Download Study Packet Ancient Greece - University of Detroit Jesuit High

WORLD HISTORY
ANCIENT GREECE (2000 BC TO 300 BC)
Essential Question: What impact has Ancient Greece had on the modern world?
Prevailing Theme: The achievements of Ancient Greece in government, the arts, science, and philosophy helped form
the foundation of Western civilization.
ANCIENT GREECE: EARLIEST INFLUENCES (2000 BC TO 479 BC)
Unique Role of Geography in Shaping Greek Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ancient Greece not a ____________country: collection of separate lands and islands where Greek speaking people lived.
Geography of Greece:
a. Mountainous peninsula (____________of Greece covered with mountains)
b. Approximately __________islands
c. Lands on eastern edge of the Aegean Sea
Effect of being surrounded by water: transportation routes and __________with other
societies
Effect of mountainous terrain:
a. No single government: small independent communities instead
b. Limited ______________land and resources in general
i. One reason set up colonies in other areas outside Greece
ii. Population was not large
Effect of moderate, Mediterranean climate: enabled lots of outdoor activity year round
i. ______________ and leisure
ii. ________________ of public issues, news
Earliest Settlers: Minoan, Mycenaean and Dorian Civilizations
3.
Minoans: lived on Greek island of ___________ since 3000 BC.
Mycenaeans: settle in Greece around 2000 BC and mix with Minoans.
Dorians: conquer Mycenaeans in 1200 BC.
4.
Roots of Greek culture based upon interaction of these three cultures.
5.
Influence of Phoenicians: Phoenicians developed an _____________ that was mixed with Greek to become modern
1.
2.
Greek.
a. 25% of all English words are Greek based
b. Example: Greek word polis  Indianapolis, Annapolis, metropolitan
Different Political Systems Develop in Greek City States
1.
Fundamental political unit in Greece by 750 BC was the polis
a.
Polis = a ___________ which consisted of the city and surrounding countryside, including numerous villages
i. Covered between 50 to 500 miles of territory
ii. Fewer than 10,000 residents
b.
Acropolis = fortified _____________ where the city would be built
2.
Form of government in city-states varied:
Monarchy
Aristocracy
Oligarchy
Direct Democracy







State ruled by _____
Rule is hereditary
State ruled by _______
Rule is hereditary and
based upon family ties,
social rank, wealth


3.
Rule by______________
____________________
Rule based upon wealth or
ability
Ruling group controls
military

State ruled by its _______
Rule is based upon
citizenship
Majority rule decides vote
Occasional rule by tyrants = powerful individuals, nobles or wealthy, who overtook government by appealing to and working
__________________________________people.
a. Not cruel connotation like word “tyrant” is used today.
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
1. Athens is considered the birthplace of democracy!
2.
Steps toward democracy in Athens:
a.
Equality under the law:
Legal code provided that all Athenians,
rich or poor, were _____________
b.
Citizen participation in government:
All citizens, regardless of class, _________________ in the
Athenian assembly (lawmaking body), including submitting laws for debate or passage
c.
3.
Citizen right to bring charges:
Athenian democracy was a
a.
b.
c.
d.
All citizens could ________________against another for wrong doing
limited democracy because citizenship limited to those who were:
Free
Adult
Male
Born in _________________
i. Exclude: women, slaves, foreigners
Athenian Education
1.
2.
3.
Usually only sons of wealthy families were formally educated
Schooling began at __________
Goal of Athenian education
a. Prepare youth to ____________________who were ________________________and
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. What studied to achieve this goal:
i. Reading, grammar, poetry, _______________, math and music
ii. To help them debate effectively, also studied logic and ______________________
iii. To train body, part of each day dedicated to _________________
1. Wait a minute. . . all that sorta sounds just like the education I get at U of Dl!!!!! How cool is that?!!!
4.
5.
Military training when older (part of being a good citizen)
No formal education for Athenian girls: Educated at home to be a good wife and mother
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Sparta Builds an Oligarchy / Military State
1.
In values and government, Sparta differed from rest of Greece, especially Athens
2.
Sparta focused on creating a strong
3.
military state
Had some democratic elements but run like mostly like an
_______________
Spartan Life (in Greece, not East Lansing!)
