Æthelred the Unready died, aged c.48 24 April Edmund Ironside became king. 30 November Edmund Ironside died, aged c. 23. 30 November – 1035 Canute became king. England – Canute divides the country into the earldoms of Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria. 1016 Denmark – Harald II became king. Norway – Olaf II Haraldsson declares himself king. Byzantine Empire – Basil II defeats Bulgarian army and massacres 15,000 prisoners in Battle of Kleidon. Holy Roman Empire – Henry II of Germany crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Bulgaria – Gavril Radomir killed whilst huntingby his cousin, Ivan Vladislav, who became king. Balarus – Bratislav become prince of Polotsk. Kievan Rus’ – Sviatopolk I became prince of Kiev. Serbia – Prince Jovan Vladimir beheaded by Bulgarian ruler Ivan Vladislav. Dragimir succeeds. 1015 1016 1017 1015 1017 Portugal – Ilduara Mendes marries Nuno Alvites and became countess of Portugal. 1018 Bulgaria – Ivan Vladislav killed, Presian II succeeds. Sweden and Norway – signing of treaty at Kungälv. Denmark – Canute I the Great became king. Kievan Rus’ – Iaroslav the Wise murders hid 3 brothers. Italy – Italian towns, including Rome, Florence and Venice, become city-states. 1019 1023 -1041 Ælfric Puttoc, Archbishop of York. 1020 England – Canute codifies the laws of England. 1020 1022 1023 Ireland – Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill died. 1021 1022 1023 Wales – Rhydderch ab Iestyn, ruler of Gwent and Morgannwg, seizes Deheubarth. Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig became king of Gwynedd. 1024 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Sweden – Anund Jakob became king. Rome – 9 Apr – Pope Benedict VIII died. Apr-20 Oct 1032 – Romanus became Pope John XIX. Germany – Henry II died. Conrad II elected king, first of the Salian dynasty. Page 101 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1025 Poland – Mieszko II Lambert Became king. Byzantine Empire – Basil II died; Constantine VIII became sole ruler. Venice – Pietro II Orseolo is deposed; Pietro Barbolano elected doge. Holy Roman Empire – Conrad II, king of Germany, crowned Holy Roman Emperor. León – Alfonso V killed; Bermudo III became king, last of Pérez dynasty. Norway – Olaf II died in Battle of Stiklestad, canonized, became Norway’s patron saint. Canute the Great became king. Portugal – Mendes Nunes Became count. Germany – Henry III elected co-ruler. Byzantine Empire – Zoe became empress; her husband became Romanos III. Spain – Garcia Sánchez, count of Castile, assassinated, Ferdinand succeeds him. France – Henry I revolts against his father, Robert I France – Henry I became sole ruler. Poland – Bezprym became duke. Burgundy – The Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad II became king; Burgandy absorbed by French monarchy. Venice – Doge Pietro Barbolano forced to abdicate in favour of Otto Orseolo, Otto is close to death so Domenico Flabanico is elected doge. Poland – Bezprym murdered; Mieszko II Lambert returns to throne. Rome – 20 Oct – Pope John XIX died. -1045 – Theophylactus III became Pope Benedict IX. 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1034 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Scotland – Duncan I and Bethóc become king and queen. 1033 1034 Poland – Mieszko II Lambert probably murdered, Czechs invade from south, Poland divided among local rulers. Byzantine Empire – Empress Zoe murders her husband Romanos III, marries her chamberlain, elevating him to the throne of eastern Roman Empire as Michael IV the Paphlagonian. Page 102 Date York Date Britain 1035 England – 12 November Canute died, aged c. 40. 13 November – 1040 Harold Harefoot became king. England – Edward the Confessor attempt to seize throne from Harold I. 1036 Date 1035 1036 1037 1041 -1042 Æthelric, Archbishop of York. 1042 -1051 Ælfric Puttoc, Archbishop of York. 1039 Wales – Iago ab Idwal killed, Gruffyd ap Llewelyn became king. 1040 England – 17 March Harold Harefoot died, aged c.23 or 24. Later his body is exhumed, beheaded and thrown into a fen near the Thames. 18 June – 1042 Harthacanute became king. Scotland – King Duncan I killed in Battle, Macbeth succeeds him. 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 England – 8 June Harthacanute died, aged c.24. 9 June – 1066 Saint Edward the Confessor became king. 1042 1043 1044 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Norway – Magnus I the Good became king. León – King Bermudo III killed in Battle of Tamarón, Spanish kingdoms of León and Castile unite, Ferdinand, count of Castile, became king Ferdinand I the Great, start of Jiménez dynasty. Germany – Conrad II died; Henry III continues as sole ruler. Poland – Casimir I the Restorer became duke. Hungary – Peter Urseolo became king. Bayzantine Empire – Michael IV died, Michael V became co-emperor with Zoe. Denmark – Magnus the Good, king of Norway, also became king of Denmark. Serbia – Stefan Dobroslav I Vojislav defeats Bytantine Emperor Constantine IX; Duklja became a leading state in Serbia. Byzantine Empire – Michael V deposed by popular revolt; Zoe became joint-empress with her sister Theodora. Zoe marries again, elevates husband to the throne as Constantine IX. Syria – 12 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, epicentre in Palmyra, Baalbek. Venice – Doge Domenico Flabanico died; Domenico Contarini elected doge. Hungary – Peter became king again after Battle of Ménfõ. Belarus – Vseslav became prince of Polotsk. Page 103 Date York Date 1045 Britain England – Edward the Confessor construction of Westminster Abbey. begins Date Rest of World 1045 Rome – Pope Benedict IX forced from Rome, Sylvester III became Pope, April – Pope Benedict IX forces Pope Sylvester III’s expulsion. May – Pope Benedict IX resigns, selling papacy to John Gratian who became Pope Gregory VI; Benedict IX returns to papal throne but Gregory recognized as true Pope. Rome – 20 Dec – Pope Gregory VI died. 24 Dec-9 Oct 1047 – Suidger, the German bishop, became Pope Clement II. Holy Roman Empire – Henry III, king of Germany, crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Normandy – William the Conqueror secures control of Normandy. Rome – 9 Oct – Pope Clement II died. Nov-1048 – Benedict IX seizes Lateran Palace, became Pope for third time. Denmark – Sweyn II Estridson became king. Norway – Harald III Sigurdsson, also known as Harald Hardråda, became sole ruler, the last Viking king. Hungary – King Peter deposed for second time, Andrew I returns from exile to become king. Rome – Pope Benedict IX resigned. 17 Jul-9 Aug – Poppo, bishop of Brixen, became Pope Damasus II. Hungary – king Andrew assigns 1/3 control to his brother Duke Béla. Rome – 12 Feb-19 Apr 1054 – Bruno von Eguisheim-Dagsburg became Pope Leo IX. He renewed the practice of celibacy. th Portugal – Nuno Mendes became 7 count of Portugal, last count of the House of Vímara Peres. Sweden – Edmund the old became king, last of the House of Munsõ. Byzantine Empire – Empress Zoe died, her husband, Constantine IX, became sole ruler. Serbia – Mihailo I became grand prince of Duklja. 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 -1060 Cynesige, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1051 1052 Page 104 Date York Date Britain Date 1053 1054 1055 Wales – Gruffydd ap Llewelyn claims sovereignty over all of Wales. 1055 1056 1057 Scotland – King Macbeth killed in battle against Malcolm III, Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin became king. 1057 1058 Scotland – King Lulach assassinated; Malcolm III Canmore became king. 1058 1059 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Navarre - Garcia Sánchez III died in the Battle of Atapuerca; succeeded by 14 year old Sancho IV. Germany – Henry IV became king. Rome – 19 Apr – Pope Leo IX’s excommunication of the patriarch of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius, led to the between Eastern and Western Churches, the Great Schism. Kievan Rus’ – Izyaslav I became prince of Kiev. Rome – 13 Apr-28 Jul 1057 – Gebhard, count of Calw, Tollenstein und Hirschberg became Pope Victor II. Byzantine Empire – Constantine IX died, Theodora became sole ruler. León-Castile – Ferdinand I the Great declares himself ‘Emperor of Hispania’. Byzantine Empire – Empress Theodora died childless. Michael VI Bringas replaces her, but not received with universal support, conflict breaks out between noble families. Rome – 28 Jul – Pope Victor II died. 2 Aug-29 Mar 1058 – Frèdèric de Lorraine became Pope Stephen IX. Hungary – King Andrew I has his son Solomon crowned ‘junior’ king. Byzantine Empire – Michael VI abdicates; Isaac I Komnenos became emperor. Poland – Boleslaw the Bold became duke of Poland. Rome – 29 Mar – Pope Stephen IX died. 6 Dec-27 Jul 1061 – Gérard de Bourgogne, bishop of Florence, became Pope Nicholas II. He introduced the practice of Popes being elected by cardinals instead of Roman aristocracy. Byzantine Empire – Isaac I abdicates; Constantine X Douhas became first emperor of the Doukid dynasty. Page 105 Date 1061 York Date Britain -1069 Ealfred, Archbishop of York. Date Rest of World 1060 France – Philippe I succeeds to throne age 7, rules in his own right by 14. Sweden - Stenkil Ragnvaldson became king, first of the House of Stenkil. Hungary – Duke Béla defeats his brother Andrew I to become king; Andrew I captured and died. Rome – 27 Jul – Pope Nicholas II died. 30 Sept-21 Apr 1073 – Anselmo da Baggio, bishop of Lucca, became Pope Alexander II. 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 Wales – Gruffydd ap Llewelyn killed by Cynan ap Iago. Bleddyn ap Cyfyn became ruler. Morchar appointed governor of York 1064 1065 1066 England – 5 January Saint Edward the Confessor died, aged c. 60. 6 January – Harold Godwinson became king. 23 September – Battle of Stamford Bridge. 14 October – Harold Godwinson killed at Battle of Hastings, aged c.46. 15 October – 17 December Edgar the Atheling, proclaimed king, but not crowned. 25 December - 1087 William I the Conqueror became king. 1066 1067 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Aragón – Sancho Ramírez became king. Hungary – King Béla I died, his throne’s canopy collapses on him. Solomon crowned king for second time, aged 9. León-Castile – Ferdinand I died, his kingdom is split between his sons; Sancho II the Strong receives the Kingdom of Castile, Alfonso VI became king of León, and García of Galicia. Sweden – Stenkil Ragnvaldsson died. Norway – Magnus II Haraldsson became king. France – The Trencavel family in Carcassonne. Norway – Olaf III the Peaceful returne from England to claim his share of the Kingdom (the south), Magnus II rules the north. Byzantine Empire – Michael VII became emperor, aged 17; his mother, Eudokia, and general Romanos IV Diogenes, rule as regents. Page 106 Date York 1068 After death of Robert, earl Gospatrick, commander of the Northumbrians, and Edgar Atheling, marched their forces to York. William advanced on York. Edgar sent back to Scotland. William pardoned the earls and entered to keys of York. Heavy fine levied on citizens. Two castles built (Clifford’s Tower & Baile Hill), garrisoned by Norman soldiers. Morchar, Edwin & Gospatrick flee to Scotland. Osbern etc. received by citizens. th 19 Sept. Normans prepared for siege, started fire in suburb, which spread to parts of city and burnt cathedral and library. Danes able to approach walls without opposition, during confusion. 3,000 Normans killed, High Sheriff of the county, his lady and a few others, found in the castles, survived. Waltheof, son of Siward, appointed governor of York, with garrison if English and Scottish soldiers. Danes retired to place between Humber and Trent to await Normans. William arrived before city, summoned Waltheof to surrender – refused. -1100 Thomas I (of Bayeux), Archbishop of York. William pushed forward the siege on York. After 6 months, York surrendered, due to famine. English and Scotch garrison put to the sword. City raised to the ground. Waltheof, the last Saxon earl, was beheaded for conspiracy. 1069 1070 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date Britain Date Rest of World 1068 England - Earl Morchar, governor of York, earl of Chester joined Blethwin, king of Wales with guard of 700 men marched to Durham and slew Robert, whom William had created earl of Northumbria. William demands Morchar, Edwin, Gospatrick & Edgar from Malcolm, the Scottish king. Malcolm refuses, invites king of Denmark to join English and Scottish forces against William. Sent his brother Osbern, with the two sons of Harold, and troops in 250 ships, sailed up the Humber. 1068 Kievan Rus’ - A popular uprising deposes Izyaslav I, who flees to Poland. 1069 England – William the Conqueror crushes rebellion in the north, burning houses, crops, cattle and land, over 100,000 people die from starvation and winter cold. This is known as the Harrying of the North. 1069 Norway – Magnus II died, Olaf became sole ruler. Kievan Rus’ – Izyaslav I retakes Kiev, with help from Polish army. 1070 England - William bribed Danish general with money and right to plunder sea coast, if left the country. Waltheof, the first nobleman to be beheaded in England. Herewald teh Wake begins a Saxon revolt in nthe Fens of Eastern England. 1070 Page 107 Date York Date 1072 Britain England & Scotland – William I invades Scotland; defeats Hereward the Wake in the Fens. Ireland – Toirdelbach ua Briain became high king of Ireland, aged 15. Date Rest of World 1071 Spain – García II, as king of Galicia, first to use title of king of Portugal, following defeat of Count Nuno Mendes in Battle of Pedroso. Italy – The last Byzantine-controlled city in the south, Bari, is captured by Robert Guiscard. Venice - Domenico Selvo elected doge. Byzantine Empire – Emperor Michael VII sends his mother to a monastery, kills Romanos IV and crowned senior emperor. León-Castile – Sancho the Strong assassinated , Alfonso VI takes control and calls himself ‘Emperor of all Hispania.’ Bulgaria – Constantin Bodin assumes throne as Peter III, following revolt obyBulgarian noblemen. Byzantines retaliate and capture Peter. Bulgaria ruled by Byzantine Empire. Rome – 21 Apr – Pope Alexander II died. 22 Apr-25 May 1085 – Hildebrand of Soana became Pope Gregory VII. Kievan Rus’ – Izyaslav I ousted again. Sviatoslav II became prince of Kiev. Denmark – Harald III elected king. Hungary - Solomon is defeated by Géza I in the Battle of Mogyoród, goes into exile but remains in control of western of country. Holy Roman Empire – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor conquers Saxony. 1072 1073 1074 1075 England – Revolt of the Three Earls, against William I, is last serious act of resistance to Norman Conquest. Wales – Bleddyn ap Gyfyn killed by Rhys ab Owain. Trahearn ap Caradog became king of Gwynedd. 1075 1076 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Aragón & Navarre – Sancho Ramírez elected king became king. Rome – Pope Gregory VII excommunicates the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV. Kievan Rus’ – Vsevolod I became prince of Kiev, ceded throne to Isyaslav I. Page 108 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1077 England – Robert Curthose, future duke of Normandy, instigates first insurrection against his father, William I. 1077 1078 Wales – Trahaern ap Caradog, king of Gwynedd, defeats Rhys ab Owain in Battle of Goodwick. 1078 Sweden – Halsten Stenkilsson became king. Hungary – Géza I died; his brother, Ladislaus I became king. Montenegro - Kingdom of Duklja founded, with support of Pope Gregory VII; Mihailo I is the first king. Bulgaria – Constantine Bodin, Peter III, freed by venetian sailors and returns to Zeta. Byzantine Empire – Michael VII resigns and enters a monastery; Nikephoros III Botanieiates proclaims himself emperor. Kievan Rus’ – Izyaslav I died in a civil war; Vsevolod I restored to power. Poland – Bolslaw II the Bold murdered bishop of Kraków, nobles and prelates revolt, Boleslaw forced into exile in Hungary; his brother, Wladyslaw I Herman, became duke of Poland. Sweden – Inge I became king, shares throne with his brother, Halsten. Denmark – Canute IV became king. Sweden – Blot Sven overthrows hia brother-in law King Inge. Serbia – Constantin Bodin became king of Duklja. Byzantine Empire – Emperor Nikephorus III is overthrown by Alexios I Comnenus. Holy Roman Empire – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, besieged Rome and gained entry. Sweden – Inge I kills Blot Sven and returns to the throne. Bosnia – is conquered by Duklja. Hungary – King Stephen is canonized and became patron saint of his country. Venice – Doge Domenico Selvo defeated at Corfu by Robert Guiscard’s Normans. Vitale Faliero Dodoni elected Doge. Holy Roman Empire – Henry IV, king of Germany crowned Holy Roman Emperor Rome – 25 May – Pope Gregory VII died. 1079 1080 England – William I writes to Pope to remind him the king of England owes him no allegiance. 1080 1081 Wales – Trahaearn ap Carado, king of Gwynedd is murdered; Gruffydd ap Cynan became king of north Wales, spends first 12 years imprisoned by William I in England. 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 109 Date York Date 1087 Britain England – 26 Sept – 1100 William II became king. Date Rest of World 1086 Rome – 24 May-16 Sept 1087 – Desiderius, the great abbot of Monte Cassino, became Pope Victor III. Denmark – King Canute IV is assassinated in the church of St. Alban at Odense; he is made a saint and became patron saint of Denmark; his brother Olaf I, became king. France – 9 Sept – William I the Conqueror died, aged c. 59, whilst besieging Mantes. Germany – Conrad II elected king and crowned in Aachen. Hungary – Former King Solomon I is killed in battle near Hadrianopolis. Rome – 16 Sept – Pope Victor III died. Rome – 12 Mar-29 Jul 1099 – Odo of Lagery became Pope Urban II. 1087 1088 1090 Ireland – Domhnall Maclochlainn became high king. 1093 Scotland – Malcolm III killed at Battle of Alnwick; Donald III Bane became king, he expels the English from the Scottish court. 1094 Scotland – Donald III Bane deposed, Duncan II succeeds him, but killed in revolt against Norman influence in Scotland; Donald III Bane returns to throne. 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1097 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Scotland – Edgar became king. 1096 1097 1098 Spain – García II, former king of Galicia, died in monastery to which he was consigned by his brothers. Portugal – Henry of Burgundy receives the county of Portugal as a dowry for marriage to Theresa, daughter of Alfonso. Norway – Haakon Magnusson became king. Italy – Conrad II of Germany crowned king. Kievan Rus’ – Sviatopolk II became prince of Kiev. Aragón and Navarre – Sancho I died at Siege of Huesca; Pedro I became king. Norway – Haakon Magnusson died; Magnus Barefoot became king. Denmark – Eric I became king. Hungary – Ladislaus I died and canonized. Coloman became king. nd Venice – Vital I Michele elected 32 Doge. Germany – Henry IV deposes his son, Conrad II, replacing him with his younger son, Henry V. Page 110 Date 1100 York -1108 Gerard, Archbishop of York. Date 1100 1101 Britain England – 2 August William II Rufus died, aged c.40, killed by an arrow whilst hunting. 5 August – 1135 Henry I (Beauclerc) became king. England – Robert Curthose gives up hos claim to the Anglo-Norman throne, which confirmed Henry I as king of England. Date Rest of World 1099 Germany – Henry V became the last king of the Salian dynasty. Rome – 29 Jul – Pope Urban II died 14 days after the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders. 13 Aug-21 Jan 1118 – Monk Ranirtius became Pope Paschal II, he excommunicates Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Sweden – Halsten died, Inge is sole ruler. 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1106 1107 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – Henry I defeats his older brother, Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, at the Battle of Tinchebrai. Scotland – King Edward died, his brother, Alexander I became king. 1106 1107 Serbia – Constantin Bodin, king of Duklja, died, his sons, Mihailo II Vojislav and Dobroslav II, rule jointly. Belarus – Boris I became prince of Polotsk. Venice – Ordelafo Faliero became doge. Poland – Zbigniew and Boleslw III Wrymouth rule the country jointly after the death of their father Wladyslaw I Herman. Serbia – Dobroslav III became ruler of Duhlja, he is captured, castrated and blinded. Kočopar Branislavljevic brought to power by Prince Vukon of Rascia. Norway – Olaf Magnusson became king, aged 4, his older brothers act as regents. Serbia – Vladimir, oldest brother of King Constantin Bodin, become s king of Duklja, marries one of Prince Vukan’s daughters. Aragón and Navarre – Alfonso I the Warrior became king. Denmark – Niels became king. Germany – Henry IV escapes from prison, defeats his son Lorraine, but died soon after. Belarus – David became prince of Polotsk. Poland – Boleslaw III puts his half-brother, Zbigniew, to flight, and became sole ruler. Zbigniew and Holy Roman Empire join forces against Poland, but defeated, Zbigniew captured and blinded. Page 111 Date 1108 York -1114 Thomas II, Archbishop of York. Date Britain Date 1108 Scotland – Alexander marries Sybilla, illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England. 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 Scotland – David, brother of King Alexander I, demands further titles and land, known as ‘Prince of the Cumberlands’. -1140 Thurstan, Archbishop of York. 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Ireland – Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair became high king. 1118 Rest of World León-Castile-Galicia – Alfonso IV died, Urraca, his daughter, became queen, she marries Alfonso I of Aragón. Holy Roman Empire – Henry V invades Italy. Holy Roman Empire – Henry V of Germany crowned emperor, later excommunicated by Pope. Portugal – King Henry died, his son Alfonso I Henriques became count of Portugal, aged 3. His mother, Teresa, rules as regent. Sweden – Philip Halstensson became king, sharing the throne with Inge II. Hungary – Coloman imprisons and blinds his brother Almos. Serbia – Vladimir of Duklja is poisoned by order of Queen Jakvinta, she appoints her son George to the throne. Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir II Monomakh, son of Vsevolod I, became prince of Kiev. León-Castile-Galicia – Marriage of Queen Urraca and Alfonso I of Aragón is annulled. Norway – Olaf Magnusson died, his brothers Øystein and Sigurd I the crusader, share the throne. Hungary – Coloman died, Stephen II became king of Hungary and Coatia. Venice – Doge Ordelafo Faliero killed in battle against Hungarians, Domenico Michele elected doge. Normandy – Rebellion against Henry I breaks out. Rome – 21 Jan – Pope Paschal II died. 24 Jan-28 Jan 1119 – Giovanni Coniula became Pope Gelasius II. Sweden – Philip Halstensson died, Inge II became sole ruler. Serbia – Prince Grubeša Branislavljević, deposes King George of Duklja. Byzantine Empire – John I Comnenos became emperor. Page 112 Date York Date 1120 Britain England – Thomas Becket born. The White Ship sinks in the English Channel, Henry II’s son , William Adelin, is drowned. Date Rest of World 1119 Rome – 28 Jan – Pope Gelasius died. 2 Feb-13 Dec 1124 – Guy de Vienne became Pope Calixtus II. 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 Scotland – David I became king, with support of Henry I of England. 1124 1125 England – Edgar the Atheling died, aged c.72. 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Roman Empire – Henry V renopunces the right of investiture of bishop, in the Concordat of Worms. His excommunication is lifted. Rome – Pope Calixtus II opened the First Council of the Lateran. Norway – Øystein died, Sigurd I became sole ruler. Rome – 13 Dec – Pope Callixtus died. 15 Dec-13 Feb 1130 – Lamberto Scannabecchi, cardinal of Ostia, became Pope Honorius II. Germany – Henry V died, Lothair, duke of Saxony, elected king. Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir II died, his son Mstislav I became prince of Kiev. León-Castile-Galicia – Queen Urraca died,Alfonso VII became king. Balarus – Boris I became prince of Polotsk (2nd time). Portugal – Count Alfonso I Henrique defeats his mother, Teresa, at Battle of São Mamede, also defeats Alfonso VII of Castile and Léon. Portugal effectively became independent. Balarus – Sviatopolk of Kiev became prince of Polotsk. Portugal – Count Alfonso Henriques declared prince of Portugal. Page 113 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1130 Sweden – Sverker I the Elder became king. Norway – Sigurd I died, Civil war break out for claim to throne between Magnus Sigurdsson and Harald IV Gille. Venice – Pietro Polani elected doge. Rome – 13 Feb – Pope Honorius II died. 14 Feb-24 Sept 1143 – Cardinal Gregorio Papareschi became Pope Innocent II; a group of cardinals elect antiPope Anacletus II. Sicily – Roger II became king. Hungary and Croatia – Stephen II died, Béla II the Blind became king. Balarus – Vasil became prince of Polotsk. Kievan Rus’ - Yaropolk II became prince of Kiev. 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 Fire of York, burnt down the Cathedral, St. Mary’s Abbey, St. Leonard’s Hospital, 39 parish churches in the city , and Trinity church, in the suburbs. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – 1 December Henry I died, aged 67, from food poisoning. 22 December – 1154 Stephen (of Blois) became king. Wales – Owain Gwynedd defeats the Normans at Crug Mawr. 1135 1136 1137 Holy Roman Empire – Lothair III, elected king of Germany, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Aragón and Navarre – Alfonso I of Aragón leaves his kingdom to the Knights Templar. His wishes are ignored and Ramiro II became king. Denmark – King Niels died in battle in Schleswig; Eric II became king. Norway – Magnus IV Sigurdsson defeats Harald IV at Battle of Färlev. León-Castile-Galicia – Alfonso II of Castile is crowned ‘Emperor of all the Spains’. Norway – Harald IV captures Magnus IV, blinds him and imprisons him. Norway – Sigurd Slembedjakn murders Harald IV; Sigurd II Munn became co-ruler with his brothers Inge and Øystein; Sigurd Slembedjakn makes a rival claim for the throne. France – Louis VII the Young became king. Aragón – Ramiro abdicates and returns to the monastery, his daughter Peronilla became queen. Germany – Lothair II died, whilst in Italy. Denmark – Eric III became king. Sicily – Naples is captured and integrated into the Kingdom of Sicily. Page 114 Date York 1138 David, king of Scotland, and army, besieged York. Archbishop Thurstan, lieutenant governor of the North, called a force of nobility and gentry of the county, marched against Scots, who left the city. Date Britain 1138 England and Scotland - Scottish army defeated by archbishop Thurstan’s army, at Northallerton – 10,000 Scots killed Date Rest of World 1138 Germany – Conrad III elected king, civil war breaks out when he deprives rival Henry the Proud of his lands. Rome – AntiPope Anacletus II died. Poland – Boleslaw III divide the country between his five sons. Syria – 11 Oct – Earthquake, epicentre in Aleppo. Portugal – Prince Alfonso declared king, after Battle of Ourique. Norway – Sigurd Slembedjakn is imprisoned and executed by supporters of Inge I. Sicily – Pope Innocent II recognizes the Kingdom of Sicily. Kievan Rus’ – Vsevolod II became ruler (prince of Kiev) Rome – Second Council of the Lateran convened. 1139 1141 -1147 William FitzHerbert, Archbishop of York. 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Hungary and Croatia – Béla II died, Géza II crowned king, aged 11. Portugal – King Alfonso VII of Castile recognizes Portugal as an independent kingdom by the Treaty of Zamora. Rome – 24 Sept – Pope Innocent II died. 26 Sept-8 Mar 1144 – Guido di Castello became Pope Celestine II. Byzantine Empire – Johnn II Comnenus died in hunting accident. Manuel I Comnenus became emperor. France – Geoffery of Anjou, second husband of Empress Matilda, conquers Nomandy. Rome – 8 Mar – Pope Celestine II died. 12 Mar-15 Feb 1145 – Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso became Pope Lucius II. Balarus – Rogneda Borisovich became prince of Polotsk. Rome – 15 Feb – Pope Lucius II killed by a stone thrown at him as he marched against the Roman Senate. 