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“In the end, the good will triumph and the world will have eternal peace” What was the main religion of ancient and classical civilization of Persia? Zoroastrianism: Struggle between Good and Evil Founder is Zarathustra Established the wisdom tradition of the “magis” Defended by a prince thus became as a state religion Teachings and Beliefs Believes in dualism Evil – Ahriman; Good – Ahura Mazda Human beings are creations of Ahura Mazda but are given the freedom to decide and act. Traditions: Land, fire and water are sacred and should not be dirtied by death. Texts: Avesta or Zendavesta “Love your neighbor as you love yourself” Judaism: There is Justice from God JUDAISM is a religion of just one people: the Jews. JUDAISM was the first to teach belief in only one God. Two other important religions developed from Judaism: Christianity and Islam. Judaism Started in the time of Abraham Abraham’s family lineage were called Hebrews Hebrews (Israelites) were slaves in (?), freed by (?) From Egypt, they went to (?), where (?) became the first king of Israel Kingdom was divided into 2: (?) Judaism Jews think that God will send a Messiah (a deliverer) to unite them and lead them in His way. Christians believe that Jesus was the Messiah. The Jewish people do not agree; they anticipate His arrival in the future. Judaism teaches that death is not the end and that there is a world to come. Judaism • The "Torah," the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, is the most important Jewish scripture. • It contains the basic laws of Judaism. • Another important book is the "Talmud," serving primarily as a guide to the civil and religious laws of Judaism. • Bias for social jsutice The Jewish house of worship is called a synagogue. Rabbis (spiritual leaders) conduct services, act as interpreters of Jewish laws, and deliver sermons. Today there are over 18 million followers of Judaism scattered throughout the world. A large number of those people live in the Jewish nation of Israel. Jewish Philosophy • • • • • • • • • • God is one and unique God is the creator God is transcendent God is immanent. God is lawgiver God is personal We have the obligation to worship The Torah is God's law God is judge The Messiah will come. “No one has greater love than this, to lay down one’s life for one’s friends” Christianity: Love as a Weapon of Change God is the Creator of the universe. There is one God, Who is Three PersonsFather, Son and Holy Spirit. Jesus is both fully man and fully God. He was born of the Virgin Mary Crucified, resurrected from the dead, and ascended to the Father. Christian Philosophy Sin and Evil are realities in our existence. The Bible is the Holy Book that records God's revelation. All believers are promised life everlasting. The leader of Christianity was Jesus, and the followers was his 12 disciples. Teachings and Beliefs • • • • • God is the Father of all humankind. Love God above all. Life and one’s personhood are sacred. Each person should be charitable and just. Each person can be cleansed of his sins and attain eternal salvation. • The humble and the oppressed as well as those who forgive others shall receive blessings from God. “The faithful followers will reach paradise Islam: Surrender to the Will of God • Founded by Mohammed • The holy book of Islam is the "Koran." Muslims believe its words to be those of Allah himself, spoken to Muhammad by an angel. • Allah, is the Islamic God. • People who believe these ideas are called Muslims. • Muslims learn that life on earth is a period of testing and preparation for the life to come. • Angels record good and bad deeds. • People should behave themselves and help others, trusting in Allah's justice and mercy for their reward. Five Pillars Proclamation that there is no other God but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet Praying five times Fasting during holy days of Ramadan Giving of alms Pilgrimage to Mecca adherents called meaning of name primary locations origins did Muhammad designate a successor? true successor of the Prophet qualifications for ruler of Islam current leaders identity of imams religious authority other than the Qu'ran concealing faith for selfprotection (taqiya) temporary marriage (mut'ah) holy cities Sunnah Sunnis "well-trodden path" or "tradition" most Muslim countries c. 632 CE; theology developed especially in 10th cent. Shia (or Shi'ah) Shiites, Shi'i "party" or "partisans" of Ali Iran, Iraq, Yemen c. 632-650 CE; killing of Ali's son Husayn in 680 CE is major event no yes Abu Bakr, father of the Prophet's favoured wife, 'A'ishah (elected by people of Medina) tribe of the Prophet (Quraysh); later, any qualified ruler imams 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah (designated by the Prophet) human leaders ijma' (consensus) of the Muslim community affirmed under certain circumstances practiced in the Prophet's time, but now rejected Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem family of the Prophet mujtahids infallible manifestations of God and perfect interpreters of the Qur'an infallible imams emphasized still practiced Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Najaf, Karbala