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Bellwork • Read Islamic Civilization: The Five Pillars, and answer the following question: what are the five pillars of Islam? World History Section 4, Unit 1 Islam Objectives • Identify important characteristics of Muslim society including: religious ideas, scientific contributions, and the spread of Islam • Examine the geography of where the Islamic peoples come from • Evaluate the culture of Islamic peoples • Identify important religious figures or areas including Muhammad and Mecca • Identify the influence on three continents by the spread of Islam • Discuss how Muhammad’s successors spread Islam • Examine internal conflicts and how they create a schism in Islam Where are we in history? • Because were are now is Section 4, we are officially entered an new era of human history • In this era, we are going to be discussing the following subject areas: – The Muslim World – African Kingdoms – The Mongol Empire – Japan – Byzantium – The Middle Ages The Arabian Peninsula • The Arabian Peninsula is a crossroads of three continents– Europe, Asia, and Africa. • At it’s longest point, the Peninsula is only about 1,200 miles from north to south and 1,300 miles east to west. • Only a tiny strip of fertile land in south Arabia and Oman and a few oases can support agriculture. – The remainder of the land– all desert– was inhabited by nomadic Arab herders. Desert Life • The tribesmen and nomads took great pride in their ability to adapt to the desert conditions and their ability to defend against other clans who tried to steal their water, grazing territory, livestock, or food supplies. • The Bedouin’s ideals of courage and loyalty to family would become a huge part of the Islamic way of life. Communities • The areas with more fertile soil and larger oases became farming communities and towns. • By the 600s, many Arabs began to settle in the oases rather than continue being nomads. • These places would become hotspots for local, regional, and foreign trade goods. Petra, in Jordan, was an early Arab trading city. Spread of Ideas • As trade increased, information and ideas from the world outside spread. • By the early 600s, trade routes connected Arabia to the major ocean and land trade routes. • Merchants moved along the caravan routes, trading for goods from the Silk Roads of the east. Trade routes brought ideas that would not only revolutionize the Arabian Peninsula, but also make it a holy center. Mecca • Located in the western half of the Peninsula, Mecca became an important stop along trade routes. • During certain holy periods, religious pilgrims would stop in Mecca to worship at a simple house of worship called the Ka’aba. Ka’aba • To the Arabic peoples, they associated the Ka’aba with Abraham, who they believed built the Ka’aba. • Over the years, they had introduced the place of worship to many gods and spirits to the place. • Many people traveled to the Ka’aba as a site of pilgrimage. Allah • The concept of a single God– Allah in Arabic– was not unusual in the Arabian peninsula. • As well, many Christians and Jews lived in the Arab lands and practiced monotheism. In this mixed religious environment of Mecca, around 570 A.D., Muhammad was born. Muhammad • Muhammad was born to a powerful Meccan family. • He received little schooling and began working in the caravan trade at a young age. Muhammad became a trader and business manager of Khadijah, a wealthy businesswoman. • When Muhammad was 25, he married Khadijah and they used their marriage to form a stronger business partnership. Muhammad’s Revelations • Muhammad took great interest in religion and often spent time alone in prayer and meditation. • At the about the age of 40, Muhammad purportedly heard a voice call to him while he meditated in a cave outside Mecca. • According to Muslim belief, the voice was that of the angel Gabriel, who told Muhammad that he was a messenger of God. Muhammad’s name in calligraphy Islam • Muhammad came to believe that the lord who spoke to him was Allah. Muhammad was convinced he was the last of the prophets. • He taught that Allah was the one and only god and that all other gods must be abandoned. Islam • People who agreed with this basic principle of Islam were called Muslims. • “Islam” means “submission to the will of Allah” in Arabic and “Muslim” means “one who has submitted”. Islam • Muhammad’s family became his first followers. • Afterwards, in 613, Muhammad had begun to preach publicly in Mecca, but had little success. • He and his followers faced threats. Islam • Muhammad and his followers left Mecca and, resettled in the town of Yathrib (j-athreb). • This migration became known as the Hijrah (hih-jee-rah). In Yathrib, he attracted many devoted followers. • Due to Yathrib’s devotion to Muhammad, the city was renamed Medina meaning “city of the prophet”. Islam • In Medina, Muhammad displayed impressive leadership skills. He formed an agreement between the Arabs and Jews of the city and they accepted Muhammad as their political leader. – As a religious leader, he drew many more converts to Islam. – As a military leader (which he became), he managed the hostilities between Mecca and Medina. Islam • In 630, Muhammad and 10,000 of his followers marched into the outskirts of Mecca, which had declined. • Facing sure defeat, Mecca’s leaders surrendered. • Muhammad entered the city in triumph and went to the Ka’aba. Upon arriving, he declared: “Truth has come and falsehood has vanished.” • He then entered the Ka’aba and destroyed the idols inside that represented the other Arabic gods and had a call to prayer made from the roof of the building. Islam • Most Meccan’s pledged their loyalty to Muhammad and many converted to Islam. • In doing so, they joined the ummah or Muslim religious community. • Muhammad would die two years afterwards, at about the age of 62. However, his efforts– and later success- of spreading Islam across the Arabian peninsula would unify the entire region under Islam. The Five Pillars of Islam • The main teaching of Islam is that there is only one God, Allah. – All other teachings and practices follow from this main point. • Islam teaches that there is good and evil and that each individual is responsible for their actions. • Muslims believe that each person will stand before Allah on final judgment day and enter either heaven or hell. The Five Pillars of Islam The Five Pillars of Islam 1. Faith- a person has to testify a statement of faith, “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.” 2. Prayer- Five times a day, Muslims face towards Mecca to pray. They may assemble at a mosque (an Islamic house of worship) or they may pray wherever they find themselves. 3. Alms- Muhammad taught that all Muslims have a duty to the less fortunate. Muslims meet the social responsibility by giving alms or money for the poor through a religious tax. The Five Pillars of Islam 4. Fasting- During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast. They eat and drink nothing between dawn and sunset. They usually eat a simple meal at the beginning and end of the day. This pillar is to remind them that they have “greater needs than bread”. 5. Pilgrimage- all Muslims perform the hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. During the pilgrimage events to Mecca, pilgrims wear identical garments so that all stand as equals before God. The Five Pillars of Islam • Muslims generally do not separate their personal life from their religious life. • The Five Pillars ensures that Muslims live their religion while serving in their community. Religious Authority • Unlike other religions, Islam does not necessarily have any sort of religious authority. Every Muslim is simply expected to pray to God directly. • In Islam, the original source of authority is Allah. According to the Qur’an, Allah expressed his wishes through Gabriel, who revealed it to Muhammad as the Qur’an. – The Qur’an would have been written sometime after Muhammad’s death by his followers who memorized his prayers and teachings. Religious Authority • The Qur’an is written in Arabic and the Muslims consider the Arabic version the only true word of God. – In part due to this, the Qur’an helped spread Arabic through lands controlled by Muslims. Religious Authority • Muslims believe that Muhammad’s mission as a prophet was to receive the Qur’an and to demonstrate how to apply it in their life. • This lead to the Sunna, or Muhammad’s example. Muslims follow the Sunna as a model for proper living. Sunna and Shari’a • A body of law soon followed– the shari’awhich regulates family life, moral conduct, business, and community life of Muslims. It doesn’t separate religious matters from criminal or civil matters, but brings all aspects of life together. – Because the shari’a applies to all who follow Muhammad, it brings a sense of unity to all Muslims. Relationship to other Abrahamic Religions Similar • Allah is the same God worshipped by Christians and Jews. • Heaven, Hell, and Final judgment are shared among the three • Monotheistic Differences • Jesus is a prophet, but not the son of God. • Qur’an is the holy book, not the Torah or Bible • Muhammad is the final prophet. • Islam is far more integrated in the personal lives of it’s believers. Muslim Empire • After Muhammad’s death, the Muslim empire would continue to grow rapidly. • However, issues would rise as to who should continue his legacy and even schisms within the religion would cause conflict. Mid-Lesson Review 1. What was life like in the Arabian peninsula prior to Islam (consider the geography, the amount of trade, and religiosity of the people)? 