15 Feb-8 Jul 1153 – Bernardo dei Paganelli di Montemagno, became Pope Eugene III. Page 115 Date 1147 York Date Britain -1153 Henry Murdac, Archbishop of York. Date Rest of World 1146 Holy Roman Empire – Emperor Conrad III takes part in the Second Crusade. Poland – Wladyslaw II driven into exile by his younger brother; Boleslaw IV the Curly became high duke. Serbia – Radoslav Gradišnić became ruler of Dukja. Kievan Rus ‘ – Igor II became prince of Kiev, soon deposed by his cousin, Iziaslav Msistislavich, who became Iziaslav II. Portugal – King Alfonso I and the Crusaders capture Lisbon from the Moors. Germany – Conrad III has his son, Henry Berengar, elected king, to rule whilst he is away on the Second Crusade. Aragón – Queen Petonella abdicates in favour of her son Ramon, who became Alfonso II. Navarre – Sancho VI became king. Portugal – King Alfonso I takes Abrantes from the Moors. Denmark – Eric III abandons the throne, retires to a monastery, Sweyn III became king, challenged by Canute V and Valdemar ‘the Great’. He kills Canute, but killed by Valdemar, who became king in 1157. Venice – Domenico Morosis elected doge. Kievan Rus’ – Yuri I Dolgoruki became prince of Kiev. 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 -1154 William FitzHerbert, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1153 Scotland – King David I died. His grandson, Malcolm IV, became king, aged 11. 1153 Germany – King Henry Beregar died. Belarus – Rostislav of Minsk became prince of Polotsk. Kievan Rus’ – Prince Yuri I driven from Kiev by his nephew Iziaslav III. Germany – Conrad III died, Frederick I Barbarossa elected king. Rome – 8 Jul – Pope Eugene III died. 8 Jul-3 Dec 1154 – Corado Demetri della Suburra became Pope Anastasius IV. Page 116 Date 1154 York -1181 Roger de Archbishop of York. Pot L’Evêque, Date Britain 1154 England – 25 October Stephen died, aged c.58. 19 December – 1189 Henry II (Curtmantle) became king. Date Rest of World 1154 Italy – Frederick I Barbarossa crowned king. Rome – 3 Dec – Pope Anasatasius IV died. 4 Dec-1 Sept 1159 – Cardinal Nicholas of Albano became Pope Adrain IV, the only Englishman to become Pope. Sicily – Roger II died, William I the Bad became king. Kievan Rus’ – Rostislav I became grand prince for one week, Iziaslav III drives him out and returns to power. Norway – Sigurd II murdered by his brother and co-ruler Inge I. Holy Roman Empire – Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Kievan Rus’ – Yuri I retakes Kiev. Sweden – Sverker I murdered on way to church on Christmas day. Erik IX the Saint became king. Venice – Vitale II Michele elected doge. León-Castile-Galicia – King Alfonso VII died, kingdom split between sons – Ferdinand – León and Galicia, Sancho-Castile and Toledo. Denmark – Valdemar the Great became king. Norway – Inge became sole ruler after his brother Øystein killed. Russia – Andrei Bogolyubsky became Prince Andrei I of Vladimir-Suzdal. Kievan Rus’ – Yuiri I died, Iziaslav III restored to throne. Syria – 12 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw. León-Castile-Galicia – Alfonso VIII became king of Castile, aged 3. Rome – 1 Sept – Pope Adrian IV died. 7 Sept-30 Aug 1181 – Cardinal Orlando Bandinelli became Pope Alexander III. Balarus – Rogneda Borisovich became prince of nd Polotsk for 2 time. Kievan Rus’ – Rostislav I become grand prince for nd 2 time. 1155 1156 Ireland – Muirchertach MacLochlainn became high king. 1156 1157 1158 1159 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 117 Date York 1160 First York parliament, mentioned in history, called by Henry II. Malcolm, king of Scotland, summoned before this parliament, charged with betraying Henry’s counsel to the French, during the war in that country. Allegations proved false, but Malcolm had to lose some of his lands in England. and to do homage for the kingdom of Scotalnd. Date Britain Date Rest of World 1160 Sweden – Erik IX is murdered, later canonied becoming Sweden’s patron saint; Magnus II became king. Sicily – William I defeats a revolt, his son Roger is killed. 1161 Sweden – Karl VIII became king. Norway – Haakon II the Broadshouldered defeats and kills Inge I, in battle near Oslo, he succeeds Øystein as king. Hungary and Croatia – Stephen III became king. Norway – Haakon II the Broadshouldered killed by Erling Skaake, Sigurd Markusfostre named king. Serbia – Mihailo III Vojislav became last ruler of Dukja. Balarus – Vseslav Vasilkovich became prince of Polotsk. Norway – Magnus V Elingsson first Norwegian king to be crowned, aged 7. 1162 1163 Wales – Owain Gwynedd recognized as ruler. 1165 Scotland – Malcolm IV died, aged 24; his brother, William I the Lion succeeds him. His standard became the Royal Standard of Scotland (red lion rampant with forked tail, on yellow background) Ireland – Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair became last ‘High King of all Ireland’. 1166 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – Prince Richard became duke of Aquitaine. England – Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves England to establish her court in Poitiers. Sicily – William II became king, aged 11, his mother, Margaret of Navarre, acts as regent. Sweden – Canute I Ericson kills Karl VII to take the throne. Balarus – Volodar of Minsk became prince of Polotsk. Kievan Rus’ – Mstislav II became grand prince. 1168 1169 Germany – Henry VI is elected king. Sicily – 4 Feb – Earthquake. Page 118 Date 1171 York Archbishop Roger commenced rebuilding to the Minster Choir. the Date Britain Date Rest of World 1170 England – Thomas Becket assassinated. Ireland – Henry II sponsors the Norman invasion of Ireland. 1170 1171 Wales – Rhys ap Gruffydd agrees to negotiate with Henry II of England. 1171 Kievan Rus’ – Gleb became grand prince. Eastern Mediterranean – 29 Jun – Earthquake measuring 7.7Mw, Damage in Syria, Lebanon & Turkey. Sicily – William II declared old enough to rule. Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir II is briefly grand prince, Roman I succeeds him. 1172 England – Council of Avranches absolves Henry II of the assassination of Thomas Becket. Ireland - Henry II conquers Ireland and confirmed as lord of Ireland by the Pope. England – Eleanor of Aquitaine and her sons rebel against her husband, Henry II, unsuccessful. 1172 Venice – Sebastiano Ziani is elected doge. Hungary and Croatia – Stephan III died, Béla III, his younger brother, became king. 1173 1174 England – 12 July – William I of Scotland captured by English force led by Ranulf de Glanvill at Battle of Alnwick, Henry II occupies Scotland. 1174 Poland – Mieszko III ‘the Old’ became high duke. Kievan Rus’ – Vsevolod the Big Nest briefly istalled to throne, before being taken prisoner. Rurik became grand prince. Norway – Øystein Meyla declared king by his supporters during civil war. Russia – Prince Andrei I Bogolyubsky assassinated; his half-brother Mikhail became prince of Vladimir-Suzdal. Kievan Rus’ – Iaroslav II, manoeuvred onto throne by relatives. 1175 Scotland – William I of Scotland allowed to return to Scotland following signing Treaty of Falaise, agreeing to pay cost of English army occupation by taxing Scots. Ireland – Ruaidri Ua Conchobair, the last high king, submits to Henry II with Treaty of Windsor. 1175 Parliament met in York. William, successor of Malcolm, summoned to do homage for the kingdom of Scotland. He complied and, in token of his subjection, deposited on the alter of the Cathedral, in York, his breast-plate, spear, and saddle. 1173 1176 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 119 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1177 Norway – Øystein Meyla killed in Battle of Re. Sicily – William II marries Joan, daughter of Henry II of England. Poland – Expulsion of Mieszko III, Casimir II the Just, elevated to high duke. Russia – Vsevolod the Big Nest became grand prince of Vladimir. Kievan Rus’ – Sviatoslav III deposes Iaroslav II. Venice – Orio Mastropiero elected doge. 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Scotland – Richard the Lionheart, needing funds for Third Crusade, terminates Treaty of Falaise in return for 10,000 silver marks. 1185 Portugal – Pope Alexander III acknowledges Afonso as king of an independent Portugal. Rome – Third Council of the Lateran convened. Pope Alexander III forced to leave Rome by Roman republic; antiPope Innocent III is installed. France – Philippe II Augustus became king. Rome – AntiPope Innocent III deposed by Pope Alexander III. Byzantine Empire – Manuel I omnenus died, Alexios II Comnenus became emperor. Kievan Rus’ – Rurik returns to power. Rome – 30 Aug – Pope Alexander III died. 1 Sept-25 Nov 1185 – Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli became Pope Lucius III. Denmark – Valdemar the Great died, Canute VI became sole ruler. Kievan Rus’ - Sviatoslav III became grand prince for third time, co-ruler with Rurik. Byzantine Empire – Alexios II strangled, Andronikos Comnenos became sole emperor. Rome – Pope Lucius III lauches Inquisition. Norway – Magnus V killed in Battle of Firmreite, Sverre Sigurdsson became role ruler. Portugal – Alfonso Henriques I died, his son Sanco I became king. Norway – Jon Kuvlung became pretender to the throne. Rome – 25 Nov – Pope Lucius III died. 25 Nov-19 Oct 1187 – Uberto Crivelli became Pope Urban III. Byzantine Empire – Isaac II Angelus deposes Andornikos I Comnenus and takes throne. Page 120 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1186 Serbia – Stefan Nemanja conquers the state of Duklja, unifies Duklja and Rascia into single state. Rome – 19 Oct – Pope Urban III died. 21 Oct-17 Dec – Alberto di Morra became Pope Gregory VIII. 19 Dec-20 Mar 1191 – Paulino Scolari became Pope Clement III. León-Castille-Galicia – Alfonso IX the slobberer became king of León and Galicia. Norway – Pretender Jon Kuvlung killed by King Sverre. Holy Roman Empire – Frederick I Barbarossa leads Third Cursade against Saladin. Sicily – William II died, his nephew Tancred crowned king. 1187 1188 1189 -1212 Geoffrey, Archbishop of York. 1189 1190 16 March 150 Jews killed at York Castle. Richard ordered bishop of Ely to go to York and punish offenders, high sheriff and governor imprisoned, 100 inhabitants taken to Northampton and imprisoned for four years. Government of county given to Osbert de Longchamp. 1190 1192 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – 6 July Henry II died, aged 56. 3 September – 1199 Richard I the Lionheart became king. Gave orders that no Jew be presented at his coronation, which had been the tradition. Several Jews found in crowd, they were attacked, some killed. Benedict and Jocenus, from York, in this crowd. Benedict was dragged to a church and forcibly baptized then taken before Richard, where he professed to still be a Jew in his heart. Died soon after. Jocenus escaped, unhurt, and returned to York. England – Richard I threatens war against Tancred od Sicily, captures Messina. England – Truce between Richard I and Saladin ends Third Crusades. Richard taken hostage by Leopold V of Austria. 1189 1190 Holy Roman Empire – Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in Saleph river. Poland – Mieszko II the Old returns to power as high duke, until Casimir II is restored. Albania – Progon became prince of Albania. 1191 Rome – 20 Mar – Pope Clement III died. 21 Mar-8 Jan 1198 – Giacinto Bobone, aged 85, became Pope Celestine III. Holy Roman Empire – Henry VI of Germany crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Venice – Enrico Dandolo is elected doge. Belarus – Ginwill became prince of Polotsk. 1192 Page 121 Date York Date Britain 1193 1194 England – Richard I ransomed from Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor Date Rest of World 1193 Norway – Sigurd Magnusson became pretender to the throne. Norway – King Sverre Sigurdsson excommunicated by Norwegian Church. Civil War breaks out again with the Baglers. Sigurd Magnusson killed. Navarre – Sancho VII the Strong became king. Sicily – King Tancred died, William III became king, under the regency of his mother. Poland – Casimer II died, leszek I the White became high duke. Kievan Rus’ – Sviatoslav III died, Rurik became sole ruler. Byzantine Empire – Alexios Angelos proclaims himself emperor Alecios III, Isaac II is imprisoned and blinded. Aragón – Pedro II became king, the first to be crowned by the Pope. Norway – Inge Magnusson became Baglar pretender to the throne. Germany – Frederick II elected king. Sweden – Canute I died; Sverker II the Younger elected king. Hungary and Croatia – Emeric became king. Serbia – Grand Prince Stefan Namanja abdicates in favour of his son Stefan. Bulgaria – Kaloyan became tsar. Holy Roman Empire – Henry VI died of malaria. 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Germany – Philip of Swabia elected king, disputed by Otto IV of Brunswick whoc is elected as rival king and crowned by the archbishop of Cologne. Civil War ensues. Rome – 8 Jan – Pope Celestine III died. 8 Jan-16 Jul 1216 – Cardinal Deacon Lotario dei Conti di Segni is became Pope Innocent III. Sicily – Frederick I became king. Bohemia – Ottokar I became king. Bulgaria – King Pter murdered; Kalojan became king. Poland – Leszek I the White replaced as high duke by Mieszko III the old. Page 122 Date York 1199 Meeting held in York between kings of England and Scotland, agreed sons of English king to marry daughters of Scottish king. Date Britain 1199 England – 6 April Richard I killed, aged 41, at siege of Châlus. 27 May – 1216 John Lackland became king. Date Rest of World 1199 Poland – Leszek I the White ousts Mieszko III the Old and restored as high duke. Belarus – Boris II became prince of Polotsk. 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Denmark – Valdemar II the Conqueror became king. Norway – King Sverre died; Haakon III pronounced king. Inge Magnusson died and the Bagler party is dissolved. Poland – Leszek I the White replaced as high duke by Mieszko III the old, again, who died shortly after and succeeded by Wladyslaw III Spindleshanks. Lievan Rus’ – Ingvar I briefly rules as grand prince before Rurik regains the throne. France – Philippe II enters Rouen. Byzantine Empire – Alexios III flees, following arrival of armies of Fourth Crusade; Isaac II returns to throne with Alexios IV as co-ruler. Thessalonica – Boniface of Montferret, a leader of the Fourth Crusade, founds this kingdom. Norway – Haakon III died, Guttrum Sigurdsson named king, aged 4. Hungary and Croatia – Ladislaus III crowned king, aged 5. Bulgaria – Kalojan proclaims himself tsar. Byzantine Empire – Emperor Alexios IV overthrown in a revolution; Nicolas Canabus elected emperor, but refuses, therefore strangled. Alexios Doukas Murzuphlus proclaimed emperor as Alexios V. Loses battle to Crusaders, and flees. Constantine Laskaris proclaimed emperor but not crowned. Latin Empire – Baldwin, count of Flanders, crowned emperor, a Crusader state founded by leaders of Fourth Crusade on land captured from Byzantine Empire. Kievan Rus’ – Rostislav II became grand prince. Page 123 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1205 Sweden – Battle of Älgarås. Venice – Pietro Ziani elected doge. Latin Empire – Henry of Flanders crowned emperor. Hungary and Croatia – Ladislaus died; Andrew II became king. Poland – Wladyslaw III deposed; Leszek I the White restored to throne. Kievan Rus’ – Rurik briefly seizes power for fifth time; Vsevolod IV deposes him and became grand prince. Norway – Erling Steinvegg died; Philip Simonsson named as new Bagler pretender. Germany – King Philip’s entry to Cologne brings Civil War to end. Bulgaria – Tsar Kaloyan murdered; his nephew Boril became tsar. Albania – Dhimitër Progoni became sovereign prince. Sweden – Sverker II defeated at Battle of Lena; Erik X became king, the first to be crowned. Germany – Philip of Swabia murdered; Otto IV became sole ruler. Kievan Rus’ – Rurik briefly seizes power for sixth time. Holy Roman Empire – Otto IV crowned emperor. 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Scotland – William the Lion died; Alexander II succeeds him. Poland – Mieszko I Tanglefoot became high duke. Portugal – Afonso II became king. Germany – Frederick Roger became king as Frederick II. Poland – Mieszko II died; Leszek I the White is restored as king. Sicily – Henry became king. Russia – Yuri III became grand prince of VladimirSuzdal. Aragón – Pedro II died at Battle of Muret; James I the Conqueror became king. 1214 Page 124 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1215 Simon Langton, Archbishop of York. (election quashed) -1255 Walter de Gray, Archbishop of York. 1215 1215 Spain – Henry I became king of Castile. Pedro II of Aragón killed in Battle; James the Conqueror became king. Rome – Fourth Council of the Lateran convened. 1216 Northern barons laid siege to York. 1216 England – January – Group of barons demand charter of liberties. -May – Barons take London. 10 June – Barons and King John meet at Runnymede, Articles of the Barons drawn up. A formal royal grant was also reached called The Magna Carta. England – 19 October John died, aged 49. Prince Louis of France offered crown by English barons, he invades England – First Baron’s War. 28 October – 1272 Henry III became king, aged 9 1216 England – Prince Louis of France renounces his claim to English throne in Treaty of Lambeth – end of First Baron’s War. 1217 Rome – 16 Jul- Pope Innocent III died. 18 Jul-18 Mar 1227 – Cencio became Pope Honorius III. Sweden – Johan I Sverkersson became king, aged 15. Albania – Dhimitër Progoni died; his wife Komnena marries nobleman Grigor Kamona, who became sovereign prince. Latin Empire – Pierre II de Courtenay became emperor, kidnapped. Russia – Konstantin I defeats Yuri II to seize Grand-Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal; Yuri sent into exile. Castile – Henry I killed by falling roof tile; his cousin, Ferdinand III, succeeds him. Norway – Inge Baardsson died; Haakon IV succeeds him, aged 13. Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia founded, Stefan II became king. Latin Empire – Pierre II de Courtenay died whilst held a prisoner by captive. His wife Yolanda takes power. Bulgaria - Ivan Asen II became tsar having sent Boril into exile after blinding him. Russia – Konstantin died Yuri II returns to throne. Latin Empire – Robert de Courtenay became emperor. Holy Roman Empire – Frederick II became emperor. 1217 1218 1219 1220 Henry III and king of Scotland met in York, Scottish king agreed to marry Henry’s sister. 1220 1221 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 125 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1222 Sweden – Johan I is deposed; Erik XI became king, aged 5 years. Germany – Henry VII is crowned co-king with his father, Frederick II. Cyprus – 11 May – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw. France – Louis VIII the Lion became king. Portugal – Afonso II died; Sanch II the Pious became king. Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir III became grand prince. 1223 1227 Archbishop Walter de Grey added south transept to Minster. 40 days relaxation was granted to benefactors who contributed liberally to this work. 1227 England – Henry III became of age and assumes government. 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 Henry III and king of Scotland spent Christmas at York. 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline France – Louis IX the Saint became king. Rome – 18 Mar – Pope Honorius III died. 19 Mar-22 Aug 1241 – Ugolino di Conti became Pope Gregory IX. Poland – Leszek I the White assassinated; Wladyslaw III Spindleshanks returns to power. Serbia – Stefan Radoslav became king. Latin Empire Robert de Courtenay died; Baldwin II became emperor, aged II Sweden – Canute II exiles Erik to Denmark and seizes throne. Poland – Konrad I of Masovia became high duke. Venice – Jacopo Tiepolo elected doge. Leόn-Castile-Galicia – Ferdinand III, king of Castile, became king of Leόn. Bohemia – Wenceslaus I became king. Bulgaria – became dominant power in the Balkans. Majorca – King James I the Conqueror of Aragόn conquerors Majorca and became king. Poland – Henry I the bearded, duke of Silesia, became ruler. Serbia - Stefan Radoslav deposed by his brother, Stefan Vladislave I. Sweden – Canute II died, Erik XI retuns from exile and takes throne. Navarre – Theobald I Posthumous, elected king. Germany – Frederick II outlaws his son, Prince Henry. Page 126 Date 1237 York 25 Sept - Treaty of York signed between Henry III and Alexander II of Scotland. Date 1237 Britain England and Scotland – Treaty of York defines the boundary betwen the two kingdoms as running between the Solway Firth and the mouth of the river Tweed. Date Rest of World 1235 Germany – Prince Henry is tried by Frederick II and dethroned. Hungary and Croatia - Andrew II died, Béla IV became king. Lithuania - Mindaugas is the first known grand duke. Kievan Rus’ – Iziaslav became grand prince. 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 Germany – Conrad IV elected king. Kievan Rus’ – Iaroslav II became grand prince. Poland – Henry II the Pious became high duke. Russia – Iaroslav II, grand prince of Novgorod and Kiev, became grand prince of Vladimir. Kievan Rus’ – Mikhail II beocmes grand prince. Norway – Skule Baardson declared king by his supporters, raises army to fight King Haakon IV. Kievan Rus’ - Rostislav III became grand prince. Norway – Skule Baardson defeated and killed by Haakon IV, civil war comes to an end. Kievan Rus’ - Around this time Mongols destroy Kiev because its princes’ refuse to submit to them. Rome – 22 Aug – Pope Gregory IX died. 25 Oct-10 Nov – Goffredo da Castiglione became Pope Celestine IV, died before coronation. Denmark – Erik IV became king. Bulgaria – Kaliman Asen I became tsar, aged 7. Poland – Henry I died fighting Monguls at Battle of Legnica; Konrad of Masovia became high duke nd (2 time). Rome – 25 Jun-7 Dec 1254 – Sinibaldo Fieschi became Pope Innocent IV. Poland – Boleslaw V the Chaste became high duke. Serbia – Stefan UroŠ overthrows his brother to become king. 1244 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 127 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1245 Russia – Iaroslav II is poisoned and died; Sviatoslav III became grand prince of Vladimir. Germany – Henry Raspe elected antiking. Bulgaria – Kaliman I died, aged 12; his brother, Michael Asen I became tsar. 1246 1247 1248 1249 Scotland – Alexander III became king, aged 8. Ireland – 15 August – Battle of Athenry. 1249 1250 1251 Henry III’s daughter and Alexander III of Scotland, married at York Minster at Christmas. Alexander III, and 20 of his nobles, knighted by Henry III. 1251 1252 1253 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Leόn – Fernando II takes Seville from the Moors. Portugal – Sancho II goes into exile; Afonso III became king. Russia – Mikhail Khorobrit of Moscow, seizes city of vladimir and ousts grand prince. Russia – Andrei II became grand pronce of Vladimir. Sweden – Eric IX died, Valdemar I Birgersson takes crown, aged 12. Denmark – Abel kills Eric IV and assumes throne. Germany – Frederick II defeats William of Holland but died soon after; Conrad IV became sole ruler. Sicily – Conrad of Germany became king as Conrad I. France – First Shephards’ Crusade launched to rescue Luis IX from captivity in Egypt. Lithuania – Grand duke Mindaugas acknowledged as king. Leόn-Castile-Galicia – Alfonso X the wise became king. Denmark – King Abel kiled in battle; Christopher I elected king. Venice – Reniero Zeno elected doge. Russia – Mongols eject Andrei I from Vldimir; Alexander Nevsky became grand prince. Navarre – Theobald II became king. Bohemia – Ottakar II became king. Albania – Grior Kamona died, succeeded by his son-in-law, Gulam Page 128 Date 1255 York Date Britain 1254 England – Lesser barons replaced on the King’s Council by elected representatives from the shires and cities. -1258 Sewal de Bovill, Archbishop of York. Date Rest of World 1254 France – Louis IX expels all Jews from France. Portugal – Afonso III holds the first session of the Cortes. Germany and The Holy Roman Empire – The Great Interregnum begins. Rome – 7 Dec – Pope Innocent IV died. 12 Dec-25 May 1261 – Rinaldo dei Conti di Jenne became Pope Alexander IV. Sicily – Conrad II became king, aged 2. Albabia – Gulam died. 1255 1256 1257 1258 -1265 Godfrey de Ludham, Archbishop of York. 1258 1259 1260 Engalnd – Henry III forced to accept Provisions of Oxford, requiring the summoning of Parliament and end of absolute monarchy in England. Wales – Llewelyn the Last is the final ruler of an independent Wales. England – Treaty of Paris signed by Henry III and Louis IX of France. Minster’s north transept and a steeple erected by the treasurer John le Romain. (father of archbishop with same name) 1258 1259 Denmark – Christopher I deposed by nobles loyal to his son, who became king as Eric V. 1260 1261 1262 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Bulgaria – Tsar Michael Asen I is murdered by his cousin, whilst hunting. Germany – Alfonso X, king of Leόn, Castile and Galicia, elected king but not crowned. Bulgaria – Kaliman II flees, Ivan Asen became tsar briefly, replaced by Constantine Tikh. Sicily – Manfred became king. England – Henry III obtains a papl bull from Pope Alexander IV, releasing him from the Provisions of Oxford. 1262 Rome – 25 May – Pope Alexander died. 29 Aug-2 Oct 1264 – Jacques Pantaléon became Pope Urban IV. Byzantine Empire – Constantinople recaptured by Nicaean forces, led by Michael VIII. Norway – Icedland and Greenland come under Norwegian rule. Sicily – Pope grants kingdom of Sicily to Charles I of Anjou. Page 129 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1263 Scotland – Alexander III defeats Norwegians, led by Haakon IV, in Battle of Largs. 1263 1264 England - Second Barons’ War. Ireland – First known meeting of the Irish legislature takes place at Castledermot in County Kildare. 1264 England – First elected English Parliament held in Westminster (De Monfort’s Parliament) Battle of Evesham of Second Barons’ War, Edward’s army defeats and kills Simon de Montfort. Scotland – War with Norway ends, Magnus VI of Norway concedes the Western Isles and Isle of Man in exchange for large monetary payment. Wales – Henry III acknowledges Llewelyn ap Gruffydd’s title of prince of Wales in Treaty of Montgomery. 1265 Norway – Haakon IV died in Orkney, Magnus VI the Law-Mender became king. Lithuania – Grand Duke Mindaugas and his sons murdered by his nephew Treniota who became ruler. Germany – War of the Thuringian Succession ends. Lithuania – Vaišvilkas, prince of Black Ruthenia deposes Treniota and seizes power. Russia – Alexander Nevsky died; Iaroslav III became grand prince of Vladimir. Rome – 2 Oct – Pope Urban IV died. Rome – 5 Feb-29 Nov 1268 – Cardinal Gui Faucoi le Gros became Pope Clement IV. 1265 William Langton, Archbishop of York. (election quashed) -1266 Bonaventura, Archbishop of York. (resigned before confirmation) 1265 1266 -1279 Walter Giffard, Archbishop of York. 1266 1267 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Sicily – Manfred killed in Battle of Benevento against Charles of Anjou whoc became king as Charles I. Lithuania – Grand Duke Vaišvilkas became a monk, his brother-in-law Shvarn succeeds him. France – Housed of Bourbon rises to prominence. Rome – 29 Nov – Pope Clement IV died. 29 Nov-1 Sept 1271 – Papal Interregnum. Roman Empire – Conradin, aged 16, captured and beheaded by Charles of Anjou. Venice – Lorenzo Tiepolo elected doge. Armenia – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Cilicia. Bohemia – King Otaker II inherits Carinthia and part of Carniola. Lithuania – Traidenis became grand duke. France – Luis IX died of the plague whilst beseiging Tunis; Philippe III the Bild became king. Hungary and Croatia – Stephen V became king. Rome – 1 Sept-10 Jan 1276 – Cardinal Tebaldo Visconti became Pope Gregory X. Page 130 Date York Date Britain 1272 England – 16 November Henry III died, aged 65. 20 November – 1307 Edward I (Longshanks) became king. 1274 England – Edward I rturns from 9 Crusade to be crowned king. th Date Rest of World 1272 Navarre – Theobald II died in 8 Crusade, his brother, Henry I the Fat became king. Hungary and Croatia – Stephen V died; Ladislaus IV became king. Albania – Charles I of Anjou establishes a kingdom with himself as king. Russia – Vasily of Kostroma became grand prince of Vladimir. Germany – Rudolph I elected king. 