1.
2.
3.
Military state
a. Life centered around making _______________________________
b. 600 BC to 371 BC: Sparta had the __________________________ in Greece
Spartan Values
a. ______________________________________________
b. More important than freedom, individual expression, beauty and intellectual pursuits that were valued in _______
Spartan military training
a. Weak or deformed children were ____________!
b. Men serve in army until age ____!
c. Boys leave home at age 7 to live in army _____________!
d. Harsh military training
i. Taught to fight each other
ii. ___________young children to teach them to steal or kill for survival
e. After military training, participate in ruthless _____________that terrorized lower classes
f. Women also engaged in military training and sports
Trojan War (1200 – 1100BC approximately)
1.
Greeks vs. Trojans (Trojans is name of people from Troy)
2. Mythical version:
a.
Cause of war: Manipulated by the ______, Paris of _____kidnaps the beautiful ____
of Sparta, the wife of the Mycenaean king Menelaus.
b. Ten year war ensues that Greeks eventually win after tricking the Trojans using the famous
“Trojan Horse”
i. Huge wooden horse that Trojans thought was a ________; secretly filled with Greek
soldiers who emerge from horse in the middle of the _______ and destroy Troy.
3. Historical version:
Archeological evidence of some battle at Troy -- but no proof of a full-fledged, drawn out
war involving an actual Trojan Horse!!
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Greek Literature and Greek Religion
1.
Mythical version of Trojan War described in the Iliad, and to a lesser extent, the
Odyssey, both by Homer.
2. Iliad and Odyssey = first Western literature.
3.
4.
Iliad reveals that Greeks were _____________________.
Brief background on Greek mythology:
a. Zeus = ruler of _____________
b. Lived on Mt. Olympus with wife _______
c. Daughter and favorite child was Athena
i. Athens named after her
d. Gods had many human qualities like love, hatred, jealousy, or anger that affected life on earth.
Greco–Persian Wars (490 BC to 479 BC)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Greeks vs. Persians
Cause: Persian Empire wanted to take over ___________.
Athens and Sparta unite against the common enemy: ________.
Battle back and forth but Greeks finally ______
a.
Phalanx formation brought Greeks incredible
success
i. Foot soldiers stand
______________each holding a spear
in one hand and shield in another
b.
Memorable
Battle of Marathon: Greek man
runs from Marathon to _____________(approximately 26 miles in distance) to warn Athenians that Persians are ready to attack
5.
them  immediately upon delivering message, ___________from exhaustion  Greeks end up winning  first
“___________________” ever!!!
Most significant effects of Greco-Persian Wars:
a. Greece felt secure to develop its own culture and government.
b. Delian League:
c.
i. Alliance of Greek city-states formed to prevent further attacks by ________________.
ii. Dominated by ____________________ who becomes the most powerful city-state in Greece.
“Classical Age” or “Golden Age” of Greece begins.
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ANCIENT GREECE: THE “CLASSICAL AGE” OR “GOLDEN AGE” (479 BC to 431 BC)
Overview
1.
2.
Takes place in Athens.
Marked by achievements in politics, literature, drama, art, architecture, sculpture, philosophy and science that formed the
basis of Western civilization.
Athenian Democracy Becomes a Direct Democracy
1.
Democracy =
______________________________________________________
(comes from Greek words demos meaning people and kratia meaning power)
2.
Direct democracy = citizens themselves directly govern
a. Different than representative democracy = citizens rule through elected representatives who
____________________of the citizens
3. Direct democracy in action:
a.
Citizen legislative assembly: citizens met several times per month to directly ________________ (could be up to
__________ in attendance)
b.
Jury system: could be 100 to _________ jurors deciding case
c.
4.
Salaries for public officials: enables more citizens to be able to participate in government (even poor could afford
to do so) (makes system more democratic)
d. All of the above occur for the __________________________in Athens during the Classical Age!!!
Participation in government: stressed as a highly important ______________in Athens.
Ability to debate and speak well: resulted in more _________________________for a citizen.
