Download Glossary - Whalsay School

Angle – measured in degrees. There are 360° in a complete turn, and 90° in a right-angle.
i.
ii.
The three angles in any triangle add up to
iii.
Complementary/Supplementary
Vertically opposite angles.
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Alternate angles (Z-Angles)
Corresponding angles (F-Angles)
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Area – A measure of the size of a surface. Also called surface area. See units for area.
Calculate – To work something out.
Similar words: “Find…”, “Compute…”, “Solve…”, “evaluate”
Calculator
Scientific Calculator
Basic Calculator
Compasses – (‘pair of compasses’)
Coordinate – The position of a point on a coordinate grid, given in terms of the x-coordinate
and y-coordinates.
-
Points can be plotted on a coordinate grid, for example:
- The horizontal axis is usually called the x-axis. The vertical axis is usually called the y-axis.
- The origin is the point (0,0), where the x and y-axes cross (intersect).
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Dimensions – The sizes of a shape, e.g. Length, breadth and height.
Equality and Inequality
Equation – A mathematical statement that says two expressions are equal.
e.g.
Equivalent – The same value.
E.g.
are equivalent fractions as they have the same value.
and
Estimate – A good guess at something. It is sensible to have an idea of what the answer
should be when doing a calculation by making an estimate.
Related terms: ‘guess how many’, ‘nearly’, ‘roughly’, ‘just over’, ‘just under’, ‘close to’.
Factor – A number is a ‘factor’ if it divides exactly into a number.
e.g. Factors of 12 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.
Factorise – To express as a product of factors.
i. Prime factorisation e.g. 20 = 2 x 2 x 5.
ii. Algebraic Factorisation E.g. 12 x + 3 = 3(4x + 1)
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Formula – A mathematical rule. E.g.
Area of a rectangle formula:
Area of a triangle formula:
Area of a circle:
Circumference of a circle:
Fraction - Part of a whole.
i.
e.g. One half written as a fraction is
ii.
An improper fraction is ‘top heavy’, e.g. . This can also be written as a mixed number,
iii.
A decimal fraction – e.g. 0.524 is a decimal fraction.
.
Length
Distance
Deep, shallow
Length, width, height, depth
Thick, thickness, thin
Long, short, tall
Longer, shorter, taller, higher, etc.
High, low
Longest, shortest, tallest, highest, etc.
Wide, narrow
Far, near, close
See also units for length.
Measure (Measuring/Measurement) Finding the size of something, using the appropriate tool
or instrument.
i.
Tools/instrument for measuring length/distance
Metre Stick
Ruler
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Trundle Wheel Tape Measure
Milometer/odometer
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ii.
A thermometer is used to measure temperature.
iii.
A protractor is used to measure angles.
iv.
Scales are used to measure weight (mass).
Money
Related terms: currency, rate of exchange, cash, coins, notes, penny, pence, pound, euro, cent, dollar, price,
cost, buy, sell, spend/spent, pay, change, dear/expensive, total cost, selling price, hire purchase, bank account,
savings account, interest, overdraft, overdrawn, wage, salary, tax.
Multiple
i.
Multiples of 3 are: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, ...
Multiples of 5 are: 5, 10, 15, 25, 30, 35, 40, ...
ii.
LCM (lowest common multiple) E.g. The LCM of 3 and 5 is 15.
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Numbers
i. Numbers written in words and digits.
1
One
11 Eleven
21 Twenty-one
100 One Hundred
2
Two
12 Twelve
22 Twenty-two
200 Two Hundred
3
Three
13 Thirteen
23 Twenty-three
300 Three Hundred
4
Four
14 Fourteen
30 Thirty
1 000 One Thousand
5
Five
15 Fifteen
40 Forty
2 000 Two thousand
6
Six
16 Sixteen
50 Fifty
7
Seven
17 Seventeen
60 Sixty
8
Eight
18 Eighteen
70 Seventy
9
Nine
19 Nineteen
80 Eighty
10
Ten
20 Twenty
90 Ninety
10 000 Ten thousand
100 000 One hundred thousand
1 000 000 One million
1 000 000 000 One billion
ii. 0 = zero. Sometimes called ‘nil’, ‘nothing’, ‘nought’.
iii. Positive and Negative numbers
Negative numbers
Positive numbers
-4 is pronounced ‘negative 4’ or sometimes ‘minus 4’.
iv.