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1285 William Wickwane, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1279 th Navarre – Hebry the Fat died, his daughter Joanna became queen, aged 3. Sweden – Valdemar I deposed by his brother Magnus III Ladulås, who became king. Venice – Jacopo Contarini elected doge. Germany – Rudolf forces Otakar II of Bohemia to cede to him Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola. Rome – 10 Jan – Pope Gregory X died. 21 Jan-22 Jun – Pierre de Tarentaise became Pope Inocent V. 11 Jul-18 Aug – Ottobuono Fieschi became Pope Adrian V. 8 Sept-20 May 1277 – Pedro Julião became Pope John XXI. Aragόn – Pedro III became king. Majorca – James II became king. Serbia – Stefan Uroš I forced to abdicate by his son, Stefan Dragutin who became king. Russia – Dmitry of Pereslavl became grand prince of Vladimir. Rome – 20 May – Pope John XXI died after roof of palace fell on him. 25 Nov-22 Aug 1280 – Giovanni Gaetano Orsini became Pope Nicholas III. Bulgaria – Tsar Constatnine died. Holy Roman Empire – Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat and kill Ottakar II of Bohemia in Battle of Marchfield. Bohemia – Wenceslaus II became king. Portugal – Deni became king. Poland – Leszek the Black became ruler. Page 131 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1280 Norway – Erik II Magnusson became king, aged 12. Venice – Giovanni Dandolo elected doge. Bulgaria – George Teter became tsar as George I. Rome – 22 Aug – Pope Nicholas III died. Rome – 22 Feb- 28 Mar 1285 – Simon de Brion became Pope Martin IV. Norway – Erik II marries Princess Margaret of Scotland. Byzantine Empire – Michael IX Palaiologos named as co-emperor. Belarus – Daumantas became prince of Polotsk. Spain – Alfonso X of Castile and Leόn unseated by his son, Sancho IV the Brave, in civil war. Norway – Queen Margaret died giving birth. Sicily – Sicilian Vespers begins. Lithuania – Traidenis died; Daumantas became grand duke. Serbia – Stefan Dragutin became ill and gives the throne his brother Stafan Uroš II Miklutin. Byzantine Empire – Andronikos II Palaiologos became emperor. 1281 1282 1283 1284 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – Edward i has Dafydd sp Gruffydd executed by drawing and quartering, the first time this form has been used. Wales – Creation of the Statute of Rhuddlan. 1283 1284 León-Castile-Galacia – Alfonso X died, Sanch IV the Brave became king. Navarre – Queen Joanna marries Prince Philipe of France. Page 132 Date York 1285 -1296 John Le Romeyn, Archbishop of York. Date 1286 Britain Scotland – Alexander III died, his granddaughter became queen. First War of Scottish Independence. Date Rest of World 1285 France – Philippe III died in Batle of Aragón; Philippe IV the Fair became king. Navarre - Queen Joanna I became queen of France; King Philippe IV of France became Felipe I of Navarre. Rome – 28 Mar – Pope Martin IV died. 2 Apr-3 Apr 1287 – Giacomo Savelli became Pope Honorius IV, last Pope to be married. Aragón – Alfonso III the Liberal became king. Naples – Charles II became king.. Sicily – James I became king, Charles II of Anjou continues to claim kingdom. Albania - Charles II of Anjou succeeds his father as king. Lithuania – Butigeidid became grand duke. Denmark – Eric V assassinated; succeeded by his son Eric VI. 1286 1287 1288 1289 1291 Archbishop John le Romeyn laid foundation stone for Minster’s nave. Stone quarried from Tadcaster, granted by Robert de Vavasour. Wood for roof given by Robert de Percy. 1290 Scotland – Queen Margaret died, aged 3. 1290 1291 Scotland – Scottish nobles recognise authority of Edward I of England. 1291 Spain – King Alfonso III of Aragón conquers Minorca from Moors. Rome – 3 Apr – Pope Honorius IV died. Rome – 22 Feb-4 Apr 1292 – Girolamo Masci became Pope Nicholas IV. Poland – Henryk IV Probus became high duke. Venice – Pietro Gradenigo elected doge. Sicily – Charles II crowned king. Sweden – Birger Magnusson became king. Hungary and Croatia – Stephen V assassinated; Andrew III became king. Poland –Premislas II became high duke. China – 27 Sept – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Hopeh. Aragón and Sicily – James II became king; resigns as king of Sicily. Italy – Independence of San Marino confirmed by papal bull. Lithuania – Butvydas became grand duke. Welshman Rice-ap-Meredith tried for high treason, condemned, hanged and quartered at York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 133 Date York Date Britain 1292 Scotland – Six years of interregnum when country governed by Guardians of Scotland, ends when John Balliol elected king. Date Rest of World 1292 Rome – 4 Apr – Pope Nicholas IV died. 4 Apr-5 Jul 1294 – Papal Interrregnum. Germany – Adolf of Nassau elected king. Bulgaria – George I flees, replaced by two usurpers – Smilitz and Caka. Norway – Eric II marries Isabel Bruce, sister of Robert the Bruce. Japan – 26 May – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in Kantō region followed by tsunami. Rome – 5 Jul-13 Dec – Pietro Angelerio became Pope Celestine V – abdicated. 24 Dec-11 Oct 1303 – Benedetto Caetani became Pope Boniface VIII. Albania – Charles II surrenders his right to Albania to his son Philip II. Russia – Audrey III Alexandrovich ousts his brother Dmitri from Vladimir and became grand prince. Aragón – Treaty of Anagni, James II returns the Balearics to James II of Majorca. León-Castile-Galicia – Ferdinand IV the Summoned became king, aged 9 years. Poland – Premislas II crowned king. Lithuania – Vytenis became grand duke. Sicily – Frederick II installed as king. Poland – King Premislas II kidnapped and murdered, Wenceslaus II, king of Bohemia also became High duke of Poland. France – Louis IX canonized as St. Louis. Monaco – gains independence from Genoa when captures by François Grimaldi. Bulgaria – Ivan II succeeds his father Smilitz as tsar. Norway – Erik II died, his brother is crowned king Haakon V. Bulgaria – Chaka forces Ivan II and his regency to flee, and became tsar. Poland – High Duke Wencelaus I crowned king. Bulgaria – Teodor Svetoslav deposes Chaka and became tsar; Chaka strangled and beheaded in prison. 1293 1296 -1299 Henry Newark, Archbishop of York. 1294 Scotland – John Balliol negotiates the Auld Alliance with France and Norway. 1294 1295 England – Edward I summons the Model Parliament. 1295 1296 England and Scotland – Edward I storms Berwick-upon-Tweed; defeats Scots at Battle of Dunbar. King John Balliol abdicates and imprisoned in Tower of London. Scotland – William Wallace begins his revolt against English, defeating them at Battle of Stirling Bridge. Scotland – Edward I defeats William Wallace in Battle of Falkirk. 1296 1297 1298 1299 Edward I summoned parliament to meet at York. -1304 Thomas Corbridge, Archbishop of York. Edward I summoned parliament to meet at York. 1298 1297 1298 1299 1300 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 134 Date York Date Britain 1301 Wales – Edward of Caernarvon became first prince of Wales. Scotland – Robert I makes peace with Edward I of England. Date Rest of World 1301 Monaco - The Genoese regain control; the Grimaldis go into exile. Hungary and Croatia – Andrew III died, Wencelaus of Bohemia became king. Italy – War of Sicilian Vespers ends. 1302 1303 1304 -1315 William Greenfield, Archbishop of York. 1304 England – Edward I takes Stirling Castle, last stronghold in war of Scottish Independence. 1304 1305 1306 -1318 Court of Exchequer at least twice held at York. 1306 1307 England – Court of Exchequer removed from London. Scotland – Robert the Bruce became king, begins fight for Scottish Independence from English rule. Earl of Pembroke defeats Scots at Battle of Bethven. England – 7 July Edward I died, aged 68. 7 July – 1327 Edward II became king. 1306 1307 1308 1309 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rome – 11 Oct – Pope Boniface VIII died. 22 Oct-7 July 1304 – Niccolò Boccasini became Pope Benedict XI. Crete – 8 Aug – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, followed by tsunami which hit Crete, Rhodes, Alexandria & Acre in Palestine. Rome – 7 Jul – Pope Benedict XI died. Russia – Michael of Tver became grand prince of Vladimir. Navarre - Joanna died; Louis I became king. Rome/Avignon – 5 Jun-20 Apr 1314 – Raymond Bertrand de Got, archbishop of Bordeaux became Pope Clement V. Poland – Wenceslaus III king of Bohemia and Hungary also became king of Poland. Austria – Rudolf III declares himself king. Hungary – Wenceslaus III gives up throne to Otto, duke of Lower Bavaria. Poland – Wenceslaus III assassinated; Wladyslaw I the Short became high duke of Poland. Rome – Papal court moves to Avignon, the Great Scism begins. Hungary and Croatia – Otto abdicates; Charles I became king. Germany – Albrecht I murdered by his nephew Johann Parricida; Henry Vii became king. Monaco – Rainer I became first sovereign ruler. Rome – Pope Clement V settle papal seat in Avignon. Sicily – Robert the Wise became king. Hungary and Craotia – Robert of Anjou became king as Charles I, also king of Naples and Sicily. Page 135 Date 1311 York Date Britain Edward II spent Christmas at York, had city walls fortified. Piers Gaveston, who had been banished to France by Edward I, joined Edward II at York. Date Rest of World 1310 Venice – Rebellion against the doge and Grand Council. Bohemia - John the Blind elected king. Wallachia – Basarab I became ruler. Majorca – Sancho I became king. Venice – Marino Zorzi became doge. 1311 1312 1314 1316 -1340 William Melton, Archbishop of York. 1315 1316 1318 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Scotland – Robert the Bruce defeats English at at Battle of Bannockburn, regaining Independence. Ireland – Second Battle of Athenry – over 5000 dead. Scotland – Scots capture Berwick-upon-Tweed from English. 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 León-Castile – Alfonso XI the \Just became king. Venice – Giovanni Soranzo elected doge. Holy Roman Empire – Henry VII crowned emperor. Germany – Henry Vii died. France – Louis X the Quarreller became king. Germany – Ludwig IV elected king. Rome/Avignon – 20 Apr – Pope Clement V died. 20 Apr-7 Aug 1316 – Papal Interregnum. Belarus – Vainus became prince of Polotsk. France – Louis X died of dehydration or poisoning; newborn John I the Posthumous became king, died after 5 days; Philippe V the Tall succeeds him. Navarre – Philippe V of France became Felipe II of Navarre. Rome/Avignon – 7 Aug-4 Dec 1334 – Jacques Duèz became Pope John XXII. Lithuania – Vytenis died; Gediminas became grand duke. Russia – Grand Prince Michael of Vladimir executed by the Mongol Khan; Yuri of Moscow became grand prince. Page 136 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1319 Edward II visited York to raise an army to proceed against Scotland. Court of Exchequer, King’s Bench, Doomsday Book and other records removed to York for 6 months. Archbishop of York formed army of priests, monks, labourers, artisans, shopkeepers, &c., numbering 10,000 th Nicholas Flemming, Mayor of York for 7 time, killed at Myton. The Mayor was interred at St. Wilfred’s church, York, a chantry was also founded at this church for him. 1319 England - Edward II besieged Berwick. Scots crossed into England and made their way down to York. Archbishop of York with army pursued Scots. 12 October – Battle of Myton, near Boroughbridge, also known as “The White Battle”, where 3000 of the archbishops army were killed. 1319 Norway and Sweden – Haakon V of Norway died, succeeded by his grandson, the Swedish Prince Magnus; the two countries are reunited. 1320 -1330 Minster’s west end built by Archbishop William de Melton. Forty days relaxation was granted to benefactors. 1320 Scotland – Scots reaffirm their Independence by signing Declaration of Arbroath 1320 1321 Trial of Thomas earl of Lancaster and his revolting barons before Edward II in York. Found guilty, barons hung and quartered in York, Thomas beheaded at his castle at Pontefract. Parliament held in York. Spencer family restored to royal favour. Robert Baldock made lord chancellor. Edward’s eldest son created Prince of Wales and Duke of Aquitain. 1321 England - Thomas, earl of Lancaster beheaded at his castle at Pontefract. 1321 Denmark – Christopher II became king. Poland – High Duke Wladyslaw I the short crowned king. Byzantine Empire – Co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos died. Serbia – Stefan Uroš II Milutin died; Stefan Uroš III Dečanski became king. 1322 England – Edward’s forces routed by Robert, the Scotch king, at Byland Abbey, Edward escaped to York. 1322 1322 1323 1324 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline France – Philippe V died; Charles IV the Fair became king. Germany – Ludwig of Bavaria defeats Frederick the Fair at Battle of Műhldorf and became king Ludwig IV. Bulgaria – George Terter became tsar. Russia – Grand Prince Yuri of Vladimir killed by Dmitri the Terrible Eyes, who became grand prince. Bulgaria – George II died; Michael Šišman became king. Denmark – Christopher II overthrown by nobles sent into exile; Duke Valdemar of South Jutland became puppet king. Majorca – Sancho I died, wills throne to his nephew James III. Page 137 Date York Date 1326 1327 1328 Edward III in York with army, in preparation to fight Scots. Joined by John Lord Beaumont, of Hainault, and his army of 2000. Massacre of 300 English archers by Hainaulters, 80 interred at St. Clement’s church, Fossgate. 24 January – Edward III marries Philippa, niece of John Lord Beaumont, in cathedral. Celebration lasted 3 weeks. Drunken Hainaulters assaulted women of suburbs. Contest between English and Hainaulters, many on each side died. Fire started in suburbs. 1327 1329 Britain England – Isabella, Edward II’s wife, invades England with her lover, Roger Mortimer, captures Edward II. England – 25 January Edward II abdicated. 25 January – 1377 Edward III became king. 21 September Edward II murdered, aged 43. Scotland – England recognizes Scotland as an independent nation. King Robert the Bruce died; his son David II became king, aged 5. Date Rest of World 1325 Portugal – King Dinis died Alfonso IV became king. Russia – Grand Prince Dmitri the Terrible Eyes executed; Alexander succeeds him. 1326 1327 Aragón – Alfonso IV the Kind became king. 1328 France – Charles IV died; Philippe VI the Fortunate became king. Navarre – Joanna II became queen. Holy Roman Empire – Ludwig IV became emperor. Russia – Grand Prince Alexander flees, Ivan Kalita of Moscow became Grand Prince Ivan I. 1329 1332 Navarre – Queen Joanna II marries Philippe of Évreux who became King Filipe III of Navarre. Denmark – Christopher II restored to throne. Venice – Francesco Dandolo elected doge. Bulgaria – The Bulgars are beaten by the Serbs in Battle of Velbuzhd. Michael III Šišman killed; Ivan Stephen became tsar. Wallachia – Prince Basarab I defeats Charles I of Anjou at Battle of Posada, gaining independence. Monaco – Charles I Grimaldi retakes Rock of Monaco. Serbia – Stefan Uroš III imprisoned and strangled by his son Dušan, who became Stefan Uroš IVDušan. Bulgaria – Ivan Alexander became tsar. Albania – Robert of Taranto succeeds Philip II. 1333 Poland – Casimir III the Great became king. 1330 1331 1332 Edward III summoned a parliament to assemble at York. 1332 1333 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – First record of division of English Parliament into 2 houses. Scotland – Edward Balliol crowned king. Scotland – Edward III of England and Edward Balliol defeat Scots at Halidon Hill. Page 138 Date Date Rest of World 1334 Edward III spent Christmas at York. York Date 1334 Rome/Avignon – 4 Dec – Pope John XXII died. 20 Dec-25Apr 1342 – Cardinal Jacques Fournier became Pope Benedict XII 1335 Parliament held at York. 1335 1336 1337 1340 -1352 William Zouche, Archbishop of York. Britain England – Edward III claims French throne; Hundred Years’ War begins 1337 1340 England – Edward III declared king of France. 1338 1339 1340 1341 Scotland – David II returns from France. 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Aragón – Pedro IV became king. Albania – Charles became duke of Durazzo. France - Edward III of England claims French throne. Sweden and Norway – Magnus IV crowned joint ruler in Stockholm. Sicily – Peter II became king. Venice – Bartolomeo Gradenigo elected doge. France – Edward III of England declared king. Denmark – Valdemar III became king. Lithuania – Jaunutis became grand duke. Byzantine Empire – John V Palaiologos became emperor under the regency of his mother. Rome/Avignon – 25 Apr – Pope Benedict XII died. 7 May-6 Dec 1352 – Cardinal Pierre Roger became Pope Clement VI. Sicily – Louis the Child became king aged 5, his mother and uncle act as regents. Hungary and Croatia – Louis I the Great became king. Balarus – Wigund became prince of Polotsk. Russia – Simeon of Moscow became grand prince of Valdimir. Navarre – Charles II the Bad became king. Norway – Haakon VI takes the throne, aged 3, his father acting as Regent. Venice – Andrea Dandolo elected doge. Sicily – Robert the Wise died, Joan I became queen. Aragón – Pedro IV captures Majorca from James III. Lithuania – Juanutis is overthrown by his brothers, Algirdas became grand duke. Page 139 Date York 1346 Queen Philippa staying in York, collected forces, appointed Archbishop William de la Zouch second in command. Marched against Scots. Scottish king David Bruce brought captive to York, before taken to London by Philippa 1348 -1349 Bubonic Plague in York. Date Britain Date Rest of World 1346 England & Scotland – 17 Oct – David II taken prisoner by English at Battle of Neville’s Cross 1346 1347 England – English defeat French at Battle of Croytoye. 1347 1348 England – Truce signed with France. 1348 France – English defeat Philippe VI at Battle of Crécy. Germany – Charles IV elected king. Bohemia – John the Blind killed at Battle of Crécy; Charles IV became king. Serbia – Dušan the Mighty crowned emperor and Autocrat of Serbs and Greeks. Bohemia – Charles IV of Germany became king. Byzantine Empire – John VI Kantakouzenas wins civil war, became senior emperor. Germany – Ludwig IV died. France – Truce signed with England. Spain – Pedro IV of Aragón defeats his nobles at Epila. Albania – Joanna became duchess of Durazzo. Italy – 25 Jan – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Fruili, Venice & Rome. Majorca – James Iii driven out and killed at Battle of Llucmajor by Pedro IV’s forces; Majorca became part of Aragón. James IV became pretender to the throne. Germany – Charles IV elected king again. Spain – Spanish fleet defeated by English fleet commanded by Edward III at Batle of Les Espagnols sur Mer. France – John II the Good became king. León-Castile-Galicia – Alfonso XI died; Pedro the Cruel became king. 1349 1350 1352 -1373 John Thoresby, Archbishop of York. England – English fleet commanded by Edward III defeats Spanish Fleet at Batle of Les Espagnols sur Mer. 1350 1351 1352 1353 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Monaco – Charles I introduces co-rulership with his sons Rainier II and Gabriel, and his uncle Antonio. Rome/Avignon – 6 Dec – Pope Clement VI died. 18 Dec- 12 Sept 1362 – Cardinal Étienne Aubert became Pope Inocent VI. Wallachia – Nicolae Alexandru became prince. Byzantine Empire – Matthew Kantakouzenos became co-emperor. Russia – Ivan II the Fair became grand prince of Vladimir. Page 140 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1354 Venice – Marino Faliero elected doge. Byznatine Empire – John V Paliaologos became emperor again. Portugal – Civil War starts Norway – Haakon VI became king. Venice – Doge Marino Faliero found guilty of treason, beheaded; Giovanni Gradenigo elected doge. Italy – Charles IV crowned king. Sicily – King Louis died of plague, aged 17; Frederick III became king. Holy Roman Empire – Charles IV crowned emperor. Serbia – Tsar Dušan died. France – John II captured byBlack Prince of England at Poitiers. Sweden – Erik XII became joint ruler. Serbia – Stefan Dušan proclaimed Tsar of all Serbs, Arbanasses and Greeks. Bulgaria – Ivan Alexander crowns Ivan Šišman co-tsar. Switzerland – 18 Oct – Earthquake measuring 6.2Mw, epicentre in Masel. Monaco – Charles I died, Monaco captured by Genoese. Portugal – Pedro I became king. 1355 1356 England – Black Prince defeats French at Poiters. Scotland – Edward Balliol surrenders claim to of Scottish throne to Edward III of England. 1356 1357 Scotland – King David II ransomed for 100,000 marks. 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 Bubonic Plague in York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1361 Russia – Dmitry of Suzdal became grand prince of Vladimir. France – John II allowed to return from captivity in England to raise his ransom money. Sweden – Erik XII became joint ruler with his father, Magnus IV. Venice – Lorenzo Celsi elected doge. Japan – 3 Aug – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, epicentre in Nankaido, followed by tsunami. Page 141 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1362 Norway – Haakon VI elected king of Sweden. Hungary and Croatia – Louis I conquers northern Bulgaria. Rome/Avignon – 12 Sept – Pope Innocent VI died. 28 Sept- 19 Dec 1370 – Guillaume Grimoard became Pope Urban V. Sweden – Haakon VI of Norway became joint ruler with Magnus IV. Zeta – Durad I became ruler. Byzantine Empire – reduced to the city of Constantinople. Sweden – Albrecht von Mecklenberg invited to be king by rebel members of Swedish Council of Aristocracy. Russia – Grand Prince Dmitry of Suzdal deposed; Dmitry Donskoi replaces him. France – Charles V the wise became king. Navarre – Charles II defeated in battle, loses his French territories and claim to duchy of Burgandy. Sweden – Albrecht von Mecklenberg invades and crowned king. Wallachia – Vladislav I became prince. Sweden – King Magnus taken prisoner by King Albrecht’s forces. Venice – Marco Cornaro elected doge. Spain – Pedro I unseated from throne of Castile by Henry of Tratámara. France – Charles V creates first royal library. Spain – Pedro the Cruel of Castile restored to throne. Portugal – Pedro I died, Henry of Trastámara claims crown but Pope Gregory gives throne to Ferdinand I. Venice – Andrea Contarini elected doge. Albania – Karlo Thopia captures Durazzo and became prince. 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1369 Bubonic Plague in York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1369 England – War breaks out with France. 1368 1369 France – French recapture most of Aquitaine. León-Castile-Galicia – Henry II the Bastard kills Pedro the Cruel, seizes throne. Page 142 Date York Date 1371 1373 -1388 Alexander Neville, Archbishop of York. 1375 Bubonic Plague in York. Britain Scotland – King David died; Robert II became king. Date Rest of World 1370 Rome/Avignon – 19 Dec – Pope Urban V died. 30 Dec-26 Mar 1378 – Pierre Roger de Beaufort became Pope Gregory XI. Poland – Casimer the Great died; Louis I the Great of Hungary abd Croatia elected king. Norway – A peace agreement allows Magnus to return; Albrecht confirmed king. Bulgaria – Ivan Šišman became co-tsar with his brother Ivan Stratsimir. 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 England – The God Parliament held. The Black Prince died. 1376 1377 England – 21 June Edward III died, aged 64. 21 June – 1399 Richard II became king. 1377 1378 Bubonic Plague in York. 1378 1379 31 March – Edward Hewison executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1379 1380 1381 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Majorca – Pretender James IV died, his claim passes to his sister Isabella, known as Elizabeth I. Denmark – Oluf II became king, aged 5; his mother Queen Margaret is regent. Germany – Wenceslaus the Drunkard elected king. Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Tvrtko crowned king. Byzantine Empire – Andronikos IV Palaiologos deposes his father John V to become emperor. Sicily – Mary became queen. Lithuania – Jogaila became grand duke. Wallachia – Radu I became prince. Rome – Western Schism. 26 Mar – Gregory XI died. 8 Apr-15 Oct 1389 – Archbishop Bartolomeo Prignano became Pope Urban VI. French cardinals elect antiPope Robert of Geneva as Clement VII. Bohemia – Wenceslaus IV the Drunkard of Germany became king. Léon-Castile-Galicia – Andronikos IV deposed, allowed to retain title co-emperor; John V Palaiologos returns as senior emperor. France – Charles VI became king. Naples – Charles III became king. Page 143 Date York Date Britain 1382 England – 21 May – Earthquake measuring 5.8Mw, epicentre in Canterbury. Date Rest of World 1382 Venice – Michele Morosini elected doge. Hungary and Croatia – Mary became queen aged 10. Albania – Balsh II became ruler. Poland – Jadwiga became queen. Portugal – Ferdinand I died, his daughter Beatrice claims throne. Wallachia – Dan I became prince. 1383 1385 Richard II stayed at York. Duel between Sir John Hooland, Richard’s brother, and Lord Ralph Stafford, near Bishopthorpe. The latter was slain. 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 -1396 Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1388 Portugal – JoãoI elected king. Hungary and Croatia – Queen Mary deposed by Charles III of Naples but restored after several months. Albania – Karlo Thopia returns to power as prince. Albania is conquered by Ottamans. Zeta – Durad II Stracimirović became ruler. Switzerland – Swiss win Battle of Sempach. Naples – Charles III assassinated; Ladislaus became king. Lithuania and Poland – Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania marries Queen Jadwiga of Poland and became king Wladyslaw II Jagiello of Poland. Wallachia – Prince Dan I died in battle;Mircea I the Great became prince. Aragón – John I became king. Navarre – Charles II died when burnt alive during medical treatment; Charles III the Noble became king. Denmark and Norway – Oluf of Norway died; his mother Margaret I elected regent. Hungary and Croatia – Queen Elizabeth strangled. Mary and Sigismund rule jointly. Albania – Gjergj Thopia became prince. Belarus – Skirgaila became prince of Polotsk. Bulgaria – Tsar Ivan Stratsimir forced to accept Ottoman overlordship after invasion. Page 144 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1389 Richard II in York to settle disagreement between the clergy and the mayor and commonality of the city. King gave his sword to mayor William de Selby, to be borne before him and his successors in office. From this time chief magistrate given title of lord mayor. 1389 England – Truce signed in Hundred Years’ War with France. 1389 1390 -1391 Bubonic Plague in York. 1390 Scotland – John became king as Robert III. 1390 France – Truce signed in Hundred Years’ War with England. Rome – 15 Oct – Pope Urban VI died. 2 Nov-1 Oct 1404 – Pietro Tomacelli became Pope Boniface IX of Western Schism; Clement VII remains antiPope in Avignon. Sweden – Queen Margaret of Norway became Queen of Sweden, after Battle of Åsle; declares Eric of Pomerania king of Norway, aged 7. Ruissia – Vasli I became grand prince of VladimirMoscow. León-Castile-Galicia – John I died during equestrian performance; Henry III the Infirm became king. Byzantine Empire – John VII Palaiologos became emperor, but John V Palaiologos restored. Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Dabiša became king. Byzantine Empire – John V Palaiologos died; Manuel II Palaiologos became emperor. France – Charles VI became insane; Philipe the Bold became regent. Lithuania – Vytautas the Great became grand duke. 1391 1392 Richard II brought king’s bench and chancery to York. Richard II presented the first mace to the city, to be carried before the lord mayor, and a cap of maintenance for the swordbearer. 1392 Scotland – Earl of Orkney takes control of Shetland Islands and Faroe Islands. 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 -1398 Robert Waldy, Archbishop of York. c. Richard II abolished the office of bailiffs, and appointed two sheriffs. 1396 1397 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Bulgaria – Kinh=g Ivan Šišman died in battle against Turks. Rome – AntiPope Clement VII died; Cardinal Pedro de Luna elected as Benedict XIII. Aragón and Sicily – Martin became king he marries Queen Mary of Sicily, they rule jointly. Hungary and Croatia – Queen Mary died, Sigmund became sole ruler. Bosnia and Serbia – Helena became queen on behalf of Stephen Ostoja. Aragón – John I died, his brother Martin I succeeds him. Bulgaria – Tsar Ivan Stratsimir taken prisoner; his son Constantine II became tsar. Page 145 Date York 1398 -1405 Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York. Date 1399 1400 Britain England – 30 September – 1413 Henry IV (Bolingbroke) became king. England – 14 February Richard II died in Pontefract Castle, aged 33. Wales – Owen Glendower declares himself prince of Wales, starts a rebellion. Date Rest of World 1398 Bosnai and Serbia – Stephen Ostoja became king. Poland – Queen Jadwiga died in childbirth; Wladyslaw II Jagiello became sole ruler. Germany and Holy roman Empire – Wenceslaus deposed; Ruprecht, elector of Palatinate, became king of Germany. 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 Wales – Henry IV fights Owen Glendower. Enland – Henry IV defeats Harry ‘Hotspur’ Percy at Battle of Shrewsbury. 