6. How many people actually participated in Athenian direct democracy: only citizens could directly participate and
5.
citizens constituted just __________ ___of the total population
7. Significant role of slaves in Athenian democracy
a.
b.
c.
8.
Approximately 1/3 of population were slaves
Slaves were either prisoners of war or purchased from lucrative slave trade in non-Greek peoples
Great irony: Reliance on slaves _______________________to pursue democratic activities and other creative
pursuits in the arts and sciences that became hallmarks of Western civilization
Athenian Democracy vs. US Democracy today: similarities and differences
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Glorious Architecture and Art!
1.
Architecture:
a. The Acropolis in Athens was rebuilt during the Classical Age.
b.
The Parthenon:
Temple within the Acropolis to honor the goddess
Athena that ___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
c.
Greek _______developed during this time:
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
2.
Sculpture:
3.
a. Greeks sculpture sought to portray ideal beauty of subjects --- ________________.
b. Harmony, order, balance emphasized.
Pottery: usually ___________ in color and told stories or depicted Greek pastimes like sports or Greek life in general.
4.
“Classical Art”:
art from this period resulted in art and architecture known today as “Classical” – works that value
________________, order, balance and proportion.
Drama, Drama, Drama!
1.
2.
Greeks __________________as an art form and built the __________________ in the West.(outdoors bc good climate)
Invent 2 kinds of drama invented:
a.
Greek tragedy:
_______comes to a tragic end because of fatal flaw in his
character
b.
Greek comedy: ___________of politics and respected people of the day.
Importance of Athletic Activity / The First Olympics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ancient Greeks believed that _____________citizens strengthen the city-state.
Regular sporting events to promote physical health and to honor ______.
st
776 BC: 1 Olympic games; held every ____years.
472 BC: games extended from 1 day to 5 days.
Athletes did not receive any compensation, but considered________ if won
The Study of History
1.
Prior reliance on myths: Epic poems of Homer recounted myths that many Greeks treated as actual history – ______________!
2. Herodotus:
a. Western tradition of writing history begins with him
b. Promoted _____________________ of actual events through eye witness accounts.
3. Thucydides:
a.
b.
4.
Believed that certain ____________________ and that study of events can help better understand the present
Famous work The History of the Peloponnesian War is possibly single most influential work of history in the West
because provides model for analyzing causes of human events
Today: Approaches to history developed by Herodotus and Thucydides _________________historians today.
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The Peloponnesian War (431 BC to 404 BC)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Who fought: Athens versus ___________________
Cause: Athens’s increasing power during the Classical Age is resented by other city states, especially Sparta!
Result: Sparta dominates Athens; _____________loses its empire, power and wealth to ______________.
a. Turning point in war: _______________strikes Athens, killing 1/3 of population.
Marks end of the Classical Age for Athens.
ANCIENT GREECE: PHILOSOPHERS SEARCH FOR TRUTH (470 BC – 322 BC)
Emergence of Philosophers
1.
2.
Athens disorientation after loss to Sparta: Athens loses some confidence in democracy and starts to _____________________.
Philosophers emerge in search of the truth
a.
“philosophers” = ____________________________
3.
2 basic assumption of most Greek philosophers
a. ________________________________________________________________________________
b. People can understand these laws through application of ________________________________
i. Note that this represented a change in thinking: people no longer see life as determined by whim of gods.
4.
Most important philosophers of time:
a.
b.
c.
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle (“SPA”)
Each emphasized importance of education for fulfillment of person.
Ideas laid much of the foundation for Western education.
Ideas influenced philosophical thought for centuries.
Socrates (470 BC to 399 BC)
1.
Said standards of truth and justice do ______________.
2.
Used “Socratic
3.
4.
5.
Supposedly said: “an unexamined life is not worth _______________”
Sentenced to death for allegedly corrupting Athenian ___________because he taught them to question authority.
Rather than be executed, Socrates committed suicide by _______________________.
method” for teaching:
continually forced students to _________________________.
Plato (427 BC to 347 BC)
1. Student of Socrates.
2. Formed a school called the Academy which lasted for ___________years!
3. Most famous work was The Republic
a. Sets forth his vision of ideal government: rule by a “philosopher king”
b. ______________democracy because saw it as “mob rule” that killed his teacher Socrates
Aristotle (384 BC to 322 BC)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Student of Plato.