2. Who is the prophet of Islam? 3. What was the Ka’aba? Why is it deemed important? 4. In what ways did Muhammad and Islam unite the Arabian peninsula? Explain your answer. 5. What are the Five Pillars of Islam? 6. How is Islam more integrated in the personal lives Muslims than the belief systems of Christianity or Judaism? Break • Take two minutes to breathe. Muslim Empire Muhammad Abu-Bakr • Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed his followers how to choose one when he died. • Relying on an ancient tribal custom, the Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr, a friend of Muhammad and a man respected for his devotion to Islam. • In 632 AD, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph– “successor” or “deputy”. Muslim Empire • Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs– Umar, Uthman, and Ali–used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides of leadership. For this, they are known as the “rightly guided” caliphs. – Their rule is referred to as the caliphate. Muslim Empire • After Muhammad’s death, some Arabian tribes abandoned Islam. Others refused to pay taxes and a few individuals declared themselves prophets. • For two years, Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert authority of Muhammad’s successors in the Muslim community. • At that time, his troops gained experience and organized themselves into an effective mobile army. Muslim Empire • By the time Abu-Bakr died in 634, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia. • The Empire stretched 6,000 miles– from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus Riveralmost twice the size of the United States. Muslim Empire Anything in black is water. Muslim Empire • The four “rightly guided” caliphs made great progress in their spread of Islam. • Muslims of the day saw the victories as Allah’s support of Islam and Muslims drew on this energy and inspiration to struggle and defend Islam. Muslim Empire • Historians have identified several reasons why the Muslims were so successful in such a short period of time: 1. Muslim militaries were well disciplined– they had unusual tactics that made opposing forces unable to stop them. 2. Byzantine and Persia were too weak at the time to prevent the spread 3. The people of the conquered areas welcomed the Muslims because the Byzantine and Persian empires persecuted anyone who did not believe in the official state religions– Christianity and Zoroastrianism, respectively. Muslim Empire • Many conquered peoples accepted Islam. They were attracted by the appeal of Islam as well as the benefit of Muslims not having to pay a personal tax. – Those who did not choose to follow Islam did, however, have to pay a tax– called the Jizya– as a fee in exchange for being allowed to practice one’s own faith. Muslim Empire • The Qur’an forbade forced conversion. Muslims therefore allowed conquered peoples to retain their own religion. • As well, Christians and Jews received special attention due to the closeness of their beliefs to Islam and only had to pay a personal tax for exception from military duty had were subject to various restrictions on their lives. Muslims are allowed to invite people into the religion, but they cannot force them. Internal Conflicts • Despite the gains on the battlefield, the Muslim community did have difficulty maintaining a unified rule. • In 656, Uthman– the third caliph- was murdered, causing a civil war. Internal Conflicts • Ali, who was Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, became successor to Uthman. • In 661, Ali was assassinated– and with him went the elective system of choosing a caliph. Internal Conflicts • A family known as the Umayyads (oo-maiyadz) came to power. • The Umayyads also moved the Muslim capital to Damascus, a distant city in the conquered province of Syria, where the family was centered. • This location was far away from Mecca and, while it did make controlling the territories easier, it made Arab Muslims feel that it was too far away from their lands. Schism • The Umayyads abandoned the simple life of previous caliphs and surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony similar to that of non-Muslim rulers. Such wealth, exuberance, and leadership issues gave rise to a fundamental division within the Muslim community. Schism • In the interest of peace, the majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyad’s rule. • A minority