1404 1406 8 June – Archbishop Richard le Scrope, beheaded for high treason, interred in Cathedral. York’s privileges removed by order of Henry IV, following actions by archbishop, soon reinstated. -1406 Thomas Langley, Archbishop of York. (election quashed) -1407 Robert Hallum, Archbishop of York. 1407 -1423 Henry Bowet, Archbishop of York. 1405 1402 1403 1404 1405 Wales – French troops arrive to support Owen Glendower against Henry IV. 1405 1406 Wales – Henry, prince of Wales, defeats Owen Glendower 1406 1407 1408 1409 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Sicily – Queen Mary died; Martin I became sole ruler. Zeta – Durad II Stracimirović died from injuries during Battle of Gračanica, aged 16’Balša III became ruler. Rome – 1 Oct – Pope Boniface IX died. 17 Oct-6 Nov 1406 – Cardinal Cosimo de’ Migliorati became Pope Innocent VII (Western Schism). Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Tvrtko II deposes Stephen Ostoja to become king. León-Castile-Galicia – John II became king. Majorca – Elizabeth I died. Rome – 6 Nov – Pope Innocent VII died. 30 Nov-4 July 1415 – Angelo Correr became Pope Gregory XII (Western Schism). Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Ostoja regains Bosnian throne. Rome – Council of Pisa deposes both Popes, electing Peter Phillarges, antiPope, as Alexander V. Sicily – Martin II became king. Page 146 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1410 Rome – AntiPope Alexander V died; John XXII elected antiPope. Germany – Ruprecht died; Sigismund of Hungary finally elected king. Poland – Ladislaus II beats Teutonic Knights at Battle of Tannenberg. Aragón and Sicily – King Martin died. Holy Roman Empire – Sigismund of Hungary elected Holy Roman Emeperor. Aragón, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily – John of Castile became king. 1411 1412 Henry and his queen visited York on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. John of Beverley. 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 England – 20 March Henry IV died, aged 45 or 46. 20 March – 1422 Henry V became king. England – Henry V adopts claims of Edward II to the French crown. England – Henry V defeats Charles VI at Agincourt. 1413 Venice – Tommaso Mocenigo elected doge. 1414 Wales – Owen Glendower died. 1416 Naples – King Ladislaus died; his sister Joan II succeeds him. France – Charles VI defeated by Henry V at Agincourt. Rome – 4 Jul – Deposed Pope Gregory XII abdicated. 4Jul-11 Nov 1417 – Papal Interregnum. Aragón, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily – Alfonso V became king. Rome – The Great Schism ends, 11 Nov-20 Feb 1431 – Cardinal Oddone Colonna became Pope Martin V. Bosnia and Serbia – Ostojic became king. Wallachia – Mihail I became prince. Monaco – Amboise of Menton recaptures Monaco from the Genoese, sharing power with Antonie of Roquebrune and Jean I. Bohemia – King Wenceslaus died of a heart attack; Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary, succeeds him. Wallachia – Dan II became prince. 1415 1417 1418 1419 1420 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – Treaty of Troyes acknowledges Henry V as heir to French throne. 1420 Page 147 Date York Date 1422 1423 -1424 Philip Morgan, Archbishop of York. (Election quashed) 1424 -1425 Richard Flemyng, Archbishop of York.(Resigned before confirmation) -1452 John Kempe, Archbishop of York. 1425 1423 Britain England – 31 August Henry V died, aged 35. 31 August – 1461 Henry VI became king. (first reign) Scotland – James I returns from imprisonment in England. Date Rest of World 1421 Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Tvrtko II returns to Bosnian throne. Zeta – Balša III died; Stefan Lazarević became despot. Wallachia – Dan II deposed by Radu II, but regains the throne. France – Charles VI died; Charles VII became king, with support of Joan of Arc. Bulgaria – Constantine II died. Venice – Francesco Foscari elected doge. Wallachia – Radu II deposes Dan II, second time, Dan II regains throne. Wallachia – Radu II deposes Dan II, third time. 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Navarre – Charles III died; his daughter Blanche I became queen, ruling with her husband John II. Russia – Vasili II became grand prince of Vladimir-Moscow, aged 10, his mother acts as regent. Byzantine Empire – John VIII Palaiologos became emperor. Wallachia – Dan II returns to throne. Monaco – Jean I became sole ruler. Zeta – Despot Stefan Lazarević died; his nephew, Durad Brankovic succeeds him. Wallachia – Dan II deposed by Radu II again, but regains the throne. France – Joan of Arc leads French against England. Spain – 2 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.09.0Mw. France – Joan of Arc raises Sige of Orléans, defeats English at Battle of Patay. Charles VII finally crowned king. France – Joan of Arc taken prisoner. Lithuania – Švitrigaila became grand duke. Page 148 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1431 France – Joan of Arc burnt at stake by English, aged 19. Henry VI of England crowned king of France in Paris. Rome – 20 Feb – Pope Martin V died. 3 Mar-23 Feb 1447 – Cardinal Gabriele Condulmer became Pope Eugene IV. Wallachia – Dan II died in battle; Alexandru I Aldea became prince. Portugal – João I died of plague; his son Duarte became king. Holy Roman Empire – Sigismund. King of Germany, Bohemia and Hungary became Holy Roman Emperor. Russia – Yuri of Zvenigorod claims VladimirMoscow throne. Italy – Cosimo de Medici became ruler of Florence. Russia – Yuri died, his son Vasili the Cross-eyed takes the throne of Vladimir-Moscow. Naples – Queen Joan II died; René became king. Russia – Vasili the Cross-eyed ousted by Grand Prince Vasili the Blind. Wallachia – Alexandru I died; Vlad Dracul succeeds him. Hungary,Croatia and Bohemia – Sigismund does; Albrecht I of Habsburg became king of Hungary and Bohemia. Germany – Albrecht, king of Bohemia and Hungary became king Albrecht II of Germany. Denmark – Eric VII deposed. Portugal – Queen Leanor replaced as regent by Pedro, duke of Coimbra. Germany – Albrecht II died. Hungary – Wladyslaw III Jagiellon of Poland chosen as king. Zeta – The capital Smederevno captured by Ottoman Turks; Despot Durad Branković flees to Hungary. 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 Scotland – James I assassinated by Sir Robert Graham etc; James II became king, aged 7. 1437 1438 1439 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 149 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1440 Germany – Frederick IV elected king. Denmark – Christopher III chsen as king. Lithuania – Casimer IV Jagiellon became grand duke, aged 13. Navarre – Queen Blanche died, her husband, John II remains king. Sweden – Christopher, king of Denmark, became king. Norway – Christopher, king of Denmark and Sweden, became king. Naples – Alfonso V of Aragón deposes King René. Wallachia – Whilst Vlad II Dracul is at the Ottaman court, his son, Mircea II, rules in his place. Bohemia – Ladislaus V became king. Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Thomas Ostojich became king. Hungary – The Ottamans conquer Hungary at the Black Sea. Poland, Hungary and Croatia – Wladyskaw II, king of Poland and Hungary killed at Battle of Varna. Ladislaus V, king of Bohemia, became king of Hungary and Croatia. Albania – Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg became prince. Zeta – Durad Branković restored as despot. 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Hungary and Croatia – János Hunyadi became regent on behalf of Ladislaus V. Russia – Dmitri Shemyaka seizes Moscow. Rome – 23 Feb – POpe Eugene IV died. 6 Mar-24 Mar 1455 – Cardinal Tommaso Paretucelli became Pope Nicholas V. Poland and Lithuania – Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon became king. Wallachia – Mircea II and Vlad Dracul killed; Vlad III Tepes put on throne, replaced by Vladislav II. Sweden – King Christopher died; Charles VIII elected king. Denmark – Christian I became king. Page 150 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1449 Portugal – Afonso V declares his former regent, duke of Coimbra a rebel, who is killed at Battle of Alfarrobeira. Norway – Karl VIII of Sweden elected Karl I of Norway. Byzantine Empire – Constantine XI became emperor. Norway – Karl I forced to cede Norway to Christian I of Denmark. Zeta – Stefan I Crnojević became ruler. 1450 1452 1451 1452 -1464 William Booth, Archbishop of York. 1453 England – Henry VI became insane, Richard Duke of York became regent. 1453 1454 1455 -1485 War of the Roses, between the Houses of York and Lancaster. 1455 1456 1457 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Holy Roman Empire – German King Frederick IV became Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III. France – The Hundred Years’ War ends. English expelled fro France, retain Calais. Byzantine Empire – Constantine XI died firghting Ottamans; Constantinople falls, Byzantine Empire comes to an end. Monaco – Catalan became lord. Léon-Castile-Galicia – Henry IV the Impotent became king. Rome – 24 Mar – Pope Nicholas V died. 8 Apr-6 Aug 1458 – Cardinal Alfonso de Borgia became Pope Calixtus III (First Spanish Pope). Hungary and Croatia – Hungarians storm Belgrade driving out Turks. Wallachia – Vlad III the Impaler invades and seizes power. Monaco – Claudine became joint ruler with Pomelline Fregoso. Sweden – Charles VIII deposed by Christian I. Venice – Doge Francesco Foscari forced to withdraw; Pasquale Malipiero elected doge. Aragón, Navarre – Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily – John II became king. Bohemia – Ladislaus V died. Page 151 Date York Date 1460 1461 Henry VI and his queen at York, fled to Scotland, after hearing defeat at Towton. Edward entered York. 1461 Britain England – Earl of Warwick and Earl of March seize London. Battle of Northampton. Scotland – James II accidently killed during siege of Roxburgh Castle. James III became king . England - 4 March –1470 Edward IV became king. (first reign) 29 March Battle of Towton, War of Roses. Date Rest of World 1458 Aragón, Navarre and Sicily – John became king. Rome – 6 Aug – Pope Callixtus III died. 19 Aug-15 Aug 1464 – Bishop Enea Silvio Piccolomini became Pope Pius II. Naples – Fersinand I became king. Hungary and Croatia – Matthias Corvinus the Great elected king. Bohemia – George of Podĕbrady became king George I. Serbia – Is taken by the Ottoman Turks. 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 Edward IV at York. 10 June Edward IV gives grant to York for their sufferings during the wars. Relinquished usual demands and assigned for the next 12 years, an annual rent of £40, from customs in Hull. 1464 England – 15 May Battle of Hexham, War of Roses. 1464 1465 4 May (according to W. Hargrove) Coronation of Edward IV at York. -1476 George Nevill, Archbishop of York. 1465 England – Henry VI imprisoned by Edward IV. 1465 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline France – Louis XI the Prudent became king. Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Tomaševoc became king. Venice – Cristoforo Moro elected doge. Wallachia – Vlad III the Impaler ousted by Ottomans, they place his brother Radu cel Frumos on the throne. Russia – Ivan III the Great became grande prince of Vladimir-Moscow, declares himselfGrand Duke of all Russia. Bosnia and Serbia – King Stephen Tomašević executed by Mehmet II of Turkey who seizes control. Rome – 15 Aug – Pope Pius II died. 30 Aug-26 Jul 1471 – Cardinal Pietro Barbo became Pope Paul II. Sweden – Christian I deposed; Charles VIII restored to throne. Zete/Montenergro – Ivan Crnojević the Black became ruler. Sweden – Charles VIII deposed and exiled. Byzantine Empire – Andrew Palaiologos sells his titles to King Ferdinand II of Aragón and Queen Isabella of Castile. Page 152 Date York Date Britain Date 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 England – 2 October – 1471 Henry VI became king. (second reign) England – 11 April – 1483 Edward IV became king. (second reign) 14 April Battle of Barnet, War of Roses. 21 May Henry VI murdered, aged 49. 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 -1480 Lawrence Booth, Archbishop of York. England – Edward IV invades France. Peace of Piquigny agreed between England and France. 1475 1476 1477 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Sweden – Charles VIII restored to throne. Sicily – Ferdinand II of Aragón became king. Bohemia – Matthias Corvinus king of Hungary declared king, but not crowned. Sweden – Charles VIII died; Sten Sture the elder became regent. Venice – Nocolo Tron elected doge. Rome – 26 July – Pope Paull II died. 9 Aug-12 Aug 1484 – Cardinal Francesco della Rovere became Pope Sixtus IV. Bohemia – King George died; Ladislaus Jagiellon became king. Venice – Nicolo Marcello elected doge. Wallachia – Basarab Laiotă the Elder elected prince, but Radu cel Frumos returns to throne. France – Louis XI declares war on Charles the bold, duke of Burgundy. León-Catsile-Galicia – Henry IV died. Venice – Pietro Mocenigo elected doge. Wallachia – Basarab Laiotă the Elder regains throne but Radu cel Frumos returns to throne again. France – Edward IV of England invades. Peace of Piquigny agreed between England and France. Wallachia – Basarab Laiotă the Elder regains throne. Venice – Andrea Vendramin elected doge. Wallachia – Vlad II the Impaler returns to throne briefly but Basarab Laiotă the Elder regains throne again. France – Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, defeated and killed by Swiss. Portugal – Afonso V retires to a monastery; João II succeeds him. Wallachia – Basarab Tepe;us the Younger seizes power. Page 153 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1478 Venice – Giovanni Mocenigo elected doge. Hungary and Croatia – gain Moravia and Silesia. Albania – Captured by the Turks. Spain – United, except Navare, under Ferdinand II and Isabella. Navarre – 28 Jan-12 Feb – Eleanor crowned queen. Francis Phoebus became king, aged 10, his mother acts as regent. Russia – Tsar Ivan III stops paying tribute to the Mongols. Portugal – Afonso V abdicates ; João II formerly became king. Denmark – Hans became king. Albania – Comes under Ottoman rule. Zeta/Montenegro – Ivan I Crnojević regains control. Wallachia – Mircea rules for less than a year; Vlad Călugărul the Monk seizes power but ousted by Basarab Tepelus the Younger. Rhodes – 3 May – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw. 1479 1480 -1500 Thomas Rotherham, Archbishop of York. 1480 1481 1482 1483 Richard III at York. Requiem sung at Minster in remembrance of Edward IV. Second coronation performed for Richard at cathedral, by archbishop Rotherham. 1483 Scotland – James III briefly deposed and imprisoned by duke of Albany, but restored to throne. England – 9 April Edward IV died, aged 40. 9 April – Edward V became king. 25 June – Edward V died, aged c.12. 26 June – 1485 Richard III became king, formerly lord protector. 1482 1483 1484 1485 England – 22 August Richard III killed at Battle of Bosworth, aged 32. 22 August – 1509 Henry VII became king. War of Roses ends. 1485 1486 France – Louis XI died; Chales VIII became king. Navarre – Francis I died; his sister Catherine became queen. Portugal – João II has duke of Braganza executed. Navarre – Queen Catherine marries John III d’Albret, duke of Gause, they rule jointly. Rome – 12 Aug – Pope Sixtus IV died. 29 Aug-25 Jul 1492 – Cardinal Giovanni Battista Cybo became Pope Innocent VIII. Venice – Marco Barbarigo elected doge. Hungary and Croatia – Captures Vienna and Lower Austria. Germany – Maximilian I elected co-king. Venice – Agostino Barbarigo elected doge. 1487 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 154 Date York 1488 27 November – John Chambers and others executed at Tyburn Gallows. Date Britain Date 1488 Scotand – James II killed at Battle of Sauchieburn; James IV became king. 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Hungary – Ladislaus Jagiellon, King of Bohemia, became Ulászló II of Hungary. Zeta/Montenegro – Ivan I Crnojević died; his son, Durad IV Crnojevć succeeds him. Spain – Captures Granada from the Muslims. Rome – 25 Jul – Pope Innocent VIII died. 11 Aug-18 Aug 1503 – Cardinal Rodrigo de Lanzòl-Borgia became Pope Alexander VI. Poland – Jan I Olbracht became king. Lithuania – Alexander Jagiellon became grand duke. Holy Roman Empire – Emperor Frederick died whilst having leg amputated. France – Charles VIII invades Italy. Monaco – Jean II became lord. Naples – Alfonso, duke of Calabria, became king Alfonso II. France – Charles VIII defeated by Holy League. Portugal – João II died; Manuell II became king. Naples – Alfonso II abdicates in favour of hi son Ferdinand II. Wallachia – Radu the Great became prince. Naples – Captured by French; Ferdinand II flees, returns when French leave, but died; his uncle, Frederick IV became king. Zeta/Montenegro – Durad IV Crnojević forced into exile by Ottoman Turks; Stefan II Crnojević became ruler. Sweden – King Hans of Denmark and Norway conquers Sweden, became John II. France – Louis XII became king. Portugal – Isabella of Aragón died in childbirth. Zeta/Montenegro – Ivan II Crnojević became ruler. Japan – 20 Sept – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, followed by tsunami which hit Wakayama. Page 155 Date 1501 1503 York Date Britain 1499 1500 1501 -1507 Thomas Savage, Archbishop of York. Margaret, Henry VII’s eldest daughter stayed at York, on way to Scotland. Met by Lord Mayor on horseback at Micklegate Bar. Date 1503 Scotland – August – James IV marries Henry VII’s daughter, Margaret. 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1508 -1514 Christopher Bainbridge, Archbishop of York. 1509 First printing press in York set up by Hugo Goes in the Minster Yard, near St. William’s College. 1507 1508 1509 England – 21 April Richard VII died, aged 52. 21 April – 1547 Henry VIII became king. 1509 1510 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Sweden – Renounces John II as king. Venice – Leonardo Loredan elected doge. Naples – Conquered by France; King Frederick taken prisoner; Louis, king of France became king of Naples. Zeta/Montenegro – Durad V Crnojević became ruler Poland – Jan I Olbrecht died; Alexander Jagiellon, grand duke of Lithuania, became king. Rome – 18 Aug – Pope Alexander VI died. 22 Sept-18 Oct – Cardinal Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini became Pope Pius III. 31 Oct-21 Feb 1513 – Giuliano della Rovere became Pope Julius II. Bohemia – Louis Jagiellon, also Louis II of Hungary, became king. León-Castile-Galicia – Joanna the Mad became queen. Naples – Ferdinand II of Aragón takes Naples from French, became king Ferdinand III. France – Treaty of Blois, France keeps Milan, gives Naples to Spain. Monanco – Jean II murdered by her brother Lucien, who became lord. Russia – Vasili III became grand prince of Vladimir-Moscow. Poland and Lithuania – Alexander Jagiellon died; Sigismund the Old became king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania. Holy Roman Empire – Maximilian I elected Roman Emperor. Wallachia – Mihnea the Great became prince. Wallachia – Mircea III Dracul became prince. Turkey – 10 Sept – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, epicentre in Istanbul. Wallachia – Vlad cel Tânăr became prince. Page 156 Date York Date Britain Date 1511 1512 1513 1514 500 men raised in York and Ainsty to join army which fought against Scots at Battle of Flodden Field. James IV’s body brought to York, after battle and placed on public view, till Henry VIII returned from France. -1530 Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York. 1513 England – 9 September Battle of Flodden Field, War of League of Cambrai. James IV’s body presented to Henry VIII at Richmond. 1513 France – French driven out of Milan. Wallachia – Neagoe Basarab became prince. Rome – 21 Feb – Pope Julius II died. 9 Mar-1 Dec 1521 – Cardinal Giovanni di Lorenzo de’ Medici became Pope Leo X. Denmark, Norway and Sweden – Christain II crowned king. 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 England – Henry VIII and François I of France meet on the Field of Cloth of Gold but fail to form an alliance. 1520 1521 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World France – François I became king. Spain – Holy Roman Emperor Charles V became king Charles I. Bohemia and Hungary – Louis II became king aged 10. Zeta/Montenegro – Durad V Crnojević retires to Venice hands power to Vavila. Navarre – Queen Catherine died in exile; her son, Henry II became king. Germany and Holy Roman Empire – Charles I of Spain elected king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. France – François I and Henry VIII of Engalnd meet on the Field of Cloth of Gold but fail to form an alliance. Sweden – Christian II of Norway and Denmark became king. Montenegro – German II became prince-bishop. Navarre – French troops sieze Navarre but are expelled by Spanish. Portugal – João III became king. Sweden – Gustav Vasa leads revolt against Danish rule, he became regent after Christian the Tyrant is deposed. Venice – Antonio Grimani elected doge. Wallachia – Teodosie became prince. Rome – 1 Dec – Pope Leo X died. Page 157 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1522 France – Charles V drives French out of Milan. Rome – 9 Jan-14 Sept 1523 – Cardinal Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens became Pope Adrian VI. Monaco – Honoré I became lord, aged 9 months; his uncle, Augustine Grimaldi, ri=ules as regent. Sweden – Gustav Vasa elected king. Norway and Denmark – Christian II deposed; replaced by his son Frederick I. Venice – Andrea Gritti elected doge. Rome – 14 Sept – Pope Adrian VI died. 26 Nov-25 Sept 1534 – Cardinal Giulio di Giuliano de’ Medici became Pope Clement VII. France – Recaptures Milan. 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1529 England – Cardinal Wolsey dismissed, failing to obtain divorce for Henry VIII; Sir Thoams More became lord chancellor. 1528 1529 1530 1531 -1544 Edward Lee, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1531 1532 England – Sir Thomas More resigns. 1532 1533 England – Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragón annulled; he marries Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Clement VII. Thomas Cranmer became Archbishopm of Canterbury. 1533 Hungary and Bohemia – Louis II killed at Battle of Mohács; Ferdinand I became king of Bohemia. John Zápolya elected king of Hungary. France – Charles de Bourbon died. Rome – Charles V’s troops sack Rome and capture Pope Clent VII. France – Renounces claim to Italy in Peace of Cambrai. Wallachia – Moise became prince. Italy – Charles V crowned king. Montenegro – Pavle became prince-bishop. Wallachia – Moise killed; Vlad the drowned became prince. Portugal – 26 Jan – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Lisbon. Wallachia – Vlad the drowned so named after getting drunk and riding into Dâmboviţa river; Vlad Vintilă de la Slatina became prince. Denmark and Norway – Christian III became king. Montenegro – Vasilije I became prince-bishop. Page 158 Date 1537 York 13 August – Sir Robert Aske executed in The Pavement. 27 August – Lord Hussey executed at Tyburn Gallows. 21 September – William Wode executed at Tyburn Gallows. Date Britain Date Rest of World 1534 England – Henry VIII breaks with Rome; declares himself head of English Church. 1534 1535 1536 England – Sir Thamas More executed. 1535 1536 Rome – 25 Sept – Pope Clement VII died. 13 Oct-10 Nov 1549 – Cardinal Allessandro Farnese became Pope Paul III. Wallachia – Radu Paisie became prince. 1537 1540 1541 Henry VIII at York. 31 March – Sir John Neville and 10 assosiates executed at Tyburn Gallows.. England – Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, divorces her and marries Catherine Howard. 1541 1542 1543 1545 England – Anne Boleyn executed; Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour. England – Jane Seymour died giving birth to future Edward VI. 1538 1539 1540 1541 England – Catherine Howard executed. Scotland – James V died after Battle of Solway Moss; his daughter Mary I succeeds him aged 6 years. Ireland – Crown of Ireland Act passed, proclaiming Henry VIII of England, king of Ireland. England – Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr. -1554 Robert Holgate, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1537 1547 England – 28 January Henry VIII died, aged 55. 28 January – 1553 Edward VI became king. 1548 England – Some inhabitants of Seamer rebelled against the commissioners for the suppression of the chantries, murdered Matthew White and two others. Scotland – Mary I sent to France to marry the dauphin, François. Venice – Pietro Lando elected doge. Mantenegro – Nikodim became prince-bishop, died soon after; succeeded by Romil. Hungary – Conquered by Ottoman Turks. Venezuela – Earthquake followed by tsunami. 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 Venice – Francesco Donato elected doge. Wallachia – Mircea V Ciobanul became prince. France – Henri II became king. Russia – Ivan the Terrible crowned Tsar of all Russia. Holy Roman Empire – annexes the Netherlands. Poland and Lithuania – Sigismund II August became king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania. Page 159 Date York 1548 21 September – Leaders of the rebellion in Seamer in 1548, executed at York. 21 September – William Ombler, Thomas Dale and John Stephen executed at Tyburn Gallows. Sweating Sickness in York 1549 1551 Date Date Rest of World 1549 Russia – Ivan IV creates first national assembly. Rome – 10 Nov – Pope Paul III died. Rome – 7 Feb-29 Mar 1555 – Cardinal Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte became Pope Julius III. 1550 1551 England - Fifth Sickness. 1553 England – 6 July Edward VI died, aged 15. 10 -19 July Lady Jane Grey became queen, title disputed. 19 July – 1558 Mary I became queen. England – 12 February Lady Jane Grey Executed. 25 July – 1558 Phillip (of Spain) became king, when marries Mary I. 1554 1555 Britain outbreak of the Sweating -1559 Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of York. 1551 1552 1553 Wallachia – Radu Ilie became prince. 1554 Venice – Francesco Venier elected doge. Wallachia – Pătrasçu the Kind became prince. 1555 Spain – Charles I abdicates and enters a monastery; his son Phillip II of Portugal became king. Navarre – Joanna III became queen, rukes with her husband Antoine de Bourbon. Rome – 29 Mar – Pope Julius III died. 9 Apr-30 Apr – Cardinal Marcello Cervini became Pope Marcellus II. 23 My-18 Aug 1559 – Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Carafa became Pope Paul IV. Spain, Germany, Naples, Holy Roman Empire – Charles V abdicates. Spain, Nehterlands and Naples – Philip II became king. Bohemia and Germany – Ferdinand I, king of Bohemia, became king of Gemany. Venice – Lorenzo Priuli elected doge. China – 23 Jan – Earthquake measuring 8.3Mw, epicentre in Shaanxi. Portugal – João died, his grandson, Sebastião I, became king, aged 3 years, his grandmother acts as regent. Holy Roman Empire – Ferdinand I became emperor. Wallachia – Mircea V Ciobanul returns to power. 1556 1557 1558 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline England – 17 November Mary I died, aged 42. 17 November – 1603 Elizabeth I became queen. 1558 Venice – Marcantonio Trivisan elected doge. Wallachia – Mircea Ciobanul retakes throne. Page 160 Date York Date 1560 1561 -1568 Thomas Young, Archbishop of York. 1561 Britain England and Scotland – Treaty of Berwick signed, agreement to jointly expel French from Scotland. Scotland – Mary Queen of Scots returns. Date Rest of World 1559 France – The Dauphin François marries Mary Queen of Scots. Henri II accidently killed in jousting match; François II became king and Mary Queen of Scots became queen consort of France. Rome – 18 Aug – Pope Paul IV died. 26 Dec-9 Dec1565 – Giovanni Angelo Medici became Pope Pius IV. France – François II died, aged 15; Charles IX became king. Sweden – Erik XIV became king. Montenegro – Ruvim I became prince-bishop. 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 Scotland – Mary Queen of Scots marries her cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Scotland – Lord Daney murders David Rizzio, suspecting he and Mary are having an affair. Scotland – Earl of Bothwell implicated in death of Lord Darney; Mary Marries Bothwell. She is imprisoned and forced to abdicate. Flees to England. James VI became king. Scotland and England – Mary Queen of Scots imprisoned by Elizabeth I. 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Germany – Maximillian II elected co-king with Ferdinand I. Hungary – Maximillian II crowned king. Holy Roman Empire – Maximillian II also became emperor. Rome – 9 Dec – Pope Pius IV died. Rome – 7 Jan-1 May 1572 – Bishop Michele Ghislieri became Pope Pius V. Venice – Pietro Lredan elected doge. Netherlends – Dutch campaign for independence from Spanish rule begins. Sweden – Erik XIV replaced by his brother John III. Wallachia – Alexandru II Mircea became prince. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Union of Poland and Lithuania. Montenegro – Pahomije II Komanin became prince-bishop. Page 161 Date York Date Rest of World 1570 -1576 Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of York. 27 March – Simon Digby, John Fulthorpe, Robert Pennyman and Thomas Bishop executed at Tyburn Gallows. 