Opened own school called the Lyceum which eventually rivaled the Academy.
Also a little doubtful of democracy.
a. Favored rule by a virtuous ruler who was monarch or aristocrat.
Developed method for arguing using _________________that became the basis for scientific method used
today.
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ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND
EMERGENCE OF HELENISTIC CULTURE AND WORLD (338 BC to 150 BC)
Conquests of Alexander the Great: He Really Was Great
1.
2.
3.
4.
As a result of Peloponnesian War, many Greek city-states were weakened.
King Phillip II of Macedonia takes over ________ in 338 BC and then sets eyes on _____.
King Phillip II suddenly dies and 20 year old son Alexander must take over.
Alexander had been a student of __________________.
5.
Became Alexander
6.
7.
8.
9.
the Great conquering Egypt, Persia, and then extending
empire to Indus River in ________________.
Alexander wanted to keep going in India, but fellow soldiers said _____!
Alexander suddenly __________from sickness.
Alexander the Great’s empire is divided into 3 sections, all of which lose respect for
democratic traditions of Greek city-states.
Why Alexander the Great truly was great:
a. Built _____________________empires in the ancient world
b. Facilitated ____________of Greek and Eastern cultures, resulting in a new culture: Hellenistic.
Hellenistic Culture Emerges
1.
Hellenistic culture = Greek culture mixed with _________________________________________.
2.
Alexander encouraged cultural fusion and especially wanted Greek culture to spread (___________________________)
3. Alexandria, Egypt
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Founded by Alexander the Great
Became the center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization
Streets lined with ______________________
Had a museum
Had first research library
Hellenistic Advancements
1.
Astronomy
a. Aristarchus of Samos 2 concluded Earth and other planets revolve around the sun.
b.
2.
Unfortunately, Ptolemy, last known Alexandrian astronomer, concluded _________was in the center with sun
revolving around it and this view holds for the next ______centuries until Galileo finally sets everyone straight!
Mathematics
Pythagoras: developed his _______________ (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 )
b. Euclid: developed _________________
c. Archimedes:
a.
i. Estimated the value of __________(3.14)
ii. Invented compound ______________to lift heavy object
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3.
Medicine
a.
Hippocrates = “______________________________________”
i. Used observations rather than superstitions and magic
ii. Founded a _____________________
iii. Developed the Hippocratic Oath: oath taken by doctors and physician assistants in which swear to
uphold specific ethical standards
4.
Philosophy
a. Teachings of Plato and Aristotle remain influential but change in focus on how persons should live their lives .
b. 2 new philosophies emerge:
i. Epicureanism:
1.
2.
Pursue happiness by pursuing ______________ in moderation.
Meaning of “epicurean” today: refers to someone who is fond of luxury in sensual pleasures like
eating or drinking
ii. Stoicism
1.
2.
______________________________________________________
Meaning of “stoic” today: a person who remains calm, showing no emotion; indifferent to joy,
grief, pain.
Decline of the Hellenistic World
1.
By 150 BC, new city called “Rome” was gaining strength and conquered the Hellenistic world.
2. BUT Greek style in drama, architecture, sculpture, philosophy and government were preserved and
_______________________________________________.
Summary: Legacies of Ancient Greece
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Democracy
Language
Education
Philosophy
Architecture
Literature
Drama
History
Mathematics
Astronomy
Medicine
Sports
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BRIEF SUMMARY ON MODERN GREECE
1.
Capital:
2. Official language:
3. Percentage of current population in Greece who are of Greek descent:
4. Major religion:
5. Political system
a.
Is it a democracy still today?
b. Characterized as predominately stable or not stable government in the last 5 years?
6. Economic system
a.
More capitalism or socialism focused?
b. Top 2 major industries:
c.
Year began membership in European Union:
d. Brief summary of current financial crisis with respect to the European Union, including explanation of
“austerity” measures or packages:
7. Briefly summarize the current refugee crisis in Greece:
8. What US city has the largest Greek American population:
9. Name a famous Greek American who ran for president and has a sister who is a famous actress:
10. Your favorite Greek food:
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