A prime number is divisible by only itself and 1. A prime has exactly 2 factors.
The first 10 primes: 2,3,5,7,11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29.
v.
The set of Natural Numbers are the counting numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
vi.
The set of Whole Numbers are {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...}
vii.
Integers are positive and negative whole numbers: {..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
viii.
Consecutive numbers are next to one another. E.g. 5 and 6 are consecutive
numbers.
ix.
A dozen is 12.
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Operations – Adding, subtracting, dividing and multiplying.
i.
Add – (addition +). 2 add 3 = 2 + 3 = 5.
Related terms: ‘the sum of’, ‘ plus ’ , ‘find the total’,
ii.
Subtract – (subtraction -)E.g.
10 subtract 2 = 10 – 2 = 8.
Related terms: take (away), minus, one less, two less, fewer, difference between
iii.
Multiply – (Multiplication x) 2 multiplied by 3 = 2 x 3 = 6.
Related terms: ‘the product of’, ‘4 times 6 = 4 x 6’
iv.
Divide – (Division ) 8
4 = 2. Can also be written as
.
Related terms: ‘share’.
v.
Inverse – The opposite. For example, the inverse of multiplying is dividing. Similarly, adding and
subtracting are inverse operations.
Parallel – If two or more lines are parallel, then they are always exactly the same distance
apart. For example, railway tracks are parallel.
Perimeter – The distance round the outside of a shape.
The perimeter of a circle is called the circumference.
Perpendicular – Two lines are perpendicular if they are at 90 ° to each other.
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Place Value
Probability – The chance, or likelihood, of something happening.
Proportion – Related quantities.
i). Direct proportion – e.g. Increase distance travelled by a car, increase amount of fuel used.
ii) Inverse proportion – e.g. Increase number of workers, decrease time to do a job.
Pythagoras theorem: For any right-angled triangle
where c is the
hypotenuse.
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Rounding - Creates a less exact but more convenient number.
i.
Decimal places.
a. 4.353 = 4.4 (to 1 dp)
b. 135.2341 = 135.23 (to 2 dp).
ii.
Significant Figures
a. 1.2345 = 1.2 (2 SF).
b. 0.004321 = 0.0043 (2 SF)
iii.
There are various other ways to round numbers.
a. 4525.9323 = 4526 (to the nearest whole number).
b. 452 = 450 (to nearest 10)
c. 7 526 = 7 500 (to nearest 100).
d. 904 934 = 905 000 (to nearest 1000)
Sequence – A sequence is a set of numbers written in order according to some mathematical
rule.
i.
ii.
Ascending order – increases in value.
Descending order – decreases in value.
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...
60, 45, 30, 15, 0, -15, -30, ...
A term of a sequence is one of the numbers in the sequence. The terms of a
sequence are usually separated with a comma and a space.
iii.
Even numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, ...
iv.
Odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, ...
v.
The Fibonacci Sequence is an important sequence in which each term is made from
adding the previous two terms.
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, ...
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Shape (2D)
Quadrilaterals (4-sided shapes)
Square
Rectangle
Parallelogram
Trapezium
Rhombus
Kite
Other Shapes
Pentagon
Hexagon
Heptagon
5 sides
6 sides
7 sides
Octagon
8 sides
Regular shape - all sides and angles equal.
Irregular shape – sides and angles different.
The Circle
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Triangles
Equilateral triangle
Isosceles triangle
Scalene Triangle
Right-angled triangle
All three sides equal
Two sides equal, two
All sides and angles
(one 90o angle). The
in length, all angles
equal angles
different.
hypotenuse is the longest side
60o
of a right angled triangle, and
is opposite the right angle.