30 July – Thomas Wilson,alias Mountain executed at St. Mary’s Abbey. 30 March – Bernard Siegfred executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 22 August Thomas Piercy, earl of Northumberland, beheaded at Pavement. Head placed over Micklegate Bar for 2 years, body buried at St. Crux church. 1570 Venice – Alvise I Mocenigo elected doge. Italy – 16-17 Nov – Earthquake measuring 5.5Mw, epicentre in Ferrara. 3 April – George Rutby, Robert de Scheele, Edward de Lavoiffier, Thomas de Berthollet, William Diequemare, Robert de Rosier, Robert de Alcock, Robert Charles de Aleym, and George Richard de Allestry executed at Tyburn Gallows. Earthquake experienced in York. 27 June – Robert de Fleury, George Abbot and William Abbot executed at Tyburn Gallows. 27 March – Frederick Gottfried and Thomas Conrat executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1573 1576 8 August – Edward de Satre and Sarah Houslay executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1576 1577 -1588 Edwin Sandes (Sandys), Archbishop of York. 30 March – Robert Scheverel, John de Tradescant and George Masson executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1577 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date Britain 1571 1572 Navarre – Henry III became king. Rome – 1 May – Pope Pius V died. 13 May-10 Apr 1585 – Cardinal Ugo Boncompagni became Pope Gregory XIII. Poland and Lithuania – Sigismund II Agust died; Nenri of Valois elected King Henry III of Poland and grfand duke of Lithuania. 1574 France – Charles IX died; Henri of Valois secretly returns to France to be crowned King Henri III. 1575 Germany – Rudolf II elected co-king. Montenegro – Gerasim became prince-bishop. Chile – 16 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.5Mw, epicentre in Valdivia. Germany and Holy Roma Empire – Maximillian died; Rudlof II of Bohemia and Hungary became king and emperor. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Anna Jagiellon elected queen. Venice – Sebastiano Venier elected doge. Wallachia – Mihnea the Turned-Turk became prince. Page 162 Date York 1578 2 April – William Henry Boyle executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1579 30 July – Charles de Pascal, Thomas de Warltire, George Edward de Priestley, Charlotte Morrett and Hannah Foucroy executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. Date 1579 Britain England – Forms an alliance with Netherlands agains Spain. Date Rest of World 1578 Portugal – Sebastião died in Battle of Alcácer Quibir; Cardinal-King Henry became king. Venice – Sebastiano Venier died; Nicolò da Ponte elected doge. Netherlands – Dutch northern provinces form the Union of Utrecht. 1579 1581 30 July – James Richardson executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1581 1582 8 April – George Foster executed at Tyburn Gallows. 31 March – Peter Clark and Rinion Foster executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1582 Portugal – Cardinal-King Henry died; Philip II of Spain elected king. Monaco – Charles II became lord. Netherlands – Union of Utrecht declares independence from Spain, elect Prince William of Orange, the Silent, as leader of revolt. Montenegro – Venijamin became prince-bishop. 1583 Wallachia – Petru Cercel became prince - 1584 Netherlands – Prince William of the Dutch Republic assassinated. Russia – Ivan the terrible died; Fyodor I became tsar. Venice – Pasqal Cicogna elected doge. Rome – 10 Apr – Pope Gregory XIII died. 24 Apr-27 Aug 1590 – Cardinal Felice Peretti became Pope Sixtus V. Wallachia – Petru Cercel flees; Mihnea the Turned-Turk returns to throne. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Stephen Báthhory died. 1580 1583 1585 3 August – George de Kirwan and Thomas de Alasco executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1585 1586 1587 1588 28 March – Frederick de Alcyonius, Richard de Aldrich and William de Malcolm executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 10 August – Andrew Turner and Henry Ashe executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1587 1588 England – Mary Queen of Scots implicated in plot against Elizabth I, led by Anthony Babington; she is tried and sentenced to death. England – Mary Queen of Scots executed. 1586 1587 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Sigismund III Vasa elected king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania. England – English fleet, led by Francis Drake, defeats Spanish Armada off southern coast. 1588 Denmark and Norway – Frederick II died; his son, Christian IV, succeeds him, aged 11 years. Page 163 Date Date Rest of World 1589 -1594 John Piers, Archbishop of York. York Date Britain 1589 1590 23 April – George Wynch and Peter de Ramus executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1590 France – Henri III assassinated; Henri, king of Navarre succeeds him as Henri IV. Navarre – The crown of Navarre now held by kings of France. Monaco –Charles II died; his brother, Hercule, became ruler. Rome – 27 Aug – Pope Sixtus V died. 15 Sept-27 Sept – Cardinal Giovanni Battista Castagna became Pope Urban VII. 5 Dec-16 Oct 1591 – Cardinal Niccolò Sfondrati became Pope Gregory XIV. Rome – 16 Oct – Pope Gregory XIV died. 29 Oct-30 Dec – Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti became Pope Innocent IX. Montenegro – Nikanor and Stefan rule jointly as prince-bishop. Wallachia – Ştefan Surdul became prince. Rome – 30 Jan-3 Mar 1605 – Cardinal Ippolito Aldobrandini became Pope Clement VIII. Sweden – John III died; Sigismund king of PolishLithuanian Commonwealth became king. Wallachia – Alexander the Wrongdoer, ruler of Moldovia, became prince. France – Henry IV converts to Catholicism, ending French religious wars. Montenegro – Ruvim II Boljević-Njegos became prince-bishop. Wallachia – Mihail the Brave ruler of Transylvania and Moldovia became prince. 1591 1592 1591 28 July – Joseph de Hamel, Richard de Bourboulon and Anthony Hodson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1593 30 March – Richard Craw executed at Tyburn Gallows. -1606 Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of York. 24 March – William de Allestry, Richard de Hammond and Thomas de Allix executed at Tyburn Gallows. 7 March – Henry de Alms executed at Tyburn Gallows. 27 March – John Thomas de Neime executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1594 1595 Sweden – gains Estonia in Treaty of Teusina, with Russia. Venice – Marino Grimani became doge. 1596 1597 Ireland – Rebellion against English led by Hugh O’Neill, earl of Tyrone. 1597 Page 164 Date York Date Rest of World 1598 27 July – Thomas Henry de Alting and Thomas Swedier executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1598 1599 10 August – John Taylor and John Milburn executed at Tyburn Gallows. Earthquake experienced in York. 2 April – George Wolstenholme, Esq, Thomas Wilson, Esq, Richard Thomas, James Norrison, Robert Noke, Francis Mitchel and Henry Hutchinson executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1599 Spain and Portugal – Philip II died; Philip III succeeds him. Russia – Fyodor I died; regent Boris Godunuv seizes throne. Sweden – Sigismund deposed by Charles IX. 1600 Wallachia – Simion Movilă became prince. 1601 1602 Wallachia – Radu Mihnea became prince. 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 28 July – Charles Beaumond, Thomas Bennington, Mary Blakey and Emma Brown executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 30 March – William Penalton, Harris Rosenberg and John de Viner executed at Tyburn Gallows. 16 April James I in York Plague in York 6 April – Richard Cullingworth, Elizabeth Bradwith, Hannah Bulmer and Jane Buckle executed at Tyburn Gallows. June James I, his queen, Harry and Elizabeth in York. 29 March – Elizabeth Cook executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. -1628 Tobias Matthew, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date 1603 1605 Britain England – 24 March Elizabeth I died, aged 69. 24 March – 1625 James VI of Scotland became James I of England. England – The Gunpowder Plot to blow uo king and parliament fails. Wallachia - Simion Movilă became prince again but loses power to Radu Şerban. 1603 1604 Monaco – Hurcule murdered, his son Honoré II became ruler, aged 6 years, first to be called prince. Frederico Landi acts as regent. Chile – 24 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.5Mw, epicentre in Arica. 1605 Rome – 3 Mar – Pope Clement VIII died. 1 Apr-27 Apr – Cardinal Alessandro Ottaviano de’ Medici became Pope Leo XI. 16 May-28 Jan 1621 – Cardinal Camilo Borghese became Pope Paul V. Russia – Fyodor II became tsar, agaed 16 years, strangled a month later; False Dimitri became tsar. Japan – 3 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.1, epicentre in Hiro, followed by tsunami. China – 13 July – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Qiongshan, Hainan. Venice – Leonardo Donato elected doge. Russia – Tsar False Dimitri shot dead; Vasili IV Shuisky became tsar. 1606 Page 165 Date York 1607 River Ouse completely frozen. 3 April – Stephen Dobson, Esq executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1608 29 July – Frederick Wrightson executed at York. Date Britain Date 1607 England – 30 Jan – poss, tsunami in Bristol Channel, prob. caused by earthquake off Irish Coast. 1607 1608 1609 1610 28 July – Robert Blackley executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1610 1611 1612 5 September – Richard Carson and Thomas Armstrong executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1612 1613 27 March – William Grame executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1613 1614 York flooded after heavy snow fall and thaw. Followed by drought till August, scarcity of hay, beans and barley. Prices rose considerably. 6 February – Mark Barnard, Mary Robinson, Thomas Barker, Philip Darling, Thomas Easingwold, Rose Dutton, Emma Fountain and Maria Fowler executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1614 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World Germany – The Protestant Union formed by Frederick IV. Netherlands – Twelve Years’ Truce, virtually ensures independence for Netherlands. Germany and Holy Roman Empire – Rudolf II imprisoned and stripped of effective power by his brother Matthias. France – Henri IV stabbed to death; Louis XIII became king, aged 13 years; his mother Marie de’ Medici acts as regent. Sweden – Gustav Adolf II became king. Wallachia – Hungarian Gabriel Báthory, prince of Tranylvania, seizes power. Russia – Vasili IV Shuisky deposed, became monk; Wladyslaw IV Vasa elected king but doesn’t take throne. Germany and Holy Roman Empire – Rudolf II forced to cede crown by Matthias. Wallachia – Radu Mihnea returns to power, ousted by Radu Şerban but returns again. Venice – Marcantonio Memmo elected doge. Holy Roman Empire – Matthias, also king of Hungary and Bohemia became Holy Roman Emperor. Russia – Mikhail I Fyodorovich Romanov elected tsar, aged 17. Hungary – Transylvanian Prince Bethlen Gabor comes to power. Page 166 Date York 1615 29 March – Mark Trumble and Robert Martinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 23 March – Thomas Pindham executed at Tyburn Gallows. 23 September – Henry Musgrave and George Ridley executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. James I at York. 27 July – Simon Routledge executed at Tyburn Gallows. 25 March – Mark Addison executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1616 1617 1618 Date Britain Date 1615 1616 Wallachia – Gabriel Movilă became prince, soon replaced by Alexandru Iliaş. 1617 Bohemia – Catholic Archduke Ferdinand became king. 1618 Venice – Nicolò Donato elected doge; Antonio Priuli elected doge. Hungary – Ferdinand II became II. Wallachia – Gabriel Movilă returns to throne. Holy Roman Empire – Ferdinand II became emperor. Navarre – Kingdom merged into France. Wallachia – Radu Mihnea returns to power for fourth time. Spain and Portugal – Philip IV became king of Spain and Philip III of Portugal. Rome – 28 Jan – Pope Paul V died. 9 Feb-8 Jul 1623 – Cardinal Alessandro Ludovisi became Pope Gregory XV. 1619 1620 20 April – Robert Hall executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1627 31 March – George Bell, Esq executed at Tyburn Gallows. 28 July – Ralph Raynard, Mark Dunn and Mrs. Fletcher executed at Tyburn Gallows. 2 August – Joseph Hetherington executed at Tyburn Gallows. 23 April – Richard Bell executed at Tyburn Gallows. 25 August – Richard Ridley and Amos Armstrong executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 30 March – William Cawan and William Hall executed at Tyburn Gallows. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1622 England – James I dissolves Parliament. 1622 1623 1624 1625 England – 27 March James I died, aged 58. 27 March – 1649 Charles I became king. Charles I dissolves Parliament. Rest of World Venice – Giovanni Bembo elected doge. Venice – Francesco Contarini elected doge. Rome – 8 Jul – Pope Gregory XV died. 6 Aug-29 Jul 1644 – Cardinal Maffeo Barberini became Pope Urban VIII. Wallachia – Alexandru Coconul became prince. Venice – Giovanni Corner elected doge. 1625 Denmark – Christian IV enters the war against Holy Roman Empoeror Ferdinand II. Hungary – Ferdinand III became king. 1626 1627 Denmark – Christian IV loses Battle of Lutter Liechtenstein – Karl Eusebius became prince, aged 16. Wallachia – Alexandru Iliaş returns to power. Page 167 Date York 1628 George Montaigne (Mountain), Archbishop of York. 2 April – Robert Storie executed at Tyburn Gallows. -1631 Samuel Harnett, Archbishop of York. 31 March – Charles Rochester, George Rocliffe and Christopher Singleton executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 Date Britain 1628 England - Petition of Right created; Parliament curtails King’s powers. 1629 England – Charles I dissolves Parliament. Rest of World 1629 Wallachia – Leon Tomşa became prince. 1630 Sweden – Gustav Adolphus enters war against Ferdinand II. Venice – Nocolò Contarini elected doge. Venice – Francesco Erizzo elected doge. 1631 1632 -1640 Richard Neile, Archbishop of York. 2 May – Robert Nixon and John Newton executed at Tyburn Gallows. Sweden - Gustav Adolphus died at Battle of Lützen, aged 6 years; Queen Christina takes throne, known as the ‘Girl King’; Axel Oxenstierna became regent. Polosh-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Wladyslaw IV Vasa elected king. Wallachia – Matei Basarab became prince. Monaco – Philip IV of Spain recognizes Monaco as a principality. Charles I visited York for 3 days on journey to Scotland 4 February – Thomas Wardle, William Hornby, Benjamin Hornsey, Charles Hopkinson, Thomas Jefferson, Peter Kibblewhite, George Henry Kilvington, William Kitching, Thomas Lazenb and Thomas Langdale executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 27 March – John Bartendale executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1633 29 March – Owen Thompson and Elizabeth Mary Harrison executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1636 Germany – Ferdinand III elected king. Montenegro – Ruvim II Boljević-Njegos died. 1637 Holy Roman Empire – Ferdinand III, king of Germany, Hungary and Bohemia became emperor. 1637 1638 Date Small Roman altar found whilst digging foundations of a house in Bishophill Senior. 8 May – Henry Aske executed at Tyburn Gallows. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1638 Scotland – Solemn League and Covenant signed. Page 168 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1639 Charles I visited York. Held council at King’s Manor, knighted lord mayor and recorder. 1 August – Robert Skelton executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. Charles I in York. 24 September Council of peers held at Deanery. -1650 John Williams, Archbishop of York. 23 April John Taylor executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 20 November Charles I in York with his son Charles. 21 November Lord Mayor and Robert Berwick, recorder, knighted. 1639 Scotland – First Bishops’ War between Charles I and Scottish church. 1639 Montenegro – Mardarije I Kornečanin became prince-bishop. 1640 England –1660 Long Parliament. Scotland and England – Second Bishops’ War ends with Treaty of Ripon. 1640 Monano – Reverts from Spanish to French protection with Treaty of Péronne. Portugal – João IV became king. March Charles I at York. Royal Printing Press established in Minster Yard, near St. William’s College. 12 May 4000 Yorkshire gentlemen assembled to hear address by Charles I. 2 September Charles I left York, city placed in posture of defence, guns mounted on gates. September Earl of Newcastle came to York with 6,000 horse and foot, and 10 pieces of ordnance. 8 March Queen arrived in York, met at Heworth Moor by Lord Mayor, aldermen and citizens. 9 March Ammunition brought to York in 500 cart, deposited in Guildhall. March Earl of Montrose and lord Ogilvy visited York to present themselves to the queen. Sir Chomley, governor of Scarborough castle, also in York. 6 June Queen left York. 1642 England - April Charles I travelled from York to Hull, gates and bridges closed to him. Sir John Hotham, governor, refused to let him in to Hull, he returned to York, staying over one night at Beverley. -1647 Civil War between Royalists (Cavaliers) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads). 1643 England – 22 February Queen lands at Bridlington Quay. Solemn League and Covenent signed by English Parliament. 1643 France – Louis XIV became king, aged 5. 1640 1641 1642 1643 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 169 Date York 1644 Sir Thomas Glemham, governor of York 22 April – 1 July Siege of York. 15 June Pretended treaty rejected. 16 June (Trinity Sunday) St. Mary’s Tower was damaged by a mine. 16 July York surrenders to the parliamentary forces. July Lord Fairfax appointed governor. 30 July Amos Lawson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1645 Date Britain Date Rest of World 1644 England – Oliver Cromwell wins Battle of Marston Moor 1644 Rome – 29 Jul – Pope Urban VIII died. 15 Sept-7 Jan 1655 – Cardinal Giovanni Battista Pamphiji became Pope innocent X. 1645 England – Cromwell forms New Model Army. Parliamentarians win Battle of Naseby. Scotland and Englsnd – Charles I surrenders to the Scots. 1645 Russia – Alexis I became tsar, aged 16. 1646 Venice – Francesco Molin elected doge. Bohemia – Ferdinand became king. Scotland and England – Charles I habeded over to Englaish Parliament, he escapes and makes secret treaty with Scots. Scotland and England – Scots invade England, defeated by Cromwell at Battle of Preston. 1647 Hungary – Ferdinand, king of Bohemia, became king. 1648 England – 30 January Charles I beheaded, aged 48. -1685 Charles II became king ( not recognized by parliament till 1660) 1649 Denmark and Norway – Frederick III became king. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – John II Casimir elected king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania. Montenegro – Visarion I became prince-bishop. 1 January Convoy, commanded by Major General Skippon, arrive in York. 31 March Thomas Empson, John Dove, Joseph Dunning, Thomas Robinson and John Robinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 10 April Elizabeth and Helen Dryson executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1646 1648 5 August Ebenezer Moor executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1648 1649 13 April George Frederick and Maria Merrington executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 30 April John Hollins, William Askwith, Joseph Baines, Thomas Barker, Edward Calvert, Thomas Darley, Henry Cave, William Cropper, James Dallin, John Danby, James Eastwood, William Ellison, Thomas Exley, George Frankish, Elizabeth Thomlinson , Grace Bland, Emma Ribinson, Jane Lickiss, Hannah Meynell, Ellen Nicholson, Isabella Billington and Mr. Billington executed at Knavesmire Gallows. 22 August Colonel John Morrice and Cornet Blackburn executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1649 1646 1647 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1647 Page 170 Date York 1650 22 April Richard Thomas, George Harrison and Mary Pope executed at Tyburn Gallows. July General Oliver Cromwell visited York. 1652 Date Britain Date 1650 Scotland and England – Charles II lands in Scotland, proclaimed king. 1650 1651 England – Charles II invades England, loses Battle of Worcester and flees to France. 1651 2 April George Johnson, Luke Hinderson, Elizabeth Anderson and Mary Ellison executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1652 1653 1654 England – 16 December – 1658 Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector. Cromwell dismisses the Rump Parliament 27 July Marmaduke Holmes executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1653 1654 1655 1656 1659 21 April Jonathan Brammall executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 March Charles Spooner executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 8 December High winds damaged minster and many houses. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Rest of World 1656 1658 England – 3 September Oliver Cromwell died, aged 59. 3 September – 1659 Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector. 1659 England – Richard Cromwell forced to resign; Rump Parliment restored. 1657 1658 1659 Germany – Ferdinand IV elected co-king with Ferdinand III; died shortly after; Leopold became heir. Sweden – Queen Christina abdices, moves to Rome; Charles X Gustav became king. Wallachia – Constantin Şerban became prince. Venice – Carlo Contarini elected doge. Rome – 7 Jan – Pope Innocent X died. 7 Apr-22 May 1667 – Cardinal Fabio Chigi became Pope Alexander VII. Hungary – Leopold became king. Portugal – Afonso VI became king, aged 13; his mother Luisa of Medina-Sidonia acts as regent. Venice – Bertucci Valiero elected doge. Russia, Denmark and Holy Roman Empire – Declare war on Sweden. Venice – Giovanni Pesaro elected doge. Holy Roman Empire – Leopold I, king of Hungary and Croatia became emperor-elect. Wallachia – Mihnea III, prince of Moldavia comes to the throne. Venice – Domenico II Contarini elected doge. Montenegro – Mardarije II Kornečanin became prince-bishop. Bohemia – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor-elect and king of Hungary, became king. Wallachia – Gheorghe Page 171 Date York 1660 11 January General Monk in York for five days. 2 April Michael R Linop, O. Williams and T.P. Reynolds executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 11 May Charles II proclaimed king in York. 29 May Effigys of Cromwell and Judge Bradshaw hung on gallows in Pavement. -1664 Accepted Frewen, Archbishop of York. 30 March Peter Hall and R. Gardener executed at Tyburn Gallows. 19 August Jeremiah Balderson and Richard Souly executed at Tyburn Gallows. 25 March Anthony Beedam executed at Tyburn Gallows. 25 January Robert Archbell, William Amber, Matthew Champney, George Campion, Thomas Carbutt, Christopher Simpson, George Slater, George Mouncer, Joseph Morley, Timothy Mosley, John Hutchinson, David Jackson, Henry Richardson, Cornelius Thompson, Thomas Fox, Benjamin Hornby, Francis Holmes Sr, and William Holmes Jr executed at York. -1683 Richard Sterne, Archbishop of York. 30 July Ruben Beverage executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 24 April George Dagnell and Robert Snowdon executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. th 5 August James, duke of York, and his duchess, in York for almost 2 months, whilst plague in the south of England. 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date Britain 1660 England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland – Charles II recognised as king by parliament. Date Rest of World 1660 Sweden – Charles XI became king, aged 5. Denmark – Frederick III changes Danish monarchy from elective to absolute. 1661 France – Louis XIV became absolute monarch. Wallachia – Grigore I Ghica became prince. 1662 Monaco – Louis I became sovereign prince. 1664 Wallachia – Grigore I Ghica deposed;Radu Leon became prince. 1665 Spain – Charles II became king. Page 172 Date 1668 York Date Britain 13 May George Habbishaw and Benjamin Ambrose executed at Tyburn Gallows. Date Rest of World 1667 Portugal – Afonso VI forced to exile himself; Pedro became prince-regent. Rome – 22 May – Pope Alexander VII died. 20 Jun-9 Dec 1669 – Cardinal Giulio Rospigliosi became Pope Clement IX. Croatia – 6 Apr – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, epicentre in Dubrovnik Azerbaijan – 25 Nov – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Shamakhi. Portugal – Spain recognizes Portugal’s independence. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – John II Casimir abdicates to become a Jesuit. Turkey – 17 Aug – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, epicentre in Anatolia. Lichtenstein – Hans-Adam became prince. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Michal Korybut Wiśiowiecki elected king. Wallachia – Antonie din Popeşti became prince. Rome – 9 Dec – Pope Clement IX died. Rome – 29 Apr-22 Jul 1676 – Cardinal Emilio Altieri became Pope Clement X. Denmark and Norway – Christian V became king. 1668 1669 1670 29 March Edward Rocliffe, Peter B Sharp and Richard Wadkins executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 18 August William Vasey executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1672 2 August Robert Driffield and Mark Edmund executed at Tyburn Gallows. 23 July Miles Beckett, Jane Thompson and Thomas Thomlinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1673 1674 January A duel was fought in Penley Groves, between Sir Jonathan Jennings, of Ripon, and George Aylsalby, esq. principal register of ecclesiastical court, at York. Ayslaby was killed. 3 April Amos Cropper executed at Tyburn Gallows. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1670 1672 England – The Test Act deprives Catholics and Nonconformists of the right to hold public office. 1671 1672 1673 1674 Wallachia – Antonie din Popeşti deposed; Grigore I Ghica restored to power. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – John III Sobieski elected king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania. Montenegro – Ruvim III Boljević became princebishop. Wallachia – George Ducas became prince. Venice – Nicolò Sagredo elected doge. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Jan III became king. Page 173 Date 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 York Date Rest of World 1 May Leonard Gaskill and Peter Rook executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1676 Venice – Luigi Contarini elected doge. Rome – 22 Jul – Pope Clement X died. 21 Sept-12 Aug 1689 – Cardinal Benedetto Odescalchi became Pope Innocent XI. Russia – Fyodor III became tsar. 20 March Mark Dovenor executed at Tyburn Gallows. The duke of York visited York, but was not met by the lord mayor and aldermen. A reprimand from the king was sent. 28 July Andrew Tucker executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1678 Wallachia – Şerban Cantacuzino became prince. 31 March Eli Hydes executed at Tyburn Gallows. May Sir John Reresby, bart. appointed governor. -1686 John Dolben, Archbishop of York. 1682 Russia – Fyodor III died; Peter the Great became tsar, aged 10, with Ivan V, Sophia Aleksyevna acts as regent until 1689. 1683 Portugal – Pedro II became king. Venice – Leonardo Donato elected Marcantonio Guisinian elected doge. 4 May William Nevison executed at Tyburn Gallows. 30 July Nathaniel Pickett executed at Tyburn Gallows. 8 February James II proclaimed king, at York. 10 April John Mortimer executed at Tyburn Gallows. 6 August A large porpoise found in River Ouse at Clifton Ings. 2 August Mary Cotnam executed at Tyburn Gallows. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date Britain 1685 England – 6 February Charles II died, aged 54. 6 February – 1688 James II became king. 1686 England – James II ignores Test Act; Catholics appointed to public office. 1685 doge; Montenegro – Vasilije II Velikrasić became princebishop; Visarion II Bajica became prince-bishop. Page 174 Date York Date Britain 1687 Lamps hung in main streets eg: Minster Gates, Pavement and the west end of Ouse Bridge. 12 February Earthquake felt in York, Gate-Fulford and Naburn. 7 December Father Lawson was granted possession of King’s Manor. -1691 Thomas Lamplugh, Archbishop of York. 28 March Quinton Hurworth, William Pashley and Robert Myers executed at Tyburn Gallows. October Flooding in York 1687 England – James II extends tolerance to all religions in the Declaration of Indulgence. 