continue to resist, however and around some of these groups, an alternate view of the office of the caliph developed. Schism • The Shi’a believed the caliph- the person who is most responsible for spreading Muhammad’s message- should be related to Muhammad. • Their name meant the “party” of Ali. Schism • Those who did not outwardly resist the Umayyads became known as the Sunni. • The Sunni believe the first caliph was Abu Bakr. • Sunni means “followers of Muhammad’s example”. Schism • Another group, the Sufi, reacted to the luxurious life of the Umayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path. • They tried to achieve direct personal contact with Allah through mystical means, such as meditation. • The Sufis played an important role in keeping Muslim’s focused on the Qur’an and tradition. Question • What is the main difference between the Shi’a and the Sunni? The argument as to whether or not Ali was the first caliph– because he was the relative of Muhammad– or if Abu Bakr is the first caliph- because he was chosen by Muhammad. This schism in Islam continues to today with continued conflicts between the Sunni’s (who make up the majority of Muslims) and the Shi’a (who are the minority). Abbasids • Vigorous religious and political opposition to the Umayyad caliphate led to it’s downfall in 750 (although they continued to have power in Spain). • In it’s place, the Abbasids took control of the empire. • The Abbasids strength lay in the former Persian lands, including present day Iraq, Iran, and central Asia. Abbasids • To solidify power they moved the capital of the empire to the newly formed city, Baghdad, in southern Iraq, which was along trading routes. • The Abbasid empire lasted from 750-1258. During that time, the Abbasids increased their authority by consulting religious leaders. Abbasids • The Abbasids developed a strong bureaucracy to conduct the huge empire’s affairs. – A treasure kept track of the money flow. A chancery prepared letters and documents. A special department managed the business of the army. Diplomats from the empire visited many other empires in Europe, Africa, and Asia. – To support the bureaucracy, the Abbasids taxed land, imports, exports, and nonMuslim’s wealth. Ancient Baghdad Abbasids Abbasids • However, they failed to keep complete control over the immense territory and, therefore, independent Muslim states sprang up and local leaders came to dominate these smaller regions. • Although politically divided, the Abbasid Empire and the smaller powers remained unified in other ways, such as by religion, language, trade, and their tied economies. Trade • The two major sea-trading zones– Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean– linked the Muslim Empire into a world of trade by sea. • The land network created by the Silk Roads connected them with China, India, Europe, and Africa. • Muslim merchants needed only one language, Arabic, and a single currency, the dinar, to travel across the lands. Trading Networks Flow of Trade • To encourage trade, Muslim money changers set up banks in cities throughout the empire, called sakks to merchants. • A merchant with a sakk from a bank in Baghdad could exchange it for cash at a bank in any other major city in the empire. – In Europe, the word “sakk” was pronounced “check”– the practice of using checks dates back to the Muslim Empire. Muslim Achievement • In part due to (1) the population of the empire and (2) the mix of Christians, Jews, and Muslims, the Muslim empire would create a cosmopolitan atmosphere that would attract the highly educated, much like Alexandria before it. Muslim Achievement • Centers of Muslim learning, such as Cordoba in Spain, boasted libraries, mosques, and free schools. • Thanks to the blending of cultures in the Muslim Empire, the people of the empire would fuel a period of immense achievement in the arts and sciences that would continue to effect the world for thousands of years. Review Objectives • Identify important characteristics of Muslim society including: religious ideas, scientific contributions, and the spread of Islam • Examine the geography of where the Islamic peoples come from • Evaluate the culture of Islamic peoples • Identify important religious figures or areas including Muhammad and Mecca • Identify the influence on three continents by the spread of Islam • Discuss how Muhammad’s successors spread Islam • Examine internal conflicts and how they create a schism in Islam Questions • If you have any questions, please ask now. Next lesson • In the next lesson, we are going to discuss Muslim lifestyle and achievements. Review Please read the handout “The Spread of Islam” and answer the questions at the end.