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Behaviorism A brief overview… What is behaviorism all about? • Behavioral psychology is the study of external behavior • Behavior is the response of an organism to stimuli History of Behaviorism • Pavlov (1927), a Russian physiologist discovered classical conditioning in dogs. Video “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select – a doctor, a lawyer, artist…” John B. Watson 1924 Classical Conditioning • Explains some learning of involuntary emotional and physiological responses. – Dog drooling when it smells food and later when it hears a bell • School is often the cause of unintentional learning through classical conditioning, especially anxiety. – Test anxiety conditions us to have general school anxiety Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Before Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Response No Response Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning During Conditioning Unconditioned Neutral Stimulus Stimulus Unconditioned Response Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning After Conditioning Conditioned Conditioned Stimulus Response Examples of Classical Conditioning • Kids who often get strep throat, after much swabbing of their throat, begin to gag as soon as they see the doctor with the swab. • Hearing a teacher, roommate, boyfriend/girlfriend say to you, “We need to talk”. Upon hearing this phrase your stomach “flutters”. • The point is, we learn to associate a stimulus with a response, and eventually our body does this automatically in the presence of the stimulus. Our response is involuntary. B.F. Skinner (1904 –1990) • American psychologist - influential from the 1930’s 60’s – developed operant conditioning • Skinner was interested in education – He believed that behavior is sustained by reinforcements or rewards, not by free will. • Famous for the skinner box & the teaching machine • Often worked with pigeons & rats and applied what he learned with these animals to human learning Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement Presence of Pleasant Stimulus Negative Reinforcement Absence of Unpleasant Stimulus Punishment Presence of Unpleasant Stimulus Behavior Increases Video Behavior Decreases Consequences for Behaviors • Positive Reinforcement – You behave in a certain way that results in a reward, and as a result, you are more likely to repeat that behavior • Negative Reinforcement – You behave in a certain way that results in the removal of something unpleasant, and as a result you are more likely to repeat that behavior (ex: doing a paper early) – In both cases, something happened that you saw as “good” and as a result, you exhibited the behavior more. Consequences for Behaviors • Punishment – A consequence that follows a behavior so that you do the behavior less often in the future. – Punishment can involve adding something (paying a fine, staying after school) or involve removing something you like (losing recess time, leaving your friends) – In both cases, adding something or removing something, you perceive it as “bad” and as a result, you exhibit the behavior less. Critiques of Behaviorism • External rewards may diminish motivation –Studies where participants work on an interesting task (ex: puzzles) - experimental group is given a reward when finished while the control group is not. • Behaviorism doesn’t account for anything that isn’t an observable behavior – There has to be more going on than what is observable - doesn’t there? • Behaviorism only accounts for learning through direct experience with the environment (not observational learning) Video THE END Video