1687 Hungary – Joseph I crowned king. 1688 England – James II deposed. 1688 Venice – Francesco Morosini elelcted doge. Wallachia – Constantin Brâncoveanu became prince. 1689 1689 Rome – 12 Aug – Pope Innocent XI died. 6 Oct-1 Feb 1691 – Cardinal Pietro Vito Ottoboni became Pope Alexander VIII. 31 March Henry Kilvington executed at Tyburn Gallows. 19 September Henry Borwick and Edward Mangall executed at White Cross Hill Gallows. -1714 John Sharp, Archbishop of York. 5 August Mark Grayston and Thomas Dambrough executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 July Charles Dimmey and Hannah Wilkinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1690 England – 13 February – 1694 Mary II became queen. 13 February – 1702 William III (of Orange) became king. Ireland – William III wins Battle of Boyne. 1690 Germany – Joseph I became co-king. 1691 Rome – 1 Feb – Pope Alexander VIII died. 12 Jul-27 Sept 1700 – Cardinal Antonio Pignatelli became Pope Innocent XII. Jamaica – 7 Jun – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Port Royal. Sicily – 11 Jan – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Catania Province. Venice – Silvestro Valiero elected doge. Montenegro – Sava I Kaluderović became princebishop. Italy – 5 Sept – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Irpinia. 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 Date 1693 30 March John Collens executed at Tyburn Gallows. 2 April Fire in High Ousegate destroyed nearly 30 houses, damages amounting to £20,000. 5 August Nelson Campion executed at Tyburn Gallows. 30 March Arthur Mangey executed at Tyburn Gallows. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1694 England – 29 December Mary II died, aged 32; William III sole ruler. 1694 Rest of World 1695 1696 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Frederick Augustus I elected king of Poland and grand duke Augustus II the Strong of Lithuania. Montenegro – Danilo I became prince-bishop. Russia – Ivan V died; Peter the Great became sole ruler. Page 175 Date York 1697 25 March Martin Burrell executed at Tyburn Gallows. 10 August John Blackburn executed at Tyburn Gallows. Henry Thompson, Lord Mayor. Ordered Castlegate Postern to be taken down and rebuilt wider for his coach, he covered the expense. 30 July Peter Arundel executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1698 1699 Date Britain Date 1697 1698 Japan – 22 Dec – Tsunami struck SeikaidoNankaido. Hungary – Treaty of Karlowitz ends the AustroOttoman War. Denmark and Norway – Christian V died in a hunting accident; Frederick IV succeeds him. 1699 1700 1701 1702 England – 16 September exiled James II died, aged 67. England – 8 March William III died, aged 51. 8 March – 1714 Anne became queen. 1701 1704 1705 1706 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Great Britain – The Act of Union unites parliaments from England and Scotland. Spain – Charles II died. Monaco – Antonio I became sovereign prince. Venice – Alvise II Mocenigo elected doge. Rome – 27 Sept – Pope Innocent XII died. 23 Nov-19 Mar 1721 – Giovanni Francesco Albani became Pope Clement XI. Canada – 26 Jan – Earthquake measuring 9.00Mw offshore from Vancouver Island followed by tsunami. Prussia – Became a kingdom; Frederick I became ruler. 1702 1703 1707 Rest of World Sweden – Charles XII became king. 1707 Russia – Peter the Great founds St. Petersburg. Italy – 14 Jan – Earthquake measuring 6.7Mw, epicentre in Norcia. Italy – 2 Feb – Earthquake measuring 6.7Mw, epicentre in L’quila. Japan – 31 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.2Mw, epicentre in Kanto region. Holy Roman Empire – Joseph I, archduke of Austria, king of Hungary and Bohemia, became emperor. Portugal – João V became king, aged 17. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Stanislawe Leszcyński became king. Japan – 28 Oct – Earthquake measuring 8.6Mw, epicentre in Hōei, followed by tsunami. Page 176 Date York Date Britain Date 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1714 -1724 William Dawes Archbishop of York. (2 nd Baronet), 1714 1715 England – Richard Cromwell died, aged 85. Britain – 1 August Anne died, aged 49. 1 August – 1727 George I became king. Britain – First Jacobite uprising. 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1723 Summer Drought in York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 4 Apr-15 May 1730 – Sir Robert Walpole became Prime Minster (Whig). Britain – 1721 1722 1723 Rest of World Sweden – Charles XII loses to Russia in Battle of Poltova. Venice – Giovanni Corner elected doge. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Augustus II restored to throne. Holy Roman Empire – Emperor Joseph I died of smallpox; Charles VI became king of Hungary and Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor. Liechtenstein – Josef Wenzel became prince. Spain – Treaty of Utrecht ends. Philip V became king. Prussia – Frederick William I became king. Scicily – Victor Amadeus became king. Wallachia – Ştefan Cantacuzino became prince. France – Louis XIV died; Luois XV became king. Sicily – Philip V of Spain invades; Alliance formed between Great Britain, France, Austria and Dutch Republic agains Spain. Spain and Sicily – Treaty of Hague signed. Sweden – Charles XII killed while invading Norway; his sister Ulrika Eleonora elected queen; she abdicates in favour of her husband Frederick I. Rome – 19 Mar – Pope Clement XI died. 8 May-7 Mar 1724 – Cardinal Michelangelo Conti became Pope Innocent XIII. Liechtenstein – Josef Johann Adam became prince. Rusia – Peter the Great acclaimed ‘Emperor of all Russia’. Venice – Sebastiano Mocenigo elected doge. Page 177 Date York 1724 -1743 Lancelot Blackburn, Archbishop of York. Date Britain Date Rest of World 1724 Rome – 7 Mar – Pope Innocent XIII died, 29 May-21 Feb 1730 – Cardinal Pierfrancesco Orsini became Pope Benedict XIII. Russia – Peter the Great died; Empress Catherine I succeeds him. 1725 1727 1729 1730 1731 7 April William Bryant and Robert Wheat executed at Tyburn Gallows. 25 July John Chapello executed at Tyburn Gallows. 21 August James Lambert executed at Tyburn Gallows. 19 December Joseph Askwith alias Sherling, Richard and John Freeman executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 March Benjamin Armitt, John Ward and James Wood executed at Tyburn Gallows. Britain and Ireland – 11 June George I died, aged 67. 11 June – 1760 George II became king. 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 Britain – 15 May-11 Feb 1742 - Sir Robert Walpole became Prime Minster (Whig). 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Russia – Peter II became emperor. Iran – 18 November – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Tabriz. Rome – 21 Feb – Pope Benedict XIII died. 12 Jul-6 Feb 1740 – Cardinal Lorenzo Corsini became Pope Clement XII. Denmark and Norway – Christian VI became king. Russia – Peter II died of smallpox; Anna Ioannovna became empress. Chile – 8 July – Earthquake measuring 8.7Mw, epicentre in Valparaiso. China – 30 Sept – Earthquake measuring 6.5Mw, epicentre in Beijing. Monaco – Antonio I died; his daughter Louise Hyppolyte became sovereign princess. Liechtenstein – Johann Nepomuk Karl became prince, aged 8; Joseph Wenzel acts as regent. Venice – Carlo Ruzzini elected doge. Monaco – Honoré III became sovereign prince. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Augustus II died. Venice – Alvise Pisani elected Doge. Naples and Sicily – Retaken by Spain during War of Polish Succession. Charls V named king. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Treaty of Vienna confirms Augustus as king. Montenegro – Sava II Petrović Njegoš became prince-bishop. Page 178 Date York Date Britain Date 1736 1737 1739 1740 1741 1740 11 April George Bainton, John Wright, Joseph Tyson and John Barker executed at Tyburn Gallows. -1747 Thomas Herring, Archbishop of York. 1741 1743 1745 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Russia – 16 Oct – Earthquake measuring 8.3Mw, epicentre in Kamchatka. 1738 1739 7 April John Stead executed at Tyburn Gallows. 17 April Richard Turpin executed at Tyburn Gallows. 27 March William Spink Jr executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1742 1743 Rest of World Britain – 16 Feb-2Jul 1743 – Spencer Compton, Ist Earl of Wilmington became Prime Minister (Whig). Britain – 27 Aug-6 Mar 1754 – Henry Pelham became Prime Minister (Whig). Great Britain – The ‘Forty-Five’ Jacobite rebellion; government forces defeated at Battle of Prestonpans. 1742 Prussia – Frederick II became king. Holy Roman Empire – Cardinal Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini elected Pope Benedict XIV. Russia – Emperess Anna Ioannovna died; Ivan VI succeeds her, aged 18 months. Rome – 6 Feb – Pope Clement XII died. 17 Aug-3 May 1758 – Pròspero Lorenzo Lambertini became Pope Benedict XIV. Venice – Pietro Grimani elected doge. Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia – Maria Theresa became queen. Russia – Ivan VI and his family imprisoned; Tsarevna Elizabeth replaces him. Japan – 29 Aug – Volcano eruption on Oshima Island caused tsunami which hit western side of Hokkaido. Germany and Holy Roman Empire – Charles VII became king and emperor. 1743 1744 1745 Austria – Battle of Fontenoy. Holy Roman Empire – Grand duke of Tuscany, Franz I, became emperor. Page 179 Date York 1746 28 May Prince of Hesse at York. 1 November George Hamilton, Edward Clevering, James Spark, Charles Gordon, Angus McDonald, James Mayne, Benjamin Mason, William Dempsey, ? Frazier and ? Conolly executed at Tyburn Gallows. 8 November David Row, William Hunter, John Endsworth, John McClean, John McGreggor, Simon McKensie, Alexander Parker, Thomas McGennis, Archibald Kennedy, James Thompson and Michael Brady executed at Tyburn Gallows. -1757 Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of York. 1747 1748 1749 1750 26 March Josiah Feam, Thomas Brown alias Clark and Sanderson, and Robert Fawthorp executed at Tyburn Gallows. 31 March Joseph Garbutt, Abraham Scott and John Tiplady executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1751 1752 1753 Date Britain 1746 Great Britain – Jacobites defeated at Battle of Culloden. Date Rest of World 1746 Spain – Ferdinand VI the Wise became king. Denmark and Norway – Frederick V became king. 1748 Liechtentein – Johann Nepomuk Karl died; Josef Wenzel returns as prince. 1750 Portugal – José I became king. Montenegro – Vasilije III rules jointly as princebishop. Sweden – Adolf Frederick elected king. Chile – 25 May – Earthquake measuring 8.5Mw, epicentre in Concepción. 1751 11 April Robert Loveday and Benjamin Farney executed at Tyburn Gallows. 7 April David Harkness executed at Tyburn Gallows. 28 April Edward Wells and Bezelial Knowles executed at Tyburn Gallows. 2 August Thomas Downing and John Wentworth alias Thomlinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 22 August William Smith executed at Tyburn Gallows. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 180 Date York 1754 28 January Two head stolen from Micklegate-Bar by William Arundell, he was imprisoned for 5 years. 17 August Joseph Riddell and Francis Jefferson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 28 August David Evans, Richard Varley, John Holdsworth and Elijah Oaks executed at Tyburn Gallows. 30 March Mary Ellah executed at Tyburn Gallows. 3 April George Trotter executed at Tyburn Gallows. 30 July Thomas Cooper and Stephen Tudear executed at Tyburn Gallows. 15 September Mob objected to new militia laws, Cockpit-House and Mr. Bowes house destroyed, outside Bootham Bar. -1761 John Gilbert, Archbishop of York. 1 May Matthew Bilton, William Watson, Richard Ford, Robert Cole and George Berry executed at Tyburn Gallows. 24 March Benjamin Windle and Henry Nelson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 9 April Benjamin Hoult executed at Tyburn Gallows. 6 August Eugene Aram executed at Tyburn Gallows. 18 August William and John Cockburn executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1760 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date Britain 1754 Britain – 16 Mar-16 Nov 1756 – Thomas PelhamHolles, Ist Duke of Newcastle became Prime Minister (Whig). 1755 England and Ireland – The Portugal tsunami also hit Cornwall and Galway. 1756 Britain – 16 Nov-25 Jun 1757 – William th Cavendish, 4 Duke of Devonshire became Prime Minister (Whig). Britain – 2 Jul-26 May 1762 – Thomas PelhamHolles, Ist Duke of Newcastle became Prime Minister (Whig). 1757 Date Rest of World 1755 Persia – 7 June – Earthquake measuring 5.9Mw. Portugal – 1 Nov – Earthquake measuring 8.7Mw, epicentre in Lisbon, followed by tsunami. America – 18 Nov – Earthquake measuring 5.0Mw, epicentre in Boston, Massachusetts. 1757 Venice – Francesco Loredan elected doge. Prussia – Battle of Rossbach. 1758 Rome – 3 May – Pope Benedict XIV died. 6 Jul-2 Feb 1769 – Cardinal Carlo della Torre Rezzonico became Pope Clement XIII. Spain – Ferdinand VI died; his brother Charles III became king. Naples, Sicily and Spain – Charles V abdicates in favour of his son Ferdinand III, Charles takes the Spanish throne as Charles III. Eastern Mediterranean – 25 Nov – Earthquake measuring 7.4Mw. 1759 1760 Britain and Ireland – 25 October George II died, aged 76. United Kingdom - 25 October – 1820 George III became king. Page 181 Date York 1761 6 March Ann Richmond executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1 August Robert King executed at Tyburn Gallows. 19 August Edward, Duke of York, at York, stayed at Mansion House. -1776 Robert Hay Drummond, Archbishop of York. 8 January War formally declared in York against king of Spain. 18 March George Harger executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 Date Britain 1762 Britain – 26 May-8 Apr 1763 – John Stuart, 3 Earl of Bute became Prime Minister (Tory) 14 March William Bell executed at Tyburn Gallows. 30 July John Hall alias Bloom executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1 December A hurricane was experienced in York, weather vane and part of minster’s battlement blown down, several houses damaged. 31 March Charles Singleton Dorrington executed at Tyburn Gallows. 15 August Abraham Clayton executed at Tyburn Gallows. 31 March Joseph Hairee executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1763 6 March Thomas Taylor alias John Scott Abel Hobson and Isaac Turner executed at Tyburn Gallows. 18 August Edward, Duke of York, at York. 18 April Matthew Young and Richard Clark executed at Tyburn Gallows. 10 August Ann Sowerby executed at Tyburn Gallows. 17 October Thomas and Richard Boys executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1766 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1765 Date Rest of World rd 1762 Britain – 16 Apr-13 Jul 1765 – George Grenville became Prime Minister (Whig). 1763 Venice – Marco Foscarini elected doge. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Augustus III died. Russia – Empress Elizabeth died; Peter III succeeds him but soon abdicates, succeeded by Catherine II. Venice – Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo elected doge. Britain – 13 Jul-30Jul 1766 – Charles Watson nd Wentworth, 2 Marquess of Rockingham became Prime Minister (Whig). Britain – 30 Jul-14 Oct 1768 – William Pitt the Elder, Ist Earl of Chatham became Prime Minister (Whig). 1764 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Stanislaw II August Poniatoxski elected king and grand duke. 1765 Germany and Holy Roman Empire – Joseph II became king and emperor. 1766 Denmark and Norway – Christian VII became king. Trinidad and Tobago – 21 Oct – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Saint Joseph. 1767 Russia – Catherine the Great commissions a new code of law. Montenegro – Šćepan Mali claims to be Peter III and allowed to rule. Page 182 Date York Date Britain 1768 19 March Leonard Howson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 25 July Joseph Hall and Thomas Lee executed at Tyburn Gallows. 6 August Joseph Stell executed at Tyburn Gallows. 31 August King of Denmark visited York, stayed at Mr. Bluitt’s inn, Lendal. 3 April Valentine Bailey executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1768 Britain – 14 Oct-28 Jan 1770 – Augustus rd FitzRoy, 3 Duke of Grafton became Prime Minister (Whig). 1770 28 April David Hartley and James Oldfield executed at Tyburn Gallows. 23 August Michael Naylor executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1770 1771 18 March Luke Atkinson and John Wright executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1771 1772 21 March Thomas Lawrence and John Lazenby executed at Tyburn Gallows. 22 October French ambassador, Count de Guiges at York. 15 March William Fisher, John Early and John Homer executed at Tyburn Gallows. November Mr. Powell in York, for his wager of walking London to York and back in 6 days. 2 April George Belt executed at Tyburn Gallows. 25 July John Scott executed at Tyburn Gallows. 6 August Robert Thomas alias Thomis executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1772 1769 1773 1774 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Britain – 28 Jan-22 Mar 1782 – Frederick North, Lord North became Prime Minister (Tory). Date Rest of World 1769 Rome – 2 Feb – Pope Clement XIII died. 19 May-22 Sept 1774 – Cardinal Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli became Pope Clement XIV. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Stanislaw II August Poniatowski briefly dethroned and imprisoned by the Council of the Bar Confederation. Haiti – 3 June – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Port-au-Prince. Sweden – Gustav III became king. Japan – 4 April – Earthquake measuring 7.4Mw, epicentre near Yaeyama Islands, followed by tsunami. Liechtenstein – Josef Wenzel died; his nephew, Franz Josef I, became prince. 1770 1773 Montenegro – Šćepan Mali killed. Guatemala – 29 July – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw. 1774 France – Louis XV died; his grandson, Louis XVI, became king. Rome – 22 Sept – Pope Clement XIV died. Page 183 Date York 1775 30 March Captain John Bolton, William Bean, John Vickers and Matthew Normington executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 July George Bulmer and John Williamson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 19 August John Smith, Joseph Riddle and Francis Jefferson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 March Eliza Bordington and Thomas Akeman executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1776 1777 January A Press Gang was operating in York. 28 July James Rice alias Michael Rice executed at Tyburn Gallows. September Earthquake felt in York. -1807 William Markham, Archbishop of York. 1779 30 July Thomas Green alias England executed at Tyburn Gallows. Date 1777 Britain England - September The earthquake felt in York, was more seriously experienced in Leeds and Manchester. Date Rest of World 1775 Rome – 15 Feb-29 Aug 1799 – Cardinal Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi became Pope Pius VI. 1776 1777 America – 4 July – Declaration of Independence approved by Congress. 2 Aug – Declaration of Independence signed by 56 delegates of the Continental Congress. Portugal – Maria I became queen. 1778 1779 Venice – Paolo Renier elected doge. 1781 Holy Roman Empire – Joseph II became sole ruler. Iran – 28 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.4Mw. Liechtenstein – Alois I became prince. 1782 Montenegro – Peter I became prince-bishop. 1780 1781 1782 20 March William Meyers Esq executed at Tyburn Gallows. 7 April Joseph Linwood executed at Tyburn Gallows. Street names placed at respective street corners, for the first time in York. May York prepares for possible French, Spanish, Dutch invasion. 20 July Funeral and interment of the Marquis of Rockingham at Minster. 23 July Francis Feam, John Cockroft, John Wood and Thomas Greenwood executed at Tyburn Gallows. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1782 England - Rumours of invasion by France and Spain, assisted by Dutch, orders issued by government for a general association, to enable inhabitants to resist this invasion. Britain – 27 Mar-1 Jul – Charles Watsonnd Wentworth, 2 Marques of Rockingham became Prime Minister (Whig). nd 4 Jul-2 Apr 1783 – William Petty FitzMaurice, 2 Earl of Shelburne became Prime Minister (Whig). Page 184 Date York 1783 30 April Charles Colwell executed at Tyburn Gallows. June Mr. Powell in York, for another wager of walking London to York and back in 6 days. 23 August William Emmerson, William Field and John Riley executed at Tyburn Gallows. 22 March Lydia Dickinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 March John Stewart and Benjamin Wood executed at Tyburn Gallows. 3 August William Asquith alias Sparling and Thomas Knapton executed at Tyburn Gallows. Winter River Ouse frozen for 8 weeks, coal cost 26s – 30s per Chauldron due to land carriage. 2 April Joseph Clough and William Riley executed at Tyburn Gallows. 6 August John Beck, Charles Spencer, Robert Smithson and Matthew Mason executed at Tyburn Gallows. 8 April Robert Watson Jr and Joseph Hartley executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 April James Proctor alias William Smith executed at Tyburn Gallows. 19 August William Nicholson, John Charlesworth, James Braithwaite, William Sharp and William Bamford executed at Tyburn Gallows. 7 April Daniel Goldthorpe, William Bryan, Thomas West, John Thompson, John Morritt and Timothy O’Brien executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1784 1785 1786 1787 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date Britain 1783 Britain – 2 Apr-19 Dec – William Cavendishrd Bentinck, 3 Duke of Portland became Prime Minister (Whig). 19 Dec-14 Mar 1801 – William Pitt the Younger became Prime Minister (Tory). Date Rest of World 1783 Italy – 4-5 Mar – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Calabria. 1785 Germany – League of German Princes formed by Frederick the Great against Austria. Page 185 Date York 1788 February Meeting and petition drawn up, signed by 1800 citizens, for abolition of slavery. 5 April Eilijah and Joseph Pulleyn, Catherine Savage, Thomas Greenwood, David Lord, James Ashforth, John Easlewood and Joseph King executed at Tyburn Gallows. 23 March George Lockey executed at Tyburn Gallows. 11 April Robert Wilkinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 3 August John Barker and Hannah Whiteley executed at Tyburn Gallows. 17 April John Stevens, Thomas Lastley, George Moore, Edward Williams, John Gill alias Best and James Hartley executed at Tyburn Gallows. 14 August John Brigg, Robert Crammam, William Howson, James Ferguson and Henry Bell executed at Tyburn Gallows. August Mr. Powell in York, for another wager of walking London to York and back in 6 days. 9 April James Gould executed at Tyburn Gallows. 6 September John Monitor, John Bennet and Abraham Robertshaw executed at Tyburn Gallows. 26 March Elizabeth Elliot executed at Tyburn Gallows. 12 April Spence Boughton, John Lucas, Thomas Stearman, Thomas Crawshaw and Joseph Brierly executed at Tyburn Gallows. July Mr. Powell in York, for another wager of walking London to York and back in 6 days. 1789 1790 1791 1792 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date Britain Date Rest of World 1788 Spain – Charles IV became king. 1789 France – French Revolution starts. Venice – Ludovico Manin elected doge. America – 30 Apr-4 Mar 1797 – George Washington became President. 1790 Holy Roman Empire – Leopold II became emperor. 1791 France – Louis XVI and his family flee but are captures; he accepts new constitution. Japan – Earthquake and eruption of Fugen-dake volcano caused tsunami which hit Higo Province. 1792 France – Declared a republic; Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette beheaded. Sweden – Gustav III assassinated; Gustav IV Adolf became king. Holy Roman Emperor – Franz II became Holy Roman Emperor, archduke of Austria and king of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. Page 186 Date York Date Rest of World 1793 12 April William Atkinson, Richard Watson and Thomas Jewet executed at Tyburn Gallows. 9 August John Hoyland executed at Tyburn Gallows. 12 April William Waddington executed at Tyburn Gallows. 30 August Ann Scalbert and Thomas Kirk executed at Tyburn Gallows. Wheat shortage, York bought large quantity in Scotland. 30 March Charles Elliott executed at Tyburn Gallows. 25 April George Fawcett, William Brittain, Thomas Mann, William Brammam and William Jackson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 25 April Thomas Maclean, James Smith alias Freeman Sutcliffe and Thomas Burch executed at Tyburn Gallows. 18 July James Beaumont executed at Tyburn Gallows. 8 April Owen Pendegrass executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 August Robert Dyson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1793 France – Exiled French Royalists declare Louis XVII king. Monaco – Comes under French control. 1795 France – Louis XVII died uncrowned and a prisoner in the Temple prison; the Directoire rules France. Russia – Catherine the Great died; Paul I became emperor Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – The commonwealth ceases to exist. 1796 France and Italy – Napoleon Bonaparte conquers most of Italy. 1797 7 April Peter Buck, Robert Hollingworth and George Ledger executed at Tyburn Gallows. 18 August William Larkin executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1798 Venice – Napoleon invades; the doge is forced to abdicate. Venice incorporated into Kingdom of Italy, under French rule. Peru – 4 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.3Mw, epicentre in Quito, Ecuadoe & Cuzco. Indonesia – 10 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, epicentre in Sumatra. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1801 – John Adams became President (Federalist). Rome – French occupy Rome, creating a Roman Republic. Pope imprisoned after refusing to renounce his temporal authority. 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date Britain Page 187 Date York 1799 15 July Richard Clegg executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1800 17 March Mary Thorp and Michael Simpson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 12 April John McWilliam, Sarah Bayley and William Dalrymple executed at Tyburn Gallows. 23 August Elizabeth Johnson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1800 United Kingdom – Act of Union formally unites Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom. 1800 1801 11 April Samuel Lundy executed at Tyburn Gallows. 2 May James Doughty, Richard Holliday, Edward Tattersall, George Sedgwick and Thomas Hodgson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 August Edward Hughes executed at Tyburn Gallows. 26 August James Roberts, Wiliam Barker and William Jackson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1801 United Kingdom – 17 Mar-10 May 1804 – Henry Addington became Prime Minister (Tory). 1801 1802 1803 14 March John Terry and Joseph Heald executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 2 April Robert Burgess executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1 August Martha Chapel executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 20 August John Mansfield executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date Britain Date Rest of World 1799 France and Italy – Coalition formed of Britain, Austria, Russia, Portugal and Ottoman Empire against French. Napoleon became First Consul. French driven out of Italy. Rome – 29 Aug – Pope Pius VI died in captivity in Valance, France. Naples and Sicily – Kingdom abolished, replaced for 6 months by Parthenopaean Republic; Ferdinand restored to throne. Etruria – Napoleon dispossesses Ferdinand, grand duke of Tuscany, creates kingdom of Etruria; crown prince of Parma crowned Louis I. Rome – 14 Mar-20 Aug 1823 – Cardinal Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti became Pope Pius VII. Holy Roman Empire – collapses with Treaty of Lunéville between France and Austria. America – 22 Nov – Earthquake measuring 6.5Mw, epicentre in San Diego, California. Russia – Emperor Paul I assassinated; Alexander I became emperor. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1809 – Thomas Jefferson became President (Democratic-Republican). 1802 1803 France – Napoleon Bonaprte created ‘First Consul for Life’. Romania – 26 Oct – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Vrancea region. Etruria – Louis II became king. Page 188 Date York Date Britain 1804 14 April Joseph Waller executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 9 August Jonathan Ellis executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 18 March John Wilkinson and Ann Heywood executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 29 May Benjamin Aldroyd executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1804 United Kingdom – 10 May-23 Jan 1806 – William Pitt the Younger became Prime Minister (Tory). 