Shape (3D)
Cube
Cuboid
Cylinder
Sphere
Cone
Pyramid
Triangular
Prism
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Square
i.
A shape with all angles 90o and all sides the same length.
ii.
If two sides of something are said to be square then they are at 90o to each other.
iii.
The ‘square’ of 8 is 64, because 8 x 8 = 64 [8 ‘squared’ equals 64].
iv.
First 15 square numbers are:
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225.
v.
The ‘square root’ of 64 is 8. i.e.
Statistics – An area of maths that deals with collecting, displaying and using statistical
information/data.
i.
Data - Facts and numbers collected about something, to be used later in some way.
ii.
Average – The ‘typical’ value for a data set.
Mean, Median, Mode.
iii.
Spread – How consistent or inconsistent a data set is.
Range, Inter-quartile range, standard deviation.
iv.
Sample, sample size, key, graph title.
v.
Misleading statistics – dodgy graphs or information which represents the data in a biased way.
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vi.
Graphs and Charts
Bar Chart
Line Graph
Box plot
Stem and Leaf diagram
Dot Plot
Scatter Graph (including ‘line of best fit’)
Pie Chart
Correlation
Substitute – (substitution). Replacing letters with other values.
Example: Substitute x
= 3 and y = 2 into the expression x + y2.
x + y2 = 3 + 22
=3+4
= 7.
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Symmetry
i.
Line symmetry
ii.
Rotational symmetry.
Time
Watch
Digital clock
Analogue
Stop watch
Sand timer/egg
clock
timer
Related words/terms:
Days of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday.
Seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter.
Months: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.
Hours, minutes, seconds.
Year, decade, century, millennium.
Anniversary – golden, diamond, silver, ruby, etc. Birthday, holiday, weekend, long-weekend.
Minute hand, hour hand (of a clock).
How long will it take to...? How long will it be to...? How long ago? How often?
[Caution! ‘how long’ could also refer to length/distance]
Midday, noon, midnight. Today, tomorrow, yesterday.
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Units – The way something is measured. For example length can be measured in metres,
kilometres, miles etc. These are units for length. Some other units below:
Units for Length/Distance
Units for Area
Units for Volume/Capacity
Metric
Other Units
Metric
Other Units
Metric
Metre (m)
Yard
Square metres (m2)
Square feet
Cubic metres (m3)
2
Millimetre (mm)
Mile
Square mm (mm )
Centimetre (cm)
Inch
Square cm (cm )
Square yards
2
3
Cubic mm (mm )
Pint
Gallon
3
Cubic cm (cm )
Kilometre (km)
Litre
Hectare
1 cm = 10 mm
Other Units
Acre
Millilitre
3
1 foot = 12 inches
1m = 100 cm
1 yard = 3 feet.
1km = 1000 m
1 mile = 1 760 yards.
1 cm = 1ml.
1 hectare = 10 000 m
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Units for Mass *
1 gallon = 8 pints.
1 litre = 1000 ml.
More units
Metric
Other Units
milligram (mg)
Ounce (oz)
Time: Days, Hours, minutes, seconds.
gram (g)
Pounds (lbs)
Speed: Miles Per Hour (mph), kilometres per hour (km/h), metres per second (m/s or ms -1).
kilogram (kg)
Stone
Angles: Degrees (°)
tonne
1 g = 1000 mg
1 lb = 16 oz
1 kg = 1000 g
1 stone = 14 lbs
1 tonne = 1000 kg
*Mass is very often referred to as ‘weight’ in everyday life.
Volume/Capacity – The amount of space something takes up or can hold. Depending on the
context, volume or capacity can be used.
Related words: Full, half full, quarter full etc., empty, holds, container, liquid, solid.
See also the units for volume.
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Space for any other maths words you come across!
Word or phrase
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Notes
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