1806 5 April George Ormond executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 6 May Peter Atkinson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 16 August Thomas Richardson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1806 United Kingdom – 11 Feb-31 Mar 1807 – William Wyndham Grenville, Ist Lord Grenville became Prime Minister (Whig)’ 1806 1807 -1847 Edward Venables Vernon (Harcourt), Archbishop of York. 5 April Thomas Jewett executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 8 August Samuel Paramar and John Robinson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 28 March Thomas Allington executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 20 April Thomas Wilbe, William Barber, James Winterbotham and Edward Strahan executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1807 United Kingdom – 31 Mar-4 Oct 1809 – William rd Cavendish-Bentinck, 3 Duke of Portland became Prime Minister (Tory). 1807 1805 1808 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date Rest of World 1804 France – Napoleon crowned emperor. Austrian Empire – Founded by Archduke Franz, he became Emperor Franz I. 1805 Bavaria – Became a kingdom with Treaty of Pressburg, Maximillian I became king. Liechenstein – Prince Alois I died; his brother Johann I Josef became prince. Italy – Napoleon takes control of most of the north of the country; became king. Netherlands – Louis Bonaparte named king of Holland. Liechtenstein – Napoleon incorporates into Confederation of the Rhine, makes it a sovereign state. Württemberg – Became a kingdom; Duke Frederick II assumes title of King Frederick I. Austrian Empire and Holy Roman Empire – Emperor Franz II dissolves Holy Roman Empire. Naples and Sicily – Napoleon deposes Ferdinand, replacing him with Joseph Boneparte. Westphalia – Kingdom created by Napoleon;Jérȏme Bonaparte named king. 1808 Spain and Portugal – Charles abdicates in favour of his son Ferdinand VII. Rome – Pope Pius VII taken prisoner by French. Denmark and Norway – Christian VII died; Frederick VI succeeds him. Etruria – Kingdom revoked by Napoleon; restores Grand Duchy of Tuscany ehich he gives to his sister Elizabeth. Naples and Sicily – Joachim I became king. Page 189 Date York 1809 20 March James Brown and Mary Bateman executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 9 April Jonathan Graham executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 20 August David Anderson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 7 April Edward Francis Spence, Robert King, Robert Vessey and Frances Thompson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 14 July Joshua Beaumont executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1810 Date Britain Date Rest of World 1809 United Kingdom – 4 Oct-11 May 1812 - became Prime MinisterSpencer Perceval became Prime Minister (Tory). 1809 Sweden – Military coup ousts Gustav IV Adolf; Charles XIII became king. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1817 – James Madison became President (Democratic-Republican). 1810 United Kingdom – George III declared insane; George, Prince of Wales became regent. 1810 Netherlands – Louis Napoleon forced to abdicateto hs son Louis II, aged 5; Napoleon invades and dissolves kingdom; became part of French Empire. Sweden – Jean-Baptiste Bernadote became king Charles XIV John. Crete – 16 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Heraklion. Portugal – French driven out. America – 16 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.1Mw, epicentre in New Madrid, Missouri. America – 23 Jan – Earthquake measuring 7.8Mw, epicentre in New Madrid, Missouri. 7 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, epicentre in New Madrid, Missouri. 8 Dec – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Wrightwood, California. 21 Dec – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Santa Barbara Channel, California. France – Napoleon defeated in Battle of the Nations at Leipzig; allied forces enter Paris. Spain – French driven out by Wellington; Ferdinand II became king. Westphalia – Ceases to exist after Battle of the Nations. 1811 1812 6 April William Chester executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1813 8 January Luddites George Mellor, Thomas Smith and William Thorpe executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 16 January Luddites John Swallow, John Balley, Joseph Fisher, Job Hey, John Hill, William Hartley, James Hey, Joseph Crowther, Matthew Boyle, James Haigh, Jonathan Dean, John Ogden, John Walker and Thomas Brook executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 3 April John Senior, Henry Sutcliffe, John Robinson, John James and Robert Turner executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1812 United Kingdom – 8 Jun-9 Apr 1827 – Robert nd Banks Jenkinson, 2 Earl of Liverpool (Whig). 1812 1813 Page 190 Date 1815 York 8 April Joseph Blackburn executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 5 August George White and Mark Bramah executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date Britain Date Rest of World 1814 France – Napoleon abdicates, exiled to Elba; Louis CVIII became king. Lombardy – Kingdom formed; Franz I became king. Tuscany – Grand Duke Ferdinand restored. Rome – Pope Pius VI freed by allied forces and returns to Rome. Norway and Sweden – Christian VIII of Denmark elected regent, he abdicates; Norway forms union with Sweden; Charles III of Sweden elected Karl II. Hanover – Became kingdom following Treaty of Vienna; GeorgeIII of UK became king. Liechtenstein – Johann I Josef restored as prince. France – Hundres Days War – Napoleon escapes from Elba, marches to Paris; defeated at Battle of Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena. 22 June-7 July – Napoleon II became emperor, aged 4. 8 July – Louis XVIII restored as king. United Kingdom of the Netherlands – formerly unites Belgium and Holland. Monaco – Became protectorate o Kingdom of Sardinia; Honoré V became sovereign prince. Portugal, Brazil and Algarve – Exiled in Brazil, Queen Maria I elevates Brazil to status of kingdom; she is proclaimed queen of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve. Prussia – Frederick William II restored as king. Württemberg – Joins German Confederation. Netherlands – Prince William of Orange became William I. Luxembourg – William I of Netherland became grand duke. Austria – Franz I restored as emperor. Naples and Sicily – Ferdinand III restored to throne. Serbia – Serbs revolt agains Turkish rule; Milosh Obrenovich became prince. Grand Duchy of Posen – Frederick William III became grand duke. 1815 Page 191 Date York 1816 A Provident Institution (Savings Bank) established in York by John Dales and S.W. Nicoll, at corner of New Street. 6 April James Ord executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 17 March Michael Pickles executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 12 April Dr. Diering and Benjamin Gartside executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 7 July William King executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 13 August Isaac Bradshaw executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 4 April Samuel Leatherhead executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 15 May Joseph Clayton, Samuel King and Samuel Booth executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 12 August Joseph Pickersgill, Charles Puncheon, William Kettlewell and Thomas Smith executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 19 March William Thompson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 14 April Michael Shaw executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 30 August Ann Barber executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1 September George Smith, James Butterworth, James Bennet, William Buck and James Law executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 6 April James Moseley and William Roberts executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date 1820 Britain United Kingdom – 29 January George III died, aged 81. 29 January – 1830 George IV became king. Date Rest of World 1816 Portugal – João VI became king. Württemberg – William I became king. Naples and Sicily – merged into the Kingdom of the two Sicilies; Ferdinand I became king. 1817 America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1825 – James Monroe became President (Democratic-Republican). 1818 Sweden and Norway – Charles XIII died; JeanBaptiste Bernadotte, king of Sweden became King Karl III Johann of Norway. 1820 Hanover – George IV of UK became king. 1821 France – Napoleon Bonaparte died on St. Helena. Greece – Start of The Greek War of Independence against Turkish rule. Page 192 Date York Date Rest of World 1823 24 March William Johnson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 12 April James Ramsden and Robert Gell executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1823 1824 30 November Morsire Camfield and Michael White executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 23 April Richard Holderness executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 13 August Isaac Charlesworth executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1824 Spain – Revolution fails. Rome – 20 Aug – Pope Pius VII died. 28 Sept-10 Feb 1829 – Cardinal Count Annibale Sermattei della Genga became Pope Leo XII. America – 2 June – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Kilauea, Hawaii. France – Charles X became king. 22 April Peter Little and Joseph Lee alias Lees executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 17 July Leonard Wilkinson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1826 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 Date 1825 1827 2 April William and John Dyon executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 26 April John Merton, Matthew Harrison and John Coates alias Wilkinson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 30 March Martin Slack executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Britain 1828 United Kingdom – 10 Apr-8 Aug – George Canning became Prime Minister (Tory). 31 Aug-21 Jan 1828 – Frederick John Robinson, Ist Viscount Goderich became Prime Minister (Tory). United Kingdom – 22 Jan-16 Nov 1830 – Arthur st Wellesley, 1 Duke of Wellington became Prime Minister (Tory). Bavaria – Ludwig I became king. Russia – Alexander I died; Nicholas I became emperor. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – Francis I The Bourbon became king. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1829 – John Quincy Adams became President (DemocraticRepublican). Portugal – João VI died; Pedro IV became king who si forced to abdicate; his daughter Maria II became queen, aged 7, her uncle, Miguel, acts as regent. 1827 1828 Portugal – Miguel deposes Maria II and proclaims himself king. 1829 Rome – 10 Feb – Pope XII died. 31 Mar-1 Dec 1830 – Cardinal Francesco Saverio Castiglioni became Pope Pius VIII. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1837 – Andrew Jackson became President (Democratic). Page 193 Date York 1830 5 April William Shaw executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 2 August Joseph Slater executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1831 5 October Charles Turner and James Twibell executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1831 1832 18 October William Hodkin executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 30 March Mary Hunter, Ebenezer Wright and Thomas Law executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1832 1833 Date Britain 1830 United Kingdom – 26 June George IV died, aged 67. 26 June-1837 William IV became king. nd 22 Nov-9 Jul 1834 – Charles Grey, 2 Earl Grey became Prime Minister (Whig). Rest of World 1830 Hanover – William IV of UK became king. France – Charles X abdicates in favour of his grandson, Henri V for 7 days; Louis-Philippe Duc d’Orleans became king. Belgium, Poland, Italy and Germany – Experience Revolutions. Kingdoms of the Two Sicilies – Ferdinand II became king. Greece – Gain independence from Ottomans. Montenegro – Petar II became prince-bishop. Rome – 1 Dec – Pope Pius VIII died. Belgium – Leopold I became king. Portugal – Pedro forces Miguel to abdicate; Maria II restored to throne. Rome – 2 Feb-1 Jun 1846 – Cardinal Bartolomeo Alberto Cappelari became Pope Gregory XVI. Greece – Otto I became king of the Hellenes. 1833 1834 26 April Charles Cooke, Thomas Rogers and Thomas Morris executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1834 1835 6 April Ursula Lofthouse, Joseph Heeley and William Allot executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1835 1836 2 April Charles Batty executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Date United Kingdom – 16 Jul-14 Nov – William nd Lamb, 2 Viscount Melbourne became Prime Minister (Whig). st 14 Nov-10 Dec – Arthur Wellesley, 1 Duke of Wellington became Prime Minister (Tory). 10 Dec-8 Apr 1835 – Sir Robert Peel became Prime Minister (Conservative). United Kingdom – 18 Apr-30 Aug 1841 – nd William Lamb, 2 Viscount Melbourne became Prime Minister (Whig). 1834 1835 1836 Spain – Isabella II became queen, aged 3. Indonesia – 25 Nov – Earthquake measuring 8.8 – 9.0Mw, epicentre in Sumatra, followed by tsunami. -1839 Spain – Civil War (Carlist Wars) Austrian Empire – Ferdinand became emperor. Lomabardy – Emperor Ferdinand became king. Greece – Otto I takes personal control of the government. Portugal – Maria II marries Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg. Liechtenstein – Alois II became prince. America – 10 June – Earthquake measuring 6.5Mw, epicentre in San Francisco Bay, California. Page 194 Date York 1837 12 August Thomas Williams executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. Date Britain 1837 United Kingdom – 20 June William IV died, aged 71. 20 June – 1901 Victoria became queen, aged 18. Date Rest of World 1837 Hanover – Separated from UK; Ernest-Augustus became king. Israel – 1 Jan – Earthquake measuring >7.0Mw, epicentre in Galilee. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1841 – Martin Van Buren became President (Democratic). America – June – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in San Francisco Peninsula, California. Denmark – Christian VIII became king. 1838 1839 1840 6 April Thomas Musgrave executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 11 April James Bradley executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1841 7 August John Burlinson, Charles Gill and Henry Nuttall executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1842 9 April Jonathan Taylor and Robert Nall executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1839 1840 United Kingdom – Queen Victoria marries Prince Alber of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. 1840 1841 United Kingdom – 30 Aug-29 Jun 1846 - Sir Robert Peel became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1841 1842 1843 1844 20 January Joseph Dobson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 28 December William Kendrew executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1844 1845 1846 8 August John Rodda executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1847 -1860 Thomas Musgrave, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Luxembourg – Grand Duke William abdicates; William II of the Netherlands succeeds him. Grand Duchy of Posen – Frederick William IV, king of Prussia, became grand duke. Monaco – Florestan I became sovereign prince. America – 4 Mar-4 Apr – William Henry Harrison became President (Whig). 4 Apr-4 Mar 1845 – John Tyler became President (Whig). 1846 United Kingdom – 30 Jun-21 Feb 1852 – Lord John Russell became Prime Minister (Whig) 1846 1847 America – 5 Jan – Earthquake measuring 6.3Mw, epicentre in Marked Tree, Arkansas. New Zealand – 8 Jul – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Wanganui. Sweden and Norway – Oscar I became king. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1849 – James K Polk became President (Democratic). Rome – 1 Jun – Pope Gregory XVI died. 16 Jun-7 Feb 1878 – Cardinal Count Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti became Pope Pius IX. Japan – 8 May – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, epicentre in Chūbu region. Page 195 Date York Date Rest of World 1848 8 January Patrick Reid executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 13 May Michael Stokes executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. Date Britain 1848 1849 6 January Thomas Malkin executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 31 March George Howe executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1849 1850 17 August William Ross executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1850 Europe – Revolutions in Milan, Naples, Venice and Rome, Berlin, Vienna, Prague and Budapest. France – Louis Pillipe abdicates; Louis Napoleon became president. Germany – Frankfurt National Assembly meets gto discuss unification of Germany. Bavaria – Ludwig I abdicates; Maximilliam II became king. Austrian Empire – Emperor Ferdinand abdicates in favour of his nephew Franz-Joseph. Lombardy – Franz-Joseph became king. Rome – Pope Pius IX flees during rebellion and rioting. Denmark – Frederick VII became king. Kingdom of the Sicilies – Franz-Jposeph became king. New Zealand – 16 Oct – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Marlborough. Italy and Hungary – Revolutions crushed. Grand Duchy of Posen – Territory reduced to a province. Russia – William III became grand duke. America – 4 Mar-9 Jul 1850 – Zachary Taylor became President (Whig). America – 9 Jul-4 Mar 1853 – Millard Fillmore became President (Whig). Hanover – George V became king. Montenegro – Became a lay-principality; Danilo II became prince. France – Napoleon III stages a coup, declares the Second Empire, with him as emperor. 1851 1852 1853 15 January Alfred Waddington and James Barber executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 9 April Henry Dobson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline United Kingdom – 23 Feb-17 Dec – Edward th Smith-Stanley, 14 Earl of Derby became Prime Minister (Conservative). 19 Dec-30 Jan 1855 – George Hamilton-Gordon, th 4 Earl of Aberdeen became Prime Minister (Whig). 1852 1853 Portugal – Maria II died; Pedro V became king, aged 15, Ferdinand II acts as regent. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1857 – Franklin Pierce became President (Democratic). Page 196 Date York Date 1855 1856 Britain United Kingdom – 6 Feb-19Feb 1858 – Henry rd John Temple, 3 Viscount Palmerston became Prime Minister (Whig). 9 August William Dove executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 27 December John Hannah executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. Date Rest of World 1854 Spain – Liberal revolution overthrows government. Japan – 23 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, epicentre in Honshu. Japan – 24 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, epicentre in Honshu. Russia – Emperor Nicholas I died; Alexander II succeeds him. New Zealand – 23 Jan – Earthquake measuring 8.2Mw, epicentre in Wairarapa Japan – 11 Nov – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Tokyo, followed by tsunami. Monaco – Florestan I died; Charles III became sovereign prince. 1855 1856 1857 1858 3 April Joseph Shepherd executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1858 1859 6 August John Riley executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 31 December Charles Normington executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. -1862 Charles Thomas Longley, Archbishop of York. 1859 1860 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline United Kingdom – 20 Feb-11 Jun th Edward Smith-Stanley, 14 Earl of Derby Prime Minister (Conservative). United Kingdom – 12 Jun-18 Oct 1865 rd John Temple, 3 Viscount Palmerston Prime Minister (Liberal). 1859 – became 1858 – Henry became 1859 1860 America – 9 Jan – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Fort Tejon, California. Italy – 16 Dec – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Naples. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1861 – James Buchanan became President (Democratic). Liechtenstein – Johann II the God became prince Sweden and Norway – Charles XV became king of Sweden and Karl IV of Norway. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – Ferdinand II died; Francis II became king. Montenegro – Danilo II assassinated; Nikola I Mirkov Petrović Njegoš became prince. Page 197 Date York Date 1861 1862 Britain United Kingdom – Prince Albert died. -1890 William Thomson, Archbishop of York. 4 January James Waller executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. Date Rest of World 1861 Monaco – Independent principality status recognized by France in Franco-Monegasque Treaty. Portugal – Pedro V died in cholera epidemic; his brother Luis I became king. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – Merged into the Kingdom of Italy. Italy – Vittorio-Emanuele II become king. Russia – Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom. Indonesia – 16 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.5Mw, epicentre in Sumatra. America – 4 Mar-15 Apr – Abraham Lincoln became President (Republican). Württemberg – William I died, aged 83; Charles became king. Greece – Otto I flees, faced with revolution; George I elected king, aged 17. Denmark – Christian IX became king. Poland – Rebels unsuccessfully against Russian rule. New Zealand – 23 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Hawke’s Bay Bavaria – Ludwuig II became king. 1862 1863 1865 United Kingdom – 29 Oct-26 Jun 1866 – John Russell, Ist Earl Russell became Prime Minister (Liberal). 1866 United Kingdom – 28 Jun-25 Feb 1868 – th Edward Smith-Stanley, 14 Earl of Derby became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1864 1865 1866 1867 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Belgium – Leopold II became king. America – 8 Oct – Earthquake measuring 6.5Mw, epicentre in San Jose, California. America – 15 Apr-4 Mar 1869 – Andrew Johnson became President (Democratic). Germany – George V goes into exile in Paris. Romania – Alexander Ioan Cuza forced to abdicate; Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen elected dominator as Carol I. Austria and Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Compromise formed following Hungary’s dissatifaction with Austrian rule. Page 198 Date York 1868 4 April Frederick Parker executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. Date Britain 1868 United Kingdom – 27 Feb-1 Dec – Benjamin Disraeli became Prime Minister (Conservative). 3 Dec-17 Feb 1874 – William Ewart Gladstone became Prime Minister (Liberal). Date Rest of World 1868 Spain – Queen Isabella deposed by revolution. America – 3 Apr – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Kau, Hawaii, followed by tsunami. Chile – 19 Aug – Earthquake measuring 9.0Mw, epicentre in Arica, followed by tsunami. New Zealand – 19 Oct – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Cape Farewell. America – 21 Oct – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Hayward, California. Württenberg – Absorbed by German Empire. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1877 – Ulysses S Grant became President (Republican). France and Prussia – Franco-Prussian War; Prussians besiege Paris; Napoleon III deposed. Spain – Amadeo elaected king. Rome – Papal States annexed by Kingdom of Italy Germany – Prussian King William I became emperor. America – 20 Feb – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Molokai, Hawaii. Sweden and Norway – Oscar II became king. America – 26 Mar– Earthquake measuring 7.6Mw, epicentre in Owens Valley, California. America – 15 Dec – Earthquake measuring 7.3Mw, epicentre in North Cascades, Washington. Spain – King Amadeo abdicates; a republic is declared. America – 23 Nov – Earthquake measuring 7.3Mw, epicentre in California - Oregon. Spain – Monarchy restored; Alfonso XII became king. 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 United Kingdom – 20 Feb-21 Apr 1880 – Benjamin Disraeli became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1876 United Kingdom – Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India 1874 1875 1876 1877 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline India - Queen Victoria of UK, proclaimed Empress. Romania – Carol I leads troops in Russo-Turkish War Chile – 10 May – Earthquake measuring 8.8Mw, epicentre in Iquique. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1881 – Rutherford B Hayes became President (Republican). Page 199 Date York Date 1880 Britain United Kingdom – 23 Apr-9 Jun 1885 – William Ewart Gladstone became Prime Minister (Liberal). Date Rest of World 1878 Rome – 7 Feb – Pope Pius IX died. 20 Frb-20 Jul 1903 – Cardinal Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci became Pope Leo XIII. Italy – Umberto I became king. Bulgaria – Pricipality created in Treaty of Berlin. Romania – Gains independence form Ottoman Empire. 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1885 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline United Kingdom – 23 Jun-28 Jan 1886 – Robert rd Gascoyne-Cecil, 3 Marquess of Salisbury became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1884 1885 Croatia – 9 Sept – Earthquake measuring 6.2Mw, epicentre in Zagreb. Romania – Principality became a sovereign kingdom; Carol I crowned king. Bulgaria – Prince Alexander assumes absolute power. Russia – Tsar Alexander II assassinated; Alexander III succeeds him. Turkey – 3 Apr – Earthquake measuring 6.5Mw, epicentre in Chios Island. India – 31 Dec – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. America – 4 Mar-19 Sept – James A Garfield became President (Republican). 19 Sept-4 Mar 1885 – Chester A Arthur became President (Republican). Indonesia – 26-27 Aug – Volcano eruption of Krakatoa followed by tsunami, hitting Java and Sumatra. Spain – Alfonso XII died; his pregnant wife, Maria Christina, became a ‘child bearing regent’. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1889 – Grover Cleveland became President (Democratic). Page 200 Date York Date Britain 1886 United Kingdom – 1 Feb-20 Jul 1886 – William Ewart Gladstone became Prime Minister (Liberal). rd 25 Jul-11 Aug 1892 - Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3 Marquess of Salisbury became Prime Minister (Conservative). Date Rest of World 1886 Spain – Alfonso XIII born as king. Bavaria – Ludwig II abdicates and drowns himself; his brother, Otto, became king with his uncle, Prince Luitpold, acting as regent. Austria-Hungary – Crown Prince Rudolf and his mistress, Baroness Mary Vetsara, die in an apparent suicide pact. Bulgaria – Prince Alexander abdicates. America – 31 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.3Mw, epicentre in Charleston, South Carolina. Bulgaria – Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg elected prince. Germany – William II became Kaiser (emperor). New Zealand – 1 Sept – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in North Canterbury Monaco – Albert I became sovereign prince. Portugal – Carlos I became king. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1893 – Benjamin Harrison became President (Republican). Luxembourg – Grand Duke William III died; Adolphe succeeds him, aged 73. America – 24 Apr – Earthquake measuring 6.3Mw, epicentre in Corralitos, California. Portugal – Portuguese Republican Revolution. Württemberg – William II became king. Japan – 27 Oct – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, epicentre in Tōkai region. America – 19 Apr – Earthquake measuring 6.4Mw, epicentre in Vacaville, California. America – 21 Apr – Earthquake measuring 6.4Mw, epicentre in Winters, California. New Zealand – 12 Feb – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Nelson. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1897 – Grover Cleveland became President (Democratic). Russia – Alexander III died; Nicholas II became tsar. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 William Connor Magee, Archbishop of York. -1908 William Dalrymple Maclagan, Archbishop of York. 1891 1892 United Kingdom – 15 Aug-2 Mar 1894 – William Ewart Gladstone became Prime Minister (Liberal). 1892 1893 1894 1895 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline United Kingdom – 5 Mar-22 Jun 1895 – th Archibald Primrose, 5 Earl of Rosebery became Prime Minister (Liberal). United Kingdom – 25 Jun-11 Jul 1902 – Robert rd Gascoyne-Cecil, 3 Marquess of Salisbury became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1894 1895 America – 31 Oct – Earthquake measuring 6.6Mw, epicentre in Charleston, Missouri. Page 201 Date York Date 1897 Britain United Kingdom – Queen Victoria celebrates her Diamond Jubilee. Date Rest of World 1896 Greece – 6 Apr-15 Apr – Olympic Games held in Athens (I Summer). Japan – 15 June – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, epicentre off Pacific Coast of Sanriku, followed by tsunami. India – 15 April – Earthquake measuring 8.3Mw, epicentre in Assam. America – 4 Mar-14 Sept 1901 – William McKinley became President (Republican) 20 June – Earthquake measuring 6.3Mw, epicentre in Calaveras Fault, California. Austria-Hungary – Emporess Elisabeth assassinated. America – 31 March – Earthquake measuring 6.3Mw, epicentre in Mare Island, California. America – 15 April – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Menocino County, California. America – 4 Sept – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Cape Yakataga, Alaska. America – 10 Sept – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, epicentre in Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Italy –Umerto I assassinated; Vittorio Emanuele III became king. France – 14 May-28 Oct – Olympic Games held in Paris (II Summer). America – 9 Oct – Earthquake measuring 7.7Mw, epicentre in Kodiac Island, Alaska. France – Church and State begin to separate. Russia – Russian Social Revolutionary Party (Bolsheviks) formed. New Zealand – 16 Nov – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Cheviot. America – 14 Sept- 4 Mar 1909 – Theodore Roosevelt became President (Republican). 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 United Kingdom – 22 January Victoria died, aged 81. 22 January – 1910 Edward VII became king. 1901 1902 United Kingdom – 11 Jul-5 Dec 1905 – Arthur Balfour became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1902 1903 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Serbia – King Alexander assassinated; Peter I succeeds him. Rome – 20 Jul – Pope Leo XIII died. 4 Aug-20 Aug 1914 – Cardinal Giuseppe Melchoirre Sarto became Pope Pius X. Page 202 Date York Date 1905 Britain United Kingdom – 5 Dec-7 Apr 1908 – Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman became Prime Minister (Liberal). Date Rest of World 1904 America – 1 Jul-23 Nov – Olympic Games held in St. Louis (III Summer). Luxembourg – William IV became grand duke. Sweden and Norway – Sweden recognizes Norway as independent constitutional monarchy; Haakon VII became king of Norway. Denmark – Frederick VIII became king. Greece – 22 Apr-2 May – International Games held in Athens. Sweden – Gustav V became king. 1905 1906 1908 1909 United Kingdom – 7 Apr-25 May 1915 – Herbert Henry Asquith became Prime Minister (Liberal). 27 Apr-31 Oct – Olympic Games held in London (IV Summer). -1928 Cosmo Gordon Lang, Archbishop of York. 1907 1908 1909 1910 United Kingdom – 6 May Edward VII died, aged 68 6 May – 1936 George V became king. 1910 1911 1912 1913 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Portugal – Carlos I assassinated; Manuel II became king. Austria-Hungary – Annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bulgaria – Declares independence from Turkey; Prince Ferdinand I became tsar. Greece – Crete unifies with Greece. Italy – 28 Oct – Earthquake, epicentre in Messina, followed by tsunami. Belgium – Albert I became king. American – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1913 – William Howard Taft became President (Republican). Portugal – Revolution breaks out; Manuel II flees. Montenegro – Prince Nikola I assumes title of king. Portugal – Monarchy abolished a republic declared. Luxembourg – Marie-Adélaïde became grand duchess. Denmark – Christian X became king. Sweden – 5 May-22 Jul – Olympic Games held in Stockholm. (V Summer). Bavaria – Ludwig III became king, having deposed Otto. Greece – George I assassinated; Constantine I became king. Albania – William of Wied became sovereign. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1921 – Woodrow Wilson became President (Democratic). Page 203 Date York Date Date Rest of World 1914 -1918 United Kingdom – First World War 1914 -1918 – First World War. Austria-Hungary – Archduke Franz Ferdinand assinated. Rome – 20 Aug – Pope Pius X died. 3 Sept-22 Jan 1922 – Cardinal Giacomo Della Chiesa became Pope Benedict XV. Albania – Prince William goes into exile. 1915 United Kingdom – 25 May-7 Dec 1916 - Herbert Henry Asquith became Prime Minister (Liberal). United Kingdom – 7 Dec-19 Oct 1922 – David Lloyd George became Prime Minister (Liberal). 1915 United Kingdom – George V changes the royal name from Saxe-Coburg to Windsor. 1917 1916 1917 Britain 1916 1918 1919 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Romania – King Carol I died; Ferdinand I succeeded him. Germany – Olympic Games scheduled to be held in Berlin, cancelled due to WWI (VI Summer). Montenegro – Royal family flees to Italy. Greece – Constantine I forced to abdicate in favour of his son Alexander I. Russia – Tsar Nicholas III forced to abdicate and imprisoned by Bolsheviks. Germany – Revolution breaks out; William II abdicates; a republic is declared. Bavaria – Ludwig III deposed. Württemberg – William II deposed by revolution. Austria-Hungary – Archduke Karl I steps down but does not abdicate. Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia – Peter I returns from exile to be elected king; Crown Prince Alexander acts as regent. Montenegro – King Nikola I goes into exile in France. Bulgaria – Tsar Ferdinand I abdicates; his son, Boris III succeeds him Russia – 17 July – Tsar Nicholas and his family executed by Bolsheviks. Luxembourg – Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde abdicates and enters a convent; her sister Charlotte succeeds her. Germany – Adopts the Weimar Constitution. Austria-Hungary – Treaty of St. Germain ends Habsburg monarchy; Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia and Hungary gain independence. Page 204 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1920 Greece – Alexander I died; Constantine I reinstated as king. Belgium – 20 Apr-12 Sept – Olympic Games held in Antwerp (VII Summer). Bavaria – Former King Ludwig died in exile. Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia – Alexander II became king. Montenegro – Former King Nikola I died in exile. America – 4 Mar-2 Aug 1923 – Warren G Harding became President (Republican). Monaco – Louis II became sovereign prince. Rome – 22 Jan – Pope Benedict XV died. 6 Feb-10 Jan 1939 – Cardinal Achille Ambrogio Damiano Ratti became Pope Pius XI. Romania - Ferdinand I crowned king. Greece – Constantine I abdicates again, hies eldest son became George II. Spain – General Primo de Rivera became dictator. Greece – George II goes into exile in Romania, following a coup. Japan – 1 Sept – Earthquake, epicentre in Tokyo and Yokohama, followed by tsunami. America – 2 Aug-4 Mar 1829 – Calvin Coolridge became President (Republican). Greece – George II officially deposed and stripped of his Greek nationality. Russia – Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich became head of the imperial family; he spends his exile in France. France – 25 Jan-4 Feb – Olympic Games held in Chamonix (I Winter). 4 May-27 Jul – Olympic Games held in Paris (VIII Summer). 1921 1922 United Kingdom – 23 Oct-20 May 1923 – Andrew Bonar Law became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1922 1923 United Kingdom – 23 May-16 Jan 1924 – Stanley Baldwin became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1923 1924 United Kingdom – 22 Jan-4 Nov – Ramsey MacDonald became Prime Minister (Labour). 4 Nov-5 Jun 1929 – Stanley Baldwin became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1924 1925 1926 1927 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Romania – Michael I became king, aged 6; a regent acts on his behalf. Page 205 Date York 1928 -1942 William Temple, Archbishop of York. Date 1929 1931 Britain United Kingdom – 5 Jun-24 Aug 1931 – Ramsey MacDonald became Prime Minister (Labour). United Kingdom – Statute of Westminster makes dominions of the British Empire self-governing. 24 Aug-7 Jun 1935 – Ramsey MacDonald became Prime Minister (Labour) Date Rest of World 1928 Albania – Ahmed Bey Zogu became king. Switzerland – 11 Feb-19 Feb – Olympic Games held in St. Moritz (II Winter). Netherlands – 17 May-12 Aug – Olympic Games held in Amsterdam (IX Summer). Rome – The State of the Vatican City is created. Liechtenstein – Johann II the Good died; his brother Franz I became prince. Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia – King Alexander introduces a personal dictatorship, changes name of country to Kingdom of Yugoslavia. New Zealand – 9 Mar – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in Arthur’s Pass 17 Jun – Earthquake measuring 7.8Mw, epicentre in Murchison. Newfoundland – 18 Nov – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, followed by tsunami. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1933 – Herbert Hoover became President (Republican). 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Romania – Carol II became king. Spain – Second Spanish Republic declared; King Alfonso XIII leaves country but refuses to abdicate. New Zealand – 3 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Hawke’s Bay New Zealand – 13 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.3Mw, epicentre in Hawke’s Bay Portugal – Former King Manuel II died in exile. America – 4 Feb-15 Feb - Olympic Games held in Lake Placid (III Winter). 30 Jul-14 Aug - Olympic Games held in Los Angeles (X Summer). Japan – 3 Mar – Earthquake measuring 8.1Mw, followed by tsunami. America – 4 Mar-12 Apr 1945 – Franklin D Roosevelt became President (Democratic). Page 206 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1934 Belgium – King Albert I died; Leopold III succeeds him. Yogoslavia – Alexander I assassinated; Peter II became king, aged 11. Bulgaria – A coup establishes a dictatorship. New Zealand – 5 Mar – Earthquake measuring 7.6Mw, epicentre in Pahiatua Greece – George II restored to throne Bulgaria – Boris II stages a counter-coup and regains control, introducing a form of parliamentary rule. -1939 Spain – Spanish Civil War. Germany – 6 Feb-16 Feb - Olympic Games held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (IV Winter). 1 Aug-16 Aug - Olympic Games held in Berlin (XI Summer). 1935 United Kingdom – 7 Jun-28 May 1937 – Stanley Baldwin became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1935 1936 United Kingdom – 20 January George V died, aged 70 20 Jan – Edward VIII became king. 11 Dec – Edward VIII abdicated. 11 Dec-1952 – George VI became king. United Kingdom – 28 May-3 Sept 1939 – Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1936 1937 1937 1938 1939 -1945 United Kingdom – World War II 3 Sept-10 May 1940 – Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1939 1940 United Kingdom – 10 May-23 May 1945 – Winston Churchill became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1940 1941 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Liechtenstein – Franz I abdicates; Franz Josef II became prince. Russia – Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich claims role of head of imperial family. -1945 – World War II Rome – 10 Feb – Pope Pius XI died. 2 Mar-9 Oct 1958 – Cardinal Eugenio Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli became Pope Pius XIII. Albania – King Zog goes into exile; Vitorio Emanuele III became king. Romania – King Carol II forced to abdicate and goes into exile; his son Michael restored to throne, aged 18. Japan – Olympic Games scheduled to be held in Sapporo, cancelled due to WWII (V Winter). Olympic Games scheduled to be held in Tokyo, cancelled due to WWII (XII Summer). Spain – Former King, Alfonso died, in Rome. Greece – Germans invade; George II flees to Egypt. Page 207 Date York 1942 -1955 Cyril Forster Garbett, Archbishop of York. Date Britain Date Rest of World 1942 New Zealand – 24 Jun – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, epicentre in Wairarapa New Zealand – 2 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Wairarapa Bulgaria – Tsar Boris II died; his son, Simeon, succeeds him aged 6, under a council of regents. Japan – 7 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, epicentre of Shima Peninsula, followed by tsunami. Italy - Olympic Games scheduled to be held in Cortina d’Ampexzzo, cancelled due to WWII (V Winter). Yogoslavia – Peter II exiled to United States. when Marshal Tito comes to power and abolishes monarchy. America – 12 Apr-20 Jan 1953 – Harry S Truman became President (Democratic). Belgium – King Leopold III exonerated of treason. Italy – Vittorio Emanuelle III retires; Umberto II replaces him but Italian pubil favour a republic. Hungary – Republic of Hungary founded. Bulgaria – Communists seize control; send King Simeon into exile in Egypt. Greece – George II restored to throne again. Aleutian Islands – 1 Apr – Earthquake, followed by tsunami. New Zealand – 24 Jun – Earthquake measuring 6.2Mw, epicentre in Lake Coleridge. Japan – 21 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, epicentre in Nankai, followed by tsunami. Denmark – Frederick IX became king. Romania – King Michael I forced to abdicate; Communist government announces abolition of monarchy and replacement by a People’s Republic. Greece – George II died; his brother, Paul, became king. Switzerland – 30 Jan-8 Feb – Olympic Games held in St. Moritz (V Winter) 1943 1944 United Kingdom - Olympic Games scheduled to be held in London, cancelled due to WWII (XIII Summer). 1944 1945 United Kingdom – 10 May-26 Jul – Winston Churchill became Prime Minister (Conservative). 25 Jul-26 Oct 1951 – Clement Attlee became Prime Minister (Labour). 1945 1946 1947 1948 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline United Kingdom – Prince Charles born. 29 Jul-14 Aug – Olympic Games held in London (XIV Summer) 1948 Page 208 Date York Date Rest of World 1949 Monaco – Prince Rainier became sovereign prince. Belgium – Leopold III returns to throne, having been a prisoner during WWII. Sweden – Gustav VI Adolf became king, aged 67. Belgium – Leopold abdicates after riots; his son, Baudouin, became king. United Kingdom – Princess Anne born. 1950 1951 United Kingdom – 26 Oct-7 Apr 1955 – Sir Winston Churchill became Prime Minister (Conservative). United Kingdom – 6 February George VI died, aged 56. 6 February Elizabeth II became queen. 1951 1955 -1961 Arthur Michael Archbishop of York. Date 1950 1952 1956 Britain United Kingdom – 7 Apr-10 Jan 1957 –Sir Anthony Eden became Prime Minister (Conservative). Ramsey, 1952 Russia – 5 Nov – Tsunami on Kuril Island. Norway – 14 Feb-25 Feb – Olympic Games held in Oslo (VI Winter). Finland – 19 Jul-3 Aug – Olympic Games held in Helsinki (XV Summer). 1953 Romania – Former King Carol II died, in Portugal. America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 1961 – Dwight D Eisenhower became President (Republican). 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 United Kingdom – 10 Jan-19 Oct 1963 – Harold Macmillan became Prime Minister (Conservative). United Kingdom – Prince Charles given title of Prince of Wales. 1957 1958 Bavaria – Crown Prince Rupprecht died; Duke Albrecht became titular king. Monaco – Prince Ranier III marries American actress Grace Kelly. Italy – 26 Jan-5 Feb – Olympic Games held in Cortina d’Ampezzo (VII Winter). Australia – 22 Nov-8 Dec - Olympic Games held in Melbourne (XVI Summer) Sweden – 10 Jun-17 Jun – Olympic Games held in Stockholm (Equestrian – XVI Summer). Norway – Haakon VII died; Olav V became king. Rome – 9 Oct – Pope Pius XII died. 28 Oct-3 Jun 1963 – Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli became Pope John XXIII. America – 9 Jul – Earthquake followed by tsunami which hit Lituya Bay, Alaska. 1959 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 209 Date York Date 1960 1961 -1974 Frederick Archbishop of York. Donald Britain United Kingdom – Prince Andrew born. Coggan, 1963 United Kingdom – 19 Oct-16 Oct 1964 – Sir Alec th Douglas-Home, 14 Earl of Home became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1964 United Kingdom – Prince Edward born. 16 Oct-19 Jun 1970 – Harold Wilson became Prime Minister (Labour). Date Rest of World 1960 America – 18 Feb-28 Feb – Olympic Games held in Squaw Valley (VIII Winter). Chile – 22 May – Earthquake measuring 9.5Mw, epicentre off coast of South Central Chile and volcanic eruption, followed by tsunami. Italy – 25 Aug-11 Sept – Olympic Games held in Rome (XVII Summer). 18Sept-25 Sept – Paralympic Games held in Rome (I Summer). 1961 Albania – King Zog died in exile in France. America – 20 Jan-22 Nov 1963 – John F Kennedy became President (Democratic). 1962 1963 1964 Rome – 3 Jun – Pope John XXIII died. 21 Jun-6 Aug 1978 – Cardinal Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini became Pope Paul VI. Italy – 9 Oct – Landslide at Vajont Dam caused ‘tsunami’ destroying villages of Longarone, Pirago, Rivalta, Villanova and Faè. America – 22 Nov-20 Jan 1969 – Lyndon B Johnson became President (Democratic). Luxembourg – Grand Duchess Charlotte abdicates in favour of her son; Prince Jean. Greece – Constantine II became king. Austria – 29 Jan-9 Feb – Olympic Games held in Innsbruck (IX Winter). America – 27 Mar – Earthquake measuring 9.2Mw, followed by tsunami which hit Alaska, British Columbia and California. Japan – Earthquake, epicentre in Niigata, followed by tsunami. 10 Oct-24 Oct – Olympic Games held in Tokyo (XVIII Summer). 3 Nov-12 Nov – Paralympic Games held in Tokyo (II Summer). 1965 1966 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 210 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1967 Greece – A military junta abolishes monarchy; Constantine II goes into exile. France – 6 Feb-18 Feb – Olympic Games held in Grenoble (X Winter). New Zealand – 24 May– Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in Inangahua Junction. Mexico – 12 Oct-27 Oct – Olympic Games held in Mexico City (XIX Summer). Israel- 4 Nov-13 Nov – – Paralympic Games held in Tel Aviv (III Summer). America – 20 Jan-9 Aug 1974 – Richard Nixon became President (Republican). Yugoslavia – Titular King Peter II died; his son, Aleksander Karađorđević, became crown prince. 1968 1969 1970 United Kingdom – 19 Jun-4 Mar 1974 – Edward Heath became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 -1983 Stuart Yarworth Archbishop of York. Blanch, 1974 United Kingdom – 4 Mar-5 Apr 1976 – Harold Wilson became Prime Minister (Labour). 1974 1975 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1976 United Kingdom- 5 Apr-4 May 1979 – James Callaghan became Prime Minister (Labour). 1976 1977 United Kingdom – Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee. 1977 Denmark – Margarethe II became queen. Japan – 3 Feb-13 Feb – Olympic Games held in Sapporo (XI Winter). West Germany – 2 Aug-1 Aug – – Paralympic Games held in Heidelberg (IV Summer). 26 Aug-11 Sept – Olympic Games held in Munich (XX Summer). Sweden – Carl XVI Gustav became king. Greece – Declared a republic. America – 9 Aug-20 Jan 1977 – Gerald Ford became President (Republican). Spain – Dictator General Francisco Franco died; monarchy restored; Juan Carlos I became king. Austria – 4 Feb-15 Feb – Olympic Games held in Innsbruck (XII Winter). Sweden – 21 Feb-28 Feb – Paralympic Games held in Örnsköldsvik (I Winter). Canada – 17 Jul-1 Aug – Olympic Games held in Montreal (XXI Summer). 3 Aug-11 Aug – – Paralympic Games held in Toronto (V Summer). Philippines – 16 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Mindanao Island, followed by tsunami. America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 1981 – Jimmy Carter became President (Democratic). Page 211 Date York Date 1979 Britain United Kingdom – Lord Mountbatten killed by IRA bomb. 4 May-28 Nov 1990 – Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister (Conservative). Date Rest of World 1978 Rome – 6 Aug – Pope Paul VI died. 26 Aug-28 Sept – Cardinal Albino Luciano became Pope John Paul I. 16 Oct-2 Apr 2005 – Cardinal Karol Józef Wojtyla became Pope John Paul II (First Polish Pope). Columbia – 12 Dec – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, followed by tsunami. 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 -1995 John Stapylton Archbishop of York. United Kingdom - 29 July - Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer marry at St. Paul’s Cathedral, London United Kingdom – Prince William born. Habgood, 1984 United Kingdom – Prince Henry (Harry) born. 22 Jul-1 Aug – Paralympic Games held in Stoke Mandeville (VII Summer/ second part). 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1987 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline United Kingdom – Princess Anne made Princess Royal. 1986 1987 America – 14 Feb-23 Feb – Olympic Games held in Lake Placid (XIII Winter). 18 May – Eruption of Mount St. Helens caused tsunami in Spirit Lake. Norway – 1 Feb-7 Feb – Paralympic Games held in Geilo (II Winter). Netherlands – 21 Jun-30 Jun – Paralympic Games held in Arnhem (VI Summer). Soviet Union – 19 Jul-3 Aug – Olympic Games held in Moscow (XXII Summer). Rome – Pope John Paul II survives being shot. America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 1989 – Ronald Reagan became President (Republican). Monaco – Princess Grace killed in car crash. Japan – 26 May – Earthquake measuring 7.7Mw, epicentre in Sea of Japan, followed by tsunami. Austria – 14 Jan-20 Jan – Paralympic Games held in Innsbruck (III Winter). Yogoslavia – 7 Feb-19 Feb – Olympic Games held in Sarajevo (XIV Winter). America – 17 Jun-30 Jun – Paralympic Games held in New York (VII Summer/first part). 28 Jul-12 Aug – Olympic Games held in Los Angeles (XXIII Summer). Luxembourg – Former Grand Duchess died of Cancer. Montenegro – Prince Michael died in Paris. New Zealand – 2 Mar – Earthquake measuring 6.3Mw, epicentre in Edgecumbe Page 212 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1988 Austria – 17 Jan-25 Jan – Paralympic Games held in Innsbruck (IV Winter). Canada – 13 Feb-28 Feb – Olympic Games held in Calgary (XV Winter). Souht Korea – 17 Sept-2 Oct – Olympic Games held in Seoul (XXIV Summer). 15 Oct-24 Oct – Paralympic Games held in Seoul (VIII Summer). Liechtentein – Franz Josef II died; Hans-Adam succeeds him. America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 1993 – George H W Bush became President (Republican). New Zealand – 13 May – Earthquake measuring 6.4Mw, epicentre in Weber Norway – Olav V died; his son Harald V became king. France – 8 Feb-23 Feb – Olympic Games held in Albertville (XVI Winter). 25 Mar-1 Apr – Paralympic Games held in TignesAlbertville (V Winter). Spain – 25 Jul-9 Aug – Olympic Games held in Barcelona (XXV Summer). 3 Sept-14 Sept – Paralympic Games held in Barcelona (IX Summer). Belgium – Baudouin I died; his brother Albert II became king. Japan – 12 Jul – Earthquake measuring 7.8Mw, followed by tsunami along coast of Hokkaidō. America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 2001 – Bill Clinton became President (Democratic). 1989 1990 United Kingdom – 28 Nov-2 May 1997 – John Major became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1990 1991 1992 United Kingdom – Prince Charles and Princess Diana separate. 1992 1993 1994 1995 -2005 David Michael Hope, Archbishop of York. ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline 1995 Norway – 12 Feb-27 Feb – Olympic Games held in Lillehammer (XVII Winter). 10 Mar-19 Mar – Paralympic Games held in Lillehammer (VI Winter). New Zealand – 18 Jun – Earthquake measuring 6.7Mw, epicentre in Arthur’s Pass New Zealand – 6 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in East Cape Page 213 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1996 United Kingdom – Prince Charles and Princess Diana divorce. 1996 1997 United Kingdom – Princess Diana died in a car crash in Paris, France. 2 May-27 Jun 2007 – Tony Blair became Prime Minister (Labour). 1997 Bavaria – Franz, duke of Bavaria, became titular king. America – 19 Jul-4 Aug – Olympic Games held in Atlanta (XXVI Summer). 16 Aug-25 Aug – Paralympic Games held in Atlanta (X Summer). France - Princess Diana (UK) died in a car crash in Paris. 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 United Kingdom – Queen Elizabeth II’s Golden Jubilee. 2002 2003 2004 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Japan – 7 Feb-22 Feb – Olympic Games held in Nagano (XVIII Winter). 5 Mar-14 Mar – Paralympic Games held in Nagano (VII Winter). Papua New Guinea – 17 Jul – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, followed by tsunami. Luxemobourg – Grand Duke Jean abdicates in Fvour of his son, Henri. Australia – 15 Sept-1 Oct - Olympic Games held in Sydney (XXVII Summer). 18 Oct-29 Oct – Paralympic Games held in Sydney (XI Summer). America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 2009 – George W Bush became President (Republican). America – 8 Feb-24 Feb – Olympic Games held in Salt Lake City (XIX Winter). 7 Mar-16 Mar – Paralympic Games held in Salt Lake City (VIII Winter). New Zealand – 22 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in Fiordland Greece – 13 Aug-29 Aug – Olympic Games held in Athens (XXVIII Summer). 17 Sept-28 Sept – Paralympic Games held in Athens (XII Summer). New Zealand – 22 Nov – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, epicentre in Puysegur Trench. Indian Ocean – 26 Dec – Earthquake measuring 9.3Mw, followed by tsunami which hit Ao Nang, Thailand. Page 214 Date 2005 York John Sentamu, Archbishop of York. Date Britain 2005 United Kingdom – Prince Charles marries Camilla Parker-Bowles, she became duchess of Cornwall. Date Rest of World 2005 Monaco – Prince Renier died; Prince Albert II became sobereign prince. Rome – 2 Apr – Pope John Paul II died. 19 Apr – Cardinal Joseph Alois Ratzinger became Pope Benedict XVI. Italy – 10 Feb-26 Feb – Olympic Games held in Turin (XX Winter). 10 Mar-19 Mar – Paralympic Games held in Torino (IX Winter). Indean Ocean – 17 July – Earthquake measuring 7.7Mw, followed by tsunami, which hit Cilacap. Kuril Island – 15 Nov – Earthquake measuring 8.3Mw, followed by tsunami. Solomon Islands – 24 April – Earthquake measuring 8.1Mw, followed by tsunami. Japan – 16 July – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Niigata, followed by tsunami. New Zealand – 20 Dec – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Gisborne China – 8 Aug-24 Aug – Olympic Games held in Beijung (XXIX Summer). 6 Sept-17 Sept – Paralympic Games held in Beijing (XIII Summer). New Zealand – 15 Jul – Earthquake measuring 7.8Mw, epicentre in Fiordland. America – 20 Jan – Barack Obama became President (Democratic). Canada – 12 Feb-28 Feb – Olympic Games held in Vancouver (XXI Winter). 12 Mar-21 Mar – Paralympic Games held in Vancouver (X Winter). Chile – 27 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.8Mw, followed by tsunami. New Zealand – 4 Sept – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in Darfield, Canterbury New Zealand – 29 Sept – Earthquake measuring 6.4Mw, epicentre in White Island 2006 2007 United Kingdom – 27 Jun-11 May 2010 – Gordon Brown became Prime Minister (Labour). 2007 2008 2009 2010 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline United Kingdom – 11 May – David Cameron became Prime Minister (Conservative). 2010 Page 215 Date 2012 York 5 April Queen Elizabeth II distributes Maundy Money at a service in the Minster. Date Britain Date Rest of World 2011 United Kingdom – 29 April – Prince William marries Catherine Middleton at Westminster Abbey. 2011 New Zealand – 2 Feb – Earthquake measuring 6.3Mw, epicentre in Christchurch, causing ice tuble off Tasman Glacier, producing ‘tsunami in Tasman Lake. Japan – 11 Mar – Earthquake measuring 9.0Mw off Pacific caoast, followed by Tsunami. 2012 United Kingdom – Queen Elizabeth II’s Diamond Jubilee. 27 Jul- 12 Aug – Olympic Games held in London (XXX Summer). 29 Aug-9 Sept – Paralympic Games held in London (XIV Summer). 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Russia – 7 Mar-16 Mar – Paralympic Games to be held in Sochi (XI Winter). Brazil – 7 Sept-18 Sept – Paralympic Games to be held in Rio De Janeiro (XV Summer). Korea Republic – 9 Mar-18 Mar – Paralympic Games to be held in PyeongChang (XII Winter). Bibliography Hargrove, W; History and Description of the Ancient City of York, 1818. Kerr, G; Timeline of Kings and Queens, from Charlemagne to Elizabeth II, 2008. Nicholls, R. A; Timeline of War, from Early Weaponry to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Beyond, 2008. Dyer, A; The English Sweating Sickness of 1551: An Epidemic Anatomized, Medical History, 1997. www.wikipedia.com www.yorkminster.org ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 216 ©PastSearch2012 - Timeline Page